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Enomoto M, de Castro N, Hash J, Thomson A, Nakanishi-Hester A, Perry E, Aker S, Haupt E, Opperman L, Roe S, Cole T, Thompson NA, Innes JF, Lascelles BDX. Prevalence of radiographic appendicular osteoarthritis and associated clinical signs in young dogs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2827. [PMID: 38310147 PMCID: PMC10838335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) and associated clinical signs in young dogs. Owners of dogs aged 8 months-4 years from a single practice, were contacted in random order, to participate in a general health screen. Clinical and orthopedic examinations were performed. Each joint was scored for pain reactions (0-4). Orthogonal radiographs of all joints were made under sedation. Each joint was scored for radiographic OA (rOA) severity on an 11-point scale. Clinical OA (cOA) was defined as an overlap of rOA and joint pain in ≥ 1 joint. Owners completed OA questionnaires. The owners of 123 dogs agreed to participate. Overall, 39.8% (49/123) of dogs had rOA in ≥ 1 joint, and 16.3% (20/123) or 23.6% (29/123) dogs had cOA, depending on the cut-off value of joint pain; moderate (2), or mild (1), respectively. Owners of dogs with cOA observed signs of impairment in approximately 30% of cases. Only 2 dogs with cOA were receiving OA pain management. The most commonly affected joints in descending order of frequency were elbow, hip, tarsus, and stifle. Radiographically visible OA is common in young dogs, and 40-60% of dogs with rOA had cOA. However, OA-pain appears underdiagnosed and undertreated in young dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Enomoto
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas de Castro
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan Hash
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Thomson
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Aoi Nakanishi-Hester
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Erin Perry
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Savannah Aker
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Emily Haupt
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Logan Opperman
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Simon Roe
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Tracey Cole
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - J F Innes
- Movement Independent Veterinary Referrals, Cheshire, England, UK
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Thurston Arthritis Center, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Gasseferth G, Gaievski FR, Bergstein-Galan TG, Júnior AG, Bragato A, Valle VM, Rosa GVA, Souza FA, de Pauli Thomaz M, Kozicki LE. Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the reproductive efficiency of beef cows subjected to differently timed-artificial insemination protocols. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:1654-1661. [PMID: 37926945 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the reproductive efficiency of beef cows treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST). Study 1, Bos indicus cows were distributed (three groups). The control group (CG) was subjected: on day zero (d0), the animals received a CIDR and oestradiol benzoate (EB); on (d8, CIDR was removed, and PGF2α and oestradiol cypionate (EC) were administered; on d10, timed Artificial Insemination (TAI) was performed; on d45, pregnancy diagnosis was made. The rbST on d0 group (bST0G) was subjected to an identical protocol as CG, except for the addition of 250 mg rbST on d0. The rbST on d8 group (bST8G) was subjected to the same protocol as bST0G, except that the rbST was administered on d8 rather. In study 2, the animals followed the same design which was used in Bos taurus cows. The follicular growth rate (FGR) was calculated between d8 and d10. In study 1, pregnancy/artificial insemination (P/AI) did not differ among the treatments. FGR in bST8G was higher than in other groups. In study 2, bST0G showed higher Pregnancy/Artificial Insemination (P/AI) (p < .05) when compared with other groups. bST0G showed a different FGR (p < .0001) than the other groups. In conclusion, rbST (Bos indicus cows) did not increase P/AI, but it did promote follicular growth when administered on d8; the rbST administered on d0 improved P/AI (p < .05) and the FGR in Bos taurus cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grassiele Gasseferth
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Vitor Mohad Valle
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Andrade Souza
- Curso de Medicina veterinária, Setor de Ciencias Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marina de Pauli Thomaz
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ernandes Kozicki
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Cachon T, Frykman O, Innes JF, Lascelles BDX, Okumura M, Sousa P, Staffieri F, Steagall PV, Van Ryssen B. COAST Development Group's international consensus guidelines for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1137888. [PMID: 37601753 PMCID: PMC10436090 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1137888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes consensus guidelines and recommendations for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis (OA) according to the "Canine OsteoArthritis Staging Tool excluding radiography" (COASTeR) stage of OA, by the COAST Development Group. The recommendations are based on evidence-based medicine and clinical experience and are proposed with international relevance in mind. The aim is to provide veterinarians with a practical reference to consolidated information and to support the development of patient-specific OA management protocols and informed treatment choices based on the stage of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Cachon
- Service de chirurgie, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon VetAgro-Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
- Unité de recherche ICE, UPSP 2007-03-135, VetAgro-Sup Campus Vétérinaire, Université de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - John F. Innes
- Movement Veterinary Referrals, Runcorn, United Kingdom
| | - B. Duncan X. Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Thurston Arthritis Centre, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Masahiro Okumura
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Pedro Sousa
- Hospital Veterinari Montjuic - Vetpartners España, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Staffieri
- Section of Veterinary Clinicas and Animal Production, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations (D.E.O.T.), ‘Aldo Moro' University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paulo V. Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bernadette Van Ryssen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Simjee S, Gould G, Maduro L, Boulianne M, Pridmore A, Parent E. No change in avilamycin (Surmax® Premix) minimum inhibitory concentration for Clostridium perfringens isolates recovered from poultry up to 7 years post-approval in Canada. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:1278-1281. [PMID: 36995979 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium perfringens, the causative agent of necrotic enteritis (NE) in chickens, has an enormous economic impact on global broiler production. The non-medically important antibiotic avilamycin was approved in Canada in 2014 to prevent and control NE in broiler chickens. OBJECTIVES To compare avilamycin susceptibility in C. perfringens isolates collected pre- and 7 years post-avilamycin approval in Canada and determine the avilamycin resistance mutation frequency rate in C. perfringens. METHODS The MICs of avilamycin were determined for 89 strains of C. perfringens recovered from clinically relevant NE field cases pre-avilamycin approval between 2003 and 2013 (n = 50) and post-avilamycin approval between 2014 and 2021 (n = 39) across Canada. For determining the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of avilamycin for C. perfringens strains, a strain with avilamycin MIC of 1 mg/L was randomly selected. RESULTS MIC studies showed no difference in avilamycin susceptibility in pre-avilamycin and post-avilamycin isolates (MIC50/90: pre-avilamycin approval 2/2 mg/L and post-avilamycin approval 1/2 mg/L). The MPC was 8 × MIC (8 mg/L) for the selected strain. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the susceptibility of C. perfringens strains to avilamycin was not impacted by its continued use in the 7 years following its approval in Canada. Avilamycin, a non-medically important antibiotic, poses no threat to human health regarding cross-resistance or co-selection of other medically important antibiotics. These factors make avilamycin an appropriate choice for continued use in broiler chickens to prevent and control NE without increased antimicrobial resistance concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lila Maduro
- Poultry Research Chair, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martine Boulianne
- Poultry Research Chair, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Vander Elst N, Bellemans J, Steenbrugge J, Geeroms C, Breyne K, Piepers S, Toledo-Silva B, de Souza FN, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S, Meyer E. Priming of the murine mammary gland with Staphylococcus chromogenes IM reduces bacterial growth of Streptococcus uberis: a proof-of-concept study. Vet Res 2023; 54:28. [PMID: 36973819 PMCID: PMC10044423 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is a major causative agent of bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland with substantial economic consequences. To reduce antibiotic use in animal agriculture, alternative strategies to treat or prevent mastitis are being investigated. Bovine-associated non-aureus staphylococci are proposed in that respect due to their capacity to inhibit the in vitro growth of S. uberis. We demonstrate that priming the murine mammary gland with Staphylococcus chromogenes IM reduces S. uberis growth in comparison with non-primed glands. The innate immune system is activated by increasing IL-8 and LCN2, which may explain this decreased growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vander Elst
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Julie Bellemans
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jonas Steenbrugge
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chloë Geeroms
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Breyne
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Toledo-Silva
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Fernando Nogueira de Souza
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Clark TP, Linton DD, Freise KJ, Lin TL. Multicentered masked placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical study of an extended duration transdermal buprenorphine solution for post-operative pain in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45 Suppl 1:S52-S66. [PMID: 35790011 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A prospective, double masked, placebo-controlled, multicentered phase 3 clinical study was conducted to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of transdermal buprenorphine solution (TBS) for the control of post-operative pain in cats. A total of 228 cats from 12 US investigational sites met the enrollment criteria of which 107 placebo- and 112 TBS-treated cats were included into the per protocol efficacy analysis. The dose of TBS was 8 mg (0.4 ml) to cats 1.2 to 3 kilograms and 20 mg (1 ml) to cats >3 to 7.5 kilograms applied topically to the dorsal unclipped cervical skin 1-2 h prior to the undergoing elective surgical reproductive sterilization in conjunction with forelimb onychectomy. Interactive pain assessments and physiological variables were quantified through 96 h following recovery from anesthesia, and rescue analgesia was administered any time that pain control was scored inadequate. Cats requiring rescue analgesia or experiencing an adverse event suspected to be treatment related were considered treatment failures. Sixty-five and 23 cats were considered treatment failures in the placebo and TBS groups, respectively, with most occurring on the day of surgery. The treatment success rates were 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.28-0.53]) and 0.81 (95% CI: [0.70-0.89]) in the placebo and TBS groups, respectively, and the difference was significant (p < .05). Adverse events occurred at a similar frequency and were not clinically meaningful in either treatment group. The post-operative body temperatures over the duration of the study were on average 0.35 (95% CI: [0.20-0.50]) °C higher than baseline in TBS-treated cats and were not clinically meaningful, an observation typical of opioids in cats. These results serve as substantial evidence that TBS is safe and effective for the control of orthopedic and soft tissue post-operative pain in cats when a single topical dose is applied 1-2 h prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah D Linton
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Deborah D. Linton, DL Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Florida, USA
| | - Kevin J Freise
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Kevin J. Freise, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ting-Li Lin
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Ting-Li Lin, Briostat, LLC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Clark TP, Linton DD, Freise KJ, Lin TL. Multicentered masked placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical study of an extended duration transdermal buprenorphine solution for postoperative pain in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45 Suppl 1:S40-S51. [PMID: 35790010 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A prospective, double-masked, placebo-controlled, multicentered phase 2 clinical study was conducted to select the transdermal buprenorphine solution (TBS) dosage for the control of postoperative pain in cats. One-hundred fifteen (115) cats were randomized to a single topical dose of placebo solution, low-TBS dosage (1.91-2.07 mg/kg) or high-TBS dosage (4.27-4.88 mg/kg) prior to surgical reproductive sterilization in conjunction with forelimb onychectomy. The low- and high-TBS doses were applied 2-4 and 1-2 hours prior to surgery. Interactive pain assessments and physiological variables were quantified through 96 hours post-anesthetic recovery and rescue analgesia was administered any time that analgesia was considered inadequate. Cats requiring rescue analgesia were considered treatment failures. The estimated overall treatment success rates from generalized linear mixed effects model analysis were 0.10 (95% CI: [0.02-0.36]), 0.56 (95% CI: [0.25-0.83]), 0.71 (95% CI: [0.38-0.91]) in the placebo-, low-, and high-TBS dose groups, respectively. Success rates for both TBS treatment groups were superior to placebo. Adverse events were infrequent in all treatment groups although the postoperative body temperatures over the duration of the study were on average 0.31 (95% CI: [0.08-0.55]) and 0.30 (95% CI: [0.05-0.53]) °C higher in low- and high-TBS dose cats, respectively, compared to placebo. It is concluded that both the low- and high-TBS dosages were safe and effective. The high-TBS dosage resulted in a greater proportion of treatment successes over 96 h, had a more acceptable preoperative application time of 1-2 h prior to surgery, and was therefore selected for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah D Linton
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Deborah D. Linton, DL Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Rotonda West, Florida, USA
| | - Kevin J Freise
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Kevin J. Freise, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ting-Li Lin
- Nexcyon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Ting-Li Lin, Briostat, LLC, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Soares LCB, Marques RS, Vaz Pires A, Cruz VA, Limede AC, Maia KDS, Baggio M, Barroso JPR, Biava JS, Maia Ferreira E, Ferraz Jr MVDC, Polizel DM. Effects of narasin supplementation frequency on intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and nutrient digestibility of Bos indicus Nellore steers fed with forage-based diets. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab125. [PMID: 34409265 PMCID: PMC8369252 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate if the frequency of narasin supplementation impacts dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent digestibility of nutrient in Nellore (Bos indicus) steers fed forage-based diets. A total of 32 rumen-cannulated Nellore steers (initial body weight [BW] = 317 ± 27 kg; age =18 ± 1 mo) were assigned to individual pens in a randomized complete block design according to their initial shrunk BW. Within block, steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) forage-based diet without the addition of narasin (CON; n = 8), 2) CON diet plus 13 ppm of narasin every 24 h (N24; n = 8), 3) CON diet plus 26 ppm of narasin every 48 hours (N48; n = 8), or 4) CON diet plus 39 ppm of narasin every 72 hours (N72; n = 8). The experimental period lasted 30 d, with 18 d for diet adaptation and 12 d for sample collection. The experimental diets contained 95% of Tifton-85 (Cynodon dactylon spp.) haylage and 5% ground corn used as a delivery vehicle for narasin. Ruminal fluid was obtained from d 25 to 30 at 6 h after feeding to determine ruminal fermentation parameters. Narasin supplementation frequency did not affect (P ≥ 0.22) nutrient intake and total tract apparent digestibility. Steers fed N24 and N48 had reduced (P = 0.02) ruminal acetate concentration compared with CON and N72. Daily supply of narasin increased (P = 0.01) the molar proportion of propionate compared with CON and N72, and it did not differ between N24 vs. N48, N48 vs. N72, and N72 vs. CON. Also, N48 steers had greater (P = 0.01) rumen propionate concentration compared with CON. The N24 treatment decreased the Ac:Prop (P = 0.01) and AcBut:Prop (P = 0.02) ratio compared with CON and N72, while N48 had reduced (P = 0.01) Ac:Prop and AcBut:Prop ratio when compared with CON steers. Steers fed N24 and N48 had greater (P = 0.04) ruminal short-chain fatty acids compared with CON, but it did not differ (P > 0.11) between N24, N48, and N72. Supplementing narasin to steers fed forage-based diets decreased (P < 0.01) ruminal ammonia concentration compared with CON steers regardless of supplementation frequency, being the least result observed for N24 steers. Collectively, narasin supplementation frequency affected fermentation parameters without altering the nutrient intake and total tract apparent digestibility. Hence, decreasing frequency of narasin supplementation to Nellore steers fed a forage-based diet did not reduce the capacity to modulate rumen fermentation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo S Marques
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Alexandre Vaz Pires
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Alves Cruz
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Arnaldo Cintra Limede
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-000, Brazil
| | - Kauê dos Santos Maia
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Baggio
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-000, Brazil
| | - José Paulo Roman Barroso
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-000, Brazil
| | - Janaina Sokolovski Biava
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Evandro Maia Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418–900, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Montanher Polizel
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-000, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418–900, Brazil
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Barca J, Meikle A, Bouman M, Gnemmi G, Ruiz R, Schukken YH. Effect of pegbovigrastim on clinical mastitis and uterine disease during a full lactation in grazing dairy cows. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252418. [PMID: 34043727 PMCID: PMC8158865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this randomized controlled trial on four commercial grazing dairy farms, we investigated whether pegbovigrastim (PEG) treatment affects clinical mastitis (CM) and uterine disease (i.e. retained placenta (RP), metritis and endometritis) occurrence during a full lactation. The association of prepartum body condition score and prepartum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration with disease occurrence was also evaluated. Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: first PEG dose approximately 7 d before the expected calving date and a second dose within 24 h after calving (PEG) compared to untreated controls (Control). In total, 2,153 animals were included in the study: 733 primiparous cows (Control = 391, PEG = 342) and 1420 multiparous cows (Control = 723, PEG = 697). Treatment effects were evaluated with generalized linear mixed models and Cox's proportional hazard models. Treatment with PEG reduced the occurrence of a first case of CM during the first 30 days in milk (DIM) by 24.6% and reduced the hazard of a first case and the rate of total cases of CM during the full lactation. All PEG treatment effects were independent of parity. Prepartum body condition score interacted with PEG treatment: in over-conditioned cows, PEG reduced the occurrence of a first case of CM during the first 30 DIM by 49.5%. The hazard analysis of a first case of CM during the full lactation suggested that the preventive effect of PEG disappeared with increasing DIM. Treatment with PEG did not affect the occurrence of RP or metritis. Pegbovigrastim treated cows with metritis subsequently showed a reduced occurrence of endometritis compared to control cows with metritis. Pegbovigrastim reduces the occurrence of CM particularly in cows at risk of elevated lipid mobilization, and PEG ameliorates the uterine healing process in cows that experienced metritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Barca
- Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Meikle
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Giovanni Gnemmi
- Bovinevet Internacional Bovine Ultrasound Services & Herd Management, Huesca, Spain
- Department of Animal Reproduction Veterinary Faculty, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, the Netherlands
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Adrian D, King JN, Parrish RS, King SB, C Budsberg S, Gruen ME, Lascelles BDX. Robenacoxib shows efficacy for the treatment of chronic degenerative joint disease-associated pain in cats: a randomized and blinded pilot clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7721. [PMID: 33833276 PMCID: PMC8032665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this pilot clinical trial was to evaluate outcome measures for the assessment of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) robenacoxib in cats with degenerative joint disease-associated pain (DJD-pain). Otherwise healthy cats (n = 109) with DJD-pain entered a parallel group, randomized, blinded clinical trial. Cats received placebo (P) or robenacoxib (R) for two consecutive 3-week periods. Treatment groups were PP, RR, and RP. Actimetry and owner-assessment data were collected. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects and generalized mixed-effects linear models. Activity data showed high within-cat and between-cat variability, and 82.4% of the values were zero. Compared to placebo, mean total activity was higher (5.7%) in robenacoxib-treated cats (p = 0.24); for the 80th percentile of activity, more robenacoxib-treated cats had a > 10% increase in activity after 3 (p = 0.046) and 6 weeks (p = 0.026). Robenacoxib treatment significantly decreased owner-assessed disability, (p = 0.01; 49% reduction in disability; effect size ~ 0.3), and improved temperament (p = 0.0039) and happiness (p = 0.021) after 6 weeks. More robenacoxib-treated cats were successes at 6 weeks (p = 0.018; NNT: 3.8). Adverse effect frequencies were similar across groups. Results identified suitable endpoints for confirmatory studies, while also indicating efficacy of robenacoxib in cats with DJD-pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Adrian
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, USA
| | - Jonathan N King
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rudolph S Parrish
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Greenfield, IN, USA
- Vista Research LLC, Bath, ME, USA
| | - Stephen B King
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | - Steven C Budsberg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Margaret E Gruen
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Behavioral Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Thurston Arthritis Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Barca J, Schukken YH, Meikle A. Increase in white blood cell counts by pegbovigrastim in primiparous and multiparous grazing dairy cows and the interaction with prepartum body condition score and non-esterified fatty acids concentration. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245149. [PMID: 33411851 PMCID: PMC7790418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if parity affected the effect of pegbovigrastim (PEG) treatment on white blood cell (WBC) counts in grazing dairy cows. Additionally, the association of prepartum body condition score (BCS) and non-esterified fatty acid (Pre-NEFA) concentration with WBC counts was investigated. The effect of early-lactation disease was included in the statistical analysis. A randomized controlled trial on four commercial grazing dairy farms was performed. Holstein primiparous (Control = 87, PEG = 89) and multiparous (Control = 181, PEG = 184) cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: first PEG dose 8 ± 5 (mean ± SD) days before the expected calving date and a second dose within 24 h after calving (PEG) compared to untreated controls (Control). Treatment effects were evaluated with mixed linear regression models. Treatment with PEG increased WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts at 6 ± 1 (mean ± SD) days in milk. Parity, BCS and their interactions with treatment were not associated with WBC counts. In control cows, Pre-NEFA concentration was associated with reduced WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts and tended to be associated with reduced monocyte counts. Pegbovigrastim treatment reversed the negative association of Pre-NEFA concentration with neutrophil and monocyte counts and tended to reverse the negative association of Pre-NEFA concentration with WBC counts. In the PEG treated group, cows diagnosed with retained placenta or metritis showed lower neutrophil counts when compared to PEG treated cows without these clinical diseases. These data confirm that PEG treatment increases WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts in grazing dairy cows and that this effect is independent of parity. Pegbovigrastim treatment reversed the negative association of Pre-NEFA concentration with neutrophil and monocyte counts, and tended to reverse the negative association of Pre-NEFA concentration with WBC counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Barca
- Department of Dairy Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ynte H. Schukken
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Meikle
- Animal Endocrine and Metabolism Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Pham PH, Misk E, Papazotos F, Jones G, Polinski MP, Contador E, Russell S, Garver KA, Lumsden JS, Bols NC. Screening of Fish Cell Lines for Piscine Orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1) Amplification: Identification of the Non-Supportive PRV-1 Invitrome. Pathogens 2020; 9:E833. [PMID: 33053677 PMCID: PMC7601784 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscine reovirus (PRV) is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), which is detrimental to Atlantic Salmon (AS) aquaculture, but so far has not been cultivatable, which impedes studying the disease and developing a vaccine. Homogenates of head kidney and red blood cells (RBC) from AS in which PRV-1 had been detected were applied to fish cell lines. The cell lines were from embryos, and from brain, blood, fin, gill, gonads, gut, heart, kidney, liver, skin, and spleen, and had the shapes of endothelial, epithelial, fibroblast, and macrophage cells. Most cell lines were derived from the Neopterygii subclass of fish, but one was from subclass Chondrostei. Cultures were examined by phase contrast microscopy for appearance, and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for PRV-1 RNA amplification and for the capacity to transfer any changes to new cultures. No changes in appearance and Ct values were observed consistently or transferable to new cultures. Therefore, 31 cell lines examined were unable to support PRV-1 amplification and are described as belonging to the non-supportive PRV-1 invitrome. However, these investigations and cell lines can contribute to understanding PRV-1 cellular and host tropism, and the interactions between virus-infected and bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc H. Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (F.P.); (N.C.B.)
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (E.C.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Ehab Misk
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L7, Canada;
| | - Fotini Papazotos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (F.P.); (N.C.B.)
| | - Ginny Jones
- Elanco Canada Limited, Aqua Vaccines R&D, Charlottetown, PE C1E 2A7, Canada;
| | - Mark P. Polinski
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada; (M.P.P.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Elena Contador
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (E.C.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Spencer Russell
- Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada;
| | - Kyle A. Garver
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada; (M.P.P.); (K.A.G.)
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (E.C.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Niels C. Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (F.P.); (N.C.B.)
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Stafford K, Kollasch TM, Duncan KT, Horr S, Goddu T, Heinz-Loomer C, Rumschlag AJ, Ryan WG, Sweet S, Little SE. Detection of gastrointestinal parasitism at recreational canine sites in the USA: the DOGPARCS study. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:275. [PMID: 32487211 PMCID: PMC7268625 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid growth in off-leash dog parks provides opportunity for canine socialization activities but carries risk of exposure to intestinal parasites. This study assessed the prevalence of these infections in dogs visiting off-leash dog parks. METHODS Fresh defecations were collected from dogs visiting parks in 30 metropolitan areas across the USA. Samples were analyzed by coproantigen immunoassay (CAI) (Fecal Dx® and Giardia Test, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.) and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation (CF). Owners responded to a questionnaire on their dog's signalment and use of heartworm/intestinal parasite control medications (HWCM). RESULTS Samples were examined from 3006 dogs, 87.9% aged at least 12 months, visiting 288 parks. At least one intestinal parasite was detected in 622 (20.7%) samples, nematodes in 263 (8.8%), with hookworms, whipworms and ascarids in 7.1, 1.9 and 0.6% of samples, respectively. A sample positive for one or more intestinal parasites was found in 245 (85.1%) parks, with nematodes found in 143 (49.7%). Combined, CAI and CF detected 78.4% more intestinal nematode infections than CF alone. Hookworm and whipworm infections were detected in all age groups, but ascarids were only detected in dogs less than 4 years-old. Approximately 42% of dogs aged less than 1 year were positive for nematodes or Giardia. Based on owner reports, HWCM was current for 68.8% of dogs, dogs previously diagnosed with intestinal parasitism were more likely to be receiving a HWCM than those without such history, and a significantly lower (P = 0.0003) proportion of dogs receiving a HWCM were positive for intestinal nematodes compared with those not on such medication. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal parasites, the most common of which were Giardia, Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis, were found in 20% of dogs and 85% of dog parks across the USA. Enhanced detection of canine intestinal parasitism was achieved by combining CF and CAI. Canine intestinal parasites are common across the USA and dog health can be improved by regular testing of fecal samples and routine administration of medications effective against the most common infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd M. Kollasch
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA
| | - Kathryn T. Duncan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | | | - Troy Goddu
- IDEXX, 1 IDEXX Dr, Westbrook, ME 04092 USA
| | | | | | - William G. Ryan
- Ryan Mitchell Associates LLC, 16 Stoneleigh Park, Westfield, NJ USA
| | | | - Susan E. Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
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Ribeiro GO, Gruninger RJ, Jones DR, Beauchemin KA, Yang WZ, Wang Y, Abbott DW, Tsang A, McAllister TA. Effect of ammonia fiber expansion-treated wheat straw and a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on rumen microbiota and fermentation parameters, total tract digestibility, and performance of lambs. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa116. [PMID: 32369600 PMCID: PMC7199887 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX)-treated wheat straw pellets and a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on the rumen microbiome, rumen fermentation parameters, total tract diet digestibility, and performance of lambs. Eight rumen cannulated wethers and 60 lambs (n = 15 per diet, 8 rams and 7 ewes) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design digestibility study and a complete randomized growth performance study, respectively. Four treatment diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial structure with AFEX wheat straw (0% or 30% AFEX straw pellets on a dietary DM basis replacing alfalfa hay pellets) and fibrolytic enzyme (with or without XYL10C, a β-1,4-xylanase, from Aspergillus niger) as main factors. Enzyme was applied at 100 mg/kg of diet DM, 22 h before feeding. Rumen bacteria diversity Pielou evenness decreased (P = 0.05) with AFEX compared with the control diet and increased (P < 0.01) with enzyme. Enzyme increased (P ≤ 0.02) the relative abundancies of Prevotellaceae UCG-004, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Saccharofermentans, and uncultured Kiritimatiellaeota. Total protozoa counts were greater (P ≤ 0.04) in the rumen of lambs fed AFEX compared with control, with enzyme reducing (P ≤ 0.05) protozoa counts for both diets. Digestibility of DM did not differ (P > 0.10) among diets, but digestibility of CP was reduced (P = 0.001), and digestibility of NDF and ADF increased (P < 0.05) as AFEX replaced alfalfa. Compared with control, AFEX promoted greater DMI (P = 0.003) and improved ADG up to 42 d on feed (P = 0.03), but not (P = 0.51) over the full ~94-d experiment. Consequently, overall G:F was reduced (P = 0.04) for AFEX when compared with control (0.188 vs. 0.199), but days on feed were lower (P = 0.04) for AFEX (97 vs. 91 d). Enzyme improved DMI of AFEX up to day 70 (P = 0.01), but did not affect DMI of the control diet. Enzyme addition improved ADG of lambs fed both diets in the first 28 d (P = 0.02), but not over the entire feeding period (P ≥ 10). As a result, G:F was improved with enzyme for the first 28 d (P = 0.04), but not overall (P = 0.45). This study shows that AFEX-treated wheat straw can replace alfalfa hay with no loss in lamb growth performance. Additionally, the enzyme XYL10C altered the rumen microbiome and improved G:F in the first month of the feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan College of Agriculture Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Robert J Gruninger
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Darryl R Jones
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Wen Zhu Yang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
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Young L, Karadzovska D, Wiseman S, Helbig R. Efficacy of lotilaner (Credelio™) against the adult cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis and flea eggs following oral administration to dogs. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:25. [PMID: 31937370 PMCID: PMC6961367 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A blinded, randomized, negative controlled laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of lotilaner (CredelioTM, Elanco) when administered orally to dogs, against experimentally induced adult flea infestations and flea egg production. METHODS Twenty dogs were selected for the study and allocated to two treatment groups. Ten dogs were treated with lotilaner (at the lower half of the recommended dose range of 20-43 mg/kg) on Day 0. Ten dogs treated with placebo tablets served as the control group. Each dog was infested with 100 unfed adult C. felis fleas on days -1, 6, 13, 20 and 29. At 24 h post-treatment or post-infestation, each dog was combed for the removal and counting of adult live fleas. Flea eggs were also collected and counted from the pan under each dog cage. RESULTS Dogs in the lotilaner treated group received a mean dose of 22.6 mg/kg (range 20.2-25.9 mg/kg) and no adverse events were observed in any dog in this study. At each evaluation time point, the lotilaner group provided 100% efficacy against adult live flea counts as compared to the placebo control group. Egg production from lotilaner treated dogs was reduced by 98.5% (geometric mean; 97.4% arithmetic mean) 24 h post-treatment (and 48 h post-flea infestation). No eggs (100% efficacy) were available for collection following infestations on Day 6 onwards from the lotilaner treated dogs. At each evaluation time point, adult live flea counts from the lotilaner treated dogs were significantly lower (P < 0.0001) than from the placebo control group. CONCLUSIONS In dogs treated with a single dose of lotilaner (mean dose 22.6 mg/kg), 100% of adult fleas were killed within 24 h post-treatment or post-subsequent infestations as compared to the placebo control group, thereby demonstrating that lotilaner kills fleas before they can lay eggs thus preventing subsequent flea infestations for 30 days after treatment. There were no reported adverse events in any dogs, demonstrating that lotilaner tablets were well tolerated at the dose rates assessed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Young
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA
| | - Daniela Karadzovska
- Elanco Australasia Pty Ltd, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW 2178 Australia
| | - Scott Wiseman
- Elanco Animal Health, Lilly House, Priestly Road, Basingstoke, Hants RG24 9NL UK
| | - Rainer Helbig
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Strube C, Neubert A, Springer A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Survey of German pet owners quantifying endoparasitic infection risk and implications for deworming recommendations. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:203. [PMID: 31053079 PMCID: PMC6500039 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs and cats can transmit zoonotic helminths to humans, e.g. Toxocara spp. and Echinococcus multilocularis. Strategic deworming may help minimize this risk. Studies in several European countries have shown that pets are dewormed less frequently against roundworms and tapeworms than recommended by the European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites (ESCCAP). The objective of this study was to identify percentages of dogs and cats falling into the different risk categories defined by the German ESCCAP guidelines and to evaluate whether deworming frequency and parasite monitoring in Germany follows these guidelines. RESULTS According to questionnaire results from 500 dog and 500 cat owners, deworming of dogs in Germany averages 2.07 times/year while for cats this average is 1.72 times/year. In contrast, evaluation of risk factors placed only 2% (10/500) of dogs in ESCCAP category A with a recommended deworming/examination frequency of 1-2 times per year, while 4.8% (24/500) were placed in category B (4 treatments/examinations per year recommended), 30.8% (154/500) in category C (12 treatments/examinations per year against tapeworms and 4 treatments/examinations per year against roundworms recommended) and 62.4% (312/500) in category D (12 treatments/examinations per year recommended). All cats were placed either in risk group A [52.8% (264/500)] or D [47.2% (236/500)]. Generalized linear models indicated that risk group D cats were treated significantly more often against helminths than risk group A cats. There were no significant differences in deworming frequency between risk groups in dogs. The most important factor influencing deworming frequency was the frequency of veterinary visits. Dogs and cats were treated significantly more often if owners visited their veterinarian more than once yearly. CONCLUSIONS The percentage distribution of risk groups considerably varied between dogs and cats. Nevertheless, 62% of dogs and 47% of cats were assigned to category D for which monthly treatments/examinations are recommended by the ESCCAP guidelines. Veterinarians play a key role in instructing pet owners with regard to helminthoses and their prevention, and should take the time for adequate risk assessments. The reported low deworming frequencies despite the high potential parasite infection risk suggests that pet owner advice through veterinarians needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ann Neubert
- Elanco Deutschland GmbH, Werner-Reimers-Strasse 2-4, 61352 Bad Homburg, Germany
- Present Address: Fridolinweg 5, 12683 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- ESCCAP Deutschland e.V., c/o Vetproduction, Domstraße 28, 50668 Koeln, Germany
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Abstract
It is important to understand if, and to what extent, the pig can utilize xylose as an energy source if xylanase releases free xylose in the small intestine. The experimental objectives were to determine the effects of industry-relevant dietary xylose concentrations and adaptation time on xylose retention efficiency and metabolism, diet digestibility and energy value, nitrogen balance, and hindgut fermentation. Forty-eight pigs were housed in metabolism crates and randomly assigned to one of four treatments with increasing D-xylose levels (n = 12/treatment) in 2 replications of a 22-d experiment with 3 collection periods. The control diet was xylose-free (0%), to which either 2, 4, or 8% D-xylose was added. Adaptation effects were assessed during three fecal and urine collection periods: d 5-7, 12-14, and 19-21. On d 22, pigs from the 0 and 8% treatments were euthanized; cecal and colon digesta were collected. Dietary xylose did not affect the total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, or crude protein (P>0.10). Digesta short chain fatty acids concentrations and molar proportions and cecal pH were not different (P>0.10). This experiment utilized a targeted metabolomics approach to characterize and quantify urine xylose and metabolite excretion. Xylose retention decreased from 60% to 47% to 41% when pigs were fed diets containing 2, 4, or 8% xylose, respectively. In the 4 and 8% treatments, xylose retention was greater in the 2nd and 3rd collection periods compared to the 1st. A comprehensive pathway for xylose metabolism was proposed and D-threitol was confirmed as the major urinary metabolite of xylose. In conclusion, pigs can metabolize xylose, but with considerably lower efficiency than glucose, and may be able to adapt with time to utilize xylose more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole F. Huntley
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - John F. Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
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Baker K, Ellenberger C, Murphy M, Cavalleri D, Seewald W, Drake J, Nanchen S, Hacket K. Laboratory evaluations of the 3-month efficacy of oral lotilaner (Credelio™) against experimental infestations of dogs with the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:487. [PMID: 30157914 PMCID: PMC6116354 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From three days following host attachment, the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, secretes a neurotoxin that annually causes paralysis in approximately 10,000 domestic pets. Lotilaner, a novel isoxazoline formulated in a chewable flavoured tablet (CredelioTM), produces rapid onset of acaricidal activity in dogs, with an efficacy duration of at least one month. Two studies were performed to determine the efficacy of lotilaner against I. holocyclus infestations over 3 months. METHODS Both studies included 16 dogs, ranked according to I. holocyclus counts on Day -5 (from infestations on Day -8) and blocked into pairs. One dog in each pair was randomized to be a sham-treated control, the other to receive lotilaner at a minimum dose rate of 20 mg/kg on Day 0. Dogs were dosed in a fed state. Infestations were performed in both studies on Days -8 (to determine the tick carrying capacity of each dog) -1, 28, 56, 70, 77 and 84, and additionally in Study 1 on Day 91, in Study 2 on Days 14 and 42. In Study 1, ticks were counted and assessed as alive or dead at 24, 48 and 72 h post-initial infestation and post-subsequent re-infestations. In study 2, ticks were counted at 24, 48 and 72 h post-dosing or post-re-infestation. Efficacy was determined by the percent reduction in live attached tick counts in the lotilaner group compared to control. RESULTS Within 48 h post-treatment in Study 1 and within 72 h post-treatment in Study 2 all lotilaner-group dogs were free of live ticks. By 72 h post-infestation, efficacy in Study 1 remained at 100% through Day 87, except on Day 31 when a single tick was found on one dog, and through Day 59 in Study 2. Efficacy exceeded 95% through the final assessment in each study (Days 94 and 87 in Studies 1 and 2, respectively). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that lotilaner quickly kills existing I. holocyclus infestations. By providing 95.3-100.0% protection through at least 87 days post-treatment, lotilaner can be a valuable tool in reducing the risk of tick paralysis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Baker
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo Research and Development Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW 2178 Australia
| | - Claudia Ellenberger
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo Research and Development Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW 2178 Australia
| | - Martin Murphy
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Seewald
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason Drake
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA
| | - Steve Nanchen
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Hacket
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo Research and Development Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW 2178 Australia
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Lawson JS, Liu HH, Syme HM, Purcell R, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Elliott J. The cat as a naturally occurring model of renal interstitial fibrosis: Characterisation of primary feline proximal tubular epithelial cells and comparative pro-fibrotic effects of TGF-β1. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202577. [PMID: 30138414 PMCID: PMC6107233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in both geriatric cats and aging humans, and is pathologically characterised by chronic tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis in both species. Cats with CKD may represent a spontaneously occurring, non-rodent animal model of human disease, however little is known of feline renal cell biology. In other species, TGF-β1 signalling in the proximal tubular epithelium is thought to play a key role in the initiation and progression of renal fibrosis. In this study, we first aimed to isolate and characterise feline proximal tubular epithelial cells (FPTEC), comparing them to human primary renal epithelial cells (HREC) and the human proximal tubular cell line HK-2. Secondly, we aimed to examine and compare the effect of human recombinant TGF-β1 on cell proliferation, pro-apoptotic signalling and genes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in feline and human renal epithelial cells. FPTEC were successfully isolated from cadaverous feline renal tissue, and demonstrated a marker protein expression profile identical to that of HREC and HK-2. Exposure to TGF-β1 (0-10 ng/ml) induced a concentration-dependent loss of epithelial morphology and alterations in gene expression consistent with the occurrence of partial EMT in all cell types. This was associated with transcription of downstream pro-fibrotic mediators, growth arrest in FPTEC and HREC (but not HK-2), and increased apoptotic signalling at high concentrations of TGF- β1. These effects were inhibited by the ALK5 (TGF-β1RI) antagonist SB431542 (5 μM), suggesting they are mediated via the ALK5/TGF-β1RII receptor complex. Taken together, these results suggest that TGF-β1 may be involved in epithelial cell dedifferentiation, growth arrest and apoptosis in feline CKD as in human disease, and that cats may be a useful, naturally occurring model of human CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S. Lawson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Hui-Hsuan Liu
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet M. Syme
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Purcell
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Cavalleri D, Murphy M, Seewald W, Nanchen S. A randomized, controlled field study to assess the efficacy and safety of lotilaner (Credelio™) in controlling ticks in client-owned cats in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:411. [PMID: 30001746 PMCID: PMC6043961 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a continuing need for novel approaches to tick infestations treatment and control in cats. Lotilaner, an isoxazoline with rapid onset of action, has proven its efficacy against ticks in laboratory studies. A study was undertaken to confirm lotilaner's efficacy and safety in client-owned cats, at the minimum dose of 6.0 mg/kg, against the most common ticks infesting cats in Europe. METHODS Twenty clinics in Germany, Hungary and Portugal participated in the study. Households with no more than three cats were randomized 2:1 to a lotilaner or fipronil group. The first household cat with at least three live, attached ticks was the primary cat. Treatments were dispensed on days 0, 28 and 56 for owner administration. Tick counts were performed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 (primary cats) and supplementary cats were assessed for safety only, on days 28, 56 and 84. Efficacy was assessed by comparing mean day 0 live attached tick counts with subsequent counts. RESULTS Most frequently retrieved ticks were Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor reticulatus, with Ixodes hexagonus also present. In the lotilaner group (n = 112) efficacy (based on geometric mean tick counts) was between 98.3-100%. For fipronil (n = 57), efficacy was between 89.6-99.6%, with live attached ticks present on some cats at all time points. Mean tick counts in lotilaner-treated cats were significantly lower than in fipronil-treated cats on days 21, 28, 42 and 56 (P < 0.05). The mean percent efficacy over all post-enrolment visits was 99.6% and 96.4% (lotilaner and fipronil group, respectively), (P < 0.0001). Lotilaner was superior to fipronil for efficacy averaged over all time points (P < 0.0001) and on individual assessment days (day 14 to 70, P < 0.0394); it was non-inferior to fipronil on the other days. Owners successfully administered all treatments, and both products were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS CredelioTM was effective and safe for the treatment of tick infestations in client-owned cats. Efficacy lasted one month and lotilaner was superior to fipronil on most assessment days. Cure rates ranged between 94.5-100% for lotilaner and 68.4-98.2% for fipronil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Murphy
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Seewald
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steve Nanchen
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Di Luca M, Toma L, Severini F, Boccolini D, D’Avola S, Todaro D, Stancanelli A, Antoci F, La Russa F, Casano S, Sotera SD, Carraffa E, Versteirt V, Schaffner F, Romi R, Torina A. First record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) on the southernmost Mediterranean islands of Italy and Europe. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:543. [PMID: 29096677 PMCID: PMC5669009 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus, a known worldwide vector of several mosquito-borne disease pathogens including dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses, was introduced into Europe in the late 1970s through global trade. First recorded in northern Italy in 1990, this mosquito species has rapidly spread throughout the country, where it was responsible for an outbreak of chikungunya in 2007 that affected more than 200 people. As part of the VectorNet project, which is aimed at improving preparedness and responsiveness for animal and human vector-borne diseases in Europe, a mosquito targeted study was carried out on the three southernmost Italian islands. The objective was to verify the current European southern distribution limits of Ae. albopictus and the potential occurrence of other invasive mosquito species, in the light of the introduction of high risk for vector-borne disease pathogens into Europe via migration flows. RESULTS In the summer 2015, six surveys for container-breeding mosquitoes were carried out by setting up a network of oviposition traps and BG Sentinel traps in selected areas on the islands of Pantelleria, Lampedusa and Linosa. Aedes albopictus was found on all three islands under investigation. The consequences on public health with regard to the presence of this mosquito vector and the migrant people entering the country from Africa and the Middle East are also discussed here. CONCLUSIONS The detection of the Asian tiger mosquito on these islands, which represent the last European strip of land facing Africa, has important implications for public health policy and should prompt the national authorities to implement tailored surveillance activities and reinforce plans for preparedness strategies in such contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Luca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vectorborne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Toma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vectorborne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Severini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vectorborne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Boccolini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vectorborne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore D’Avola
- Department of Veterinary Prevention, Unit of Animal Health Service, ASP Trapani, Pantelleria, Italy
| | - Diego Todaro
- Department of Veterinary Prevention, Unit of Animal Health Service, ASP Trapani, Pantelleria, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stancanelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Laboratory of Entomology and Environmental Vectors Control, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Antoci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Laboratory of Entomology and Environmental Vectors Control, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco La Russa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Laboratory of Entomology and Environmental Vectors Control, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Francis Schaffner
- Francis Schaffner Consultancy, Riehen, Switzerland
- Switzerland & Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Romi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vectorborne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Torina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Laboratory of Entomology and Environmental Vectors Control, Palermo, Italy
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Ritler D, Rufener R, Sager H, Bouvier J, Hemphill A, Lundström-Stadelmann B. Development of a movement-based in vitro screening assay for the identification of new anti-cestodal compounds. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005618. [PMID: 28520724 PMCID: PMC5448807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal cestodes are infecting millions of people and livestock worldwide, but treatment is mainly based on one drug: praziquantel. The identification of new anti-cestodal compounds is hampered by the lack of suitable screening assays. It is difficult, or even impossible, to evaluate drugs against adult cestodes in vitro due to the fact that these parasites cannot be cultured in microwell plates, and adult and larval stages in most cases represent different organisms in terms of size, morphology, and metabolic requirements. We here present an in vitro-drug screening assay based on Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces, which represent precursors of the scolex (hence the anterior part) of the adult tapeworm. This movement-based assay can serve as a model for an adult cestode screen. Protoscoleces are produced in large numbers in Mongolian gerbils and mice, their movement is measured and quantified by image analysis, and active compounds are directly assessed in terms of morphological effects. The use of the 384-well format minimizes the amount of parasites and compounds needed and allows rapid screening of a large number of chemicals. Standard drugs showed the expected dose-dependent effect on movement and morphology of the protoscoleces. Interestingly, praziquantel inhibited movement only partially within 12 h of treatment (at concentrations as high as 100 ppm) and did thus not act parasiticidal, which was also confirmed by trypan blue staining. Enantiomers of praziquantel showed a clear difference in their minimal inhibitory concentration in the motility assay and (R)-(-)-praziquantel was 185 times more active than (S)-(-)-praziquantel. One compound named MMV665807, which was obtained from the open access MMV (Medicines for Malaria Venture) Malaria box, strongly impaired motility and viability of protoscoleces. Corresponding morphological alterations were visualized by scanning electron microscopy, and demonstrated that this compound exhibits a mode of action clearly distinct from praziquantel. Thus, MMV665807 represents an interesting lead for further evaluation. Tapeworms (cestodes) are a medically important group of helminths that infect humans and animals all around the globe. The clinical signs caused by intestinal infection with adult cestodes are mostly mild, in contrast to the more severe disease symptoms inflicted by infection with the tissue-dwelling larval stages of the same species. Praziquantel is the main drug in use against intestinal cestode infections. Development of resistance and treatment failures have been reported in trematodes, and are expected to become a problem in the future also in the case of cestode infections. Therefore, new treatment options against intestinal helminths are needed. To date, there is no in vitro-based whole-organism screening assay available that allows screening of candidate drugs with potential activity against adult cestodes. We established and characterized of a screening assay in 384-well format, which serves as a model for adult stage parasites by using Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces and their loss of motility as a read-out. This novel assay showed that drugs with known activity against adult cestodes inhibited motility of protoscoleces. The movement-based assay identified MMV665807 as a novel compound with profound activity against protoscoleces, and potentially also adult cestodes. Light- and electron microscopical assessments of protoscoleces treated with praziquantel and MMV665807 point towards different modes of action of the two drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Ritler
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Reto Rufener
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Huntley SJ, Dean RS, Massey A, Brennan ML. International Evidence-Based Medicine Survey of the Veterinary Profession: Information Sources Used by Veterinarians. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159732. [PMID: 27458724 PMCID: PMC4961404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinarians are encouraged to use evidence to inform their practice, but it is unknown what resources (e.g. journals, electronic sources) are accessed by them globally. Understanding the key places veterinarians seek information can inform where new clinically relevant evidence should most effectively be placed. An international survey was conducted to gain understanding of how veterinary information is accessed by veterinarians worldwide. There were 2137 useable responses to the questionnaire from veterinarians in 78 countries. The majority of respondents (n = 1835/2137, 85.9%) undertook clinical work and worked in a high income country (n = 1576/1762, 89.4%). Respondents heard about the survey via national veterinary organisations or regulatory bodies (31.5%), online veterinary forums and websites (22.7%), regional, discipline-based or international veterinary organisations (22.7%) or by direct invitation from the researchers or via friends, colleagues or social media (7.6%). Clinicians and non-clinicians reportedly used journals most commonly (65.8%, n = 1207/1835; 75.6%, n = 216/286) followed by electronic resources (58.7%, n = 1077/1835; 55.9%, n = 160/286), respectively. Respondents listed a total of 518 journals and 567 electronic sources that they read. Differences in veterinarian preference for resources in developed, and developing countries, were found. The nominated journals most read were the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (12.7% of nominations) for clinicians and the Veterinary Record (5.7%) for non-clinicians. The most accessed electronic resource reported was the Veterinary Information Network (25.6%) for clinicians and PubMed (7.4%) for non-clinicians. In conclusion, a wide array of journals and electronic resources appear to be accessed by veterinarians worldwide. Veterinary organisations appear to play an important role in global communication and outreach to veterinarians and consideration should be given to how these channels could be best utilised for effective dissemination of key research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene J. Huntley
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S. Dean
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Massey
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Marnie L. Brennan
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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