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Alvarez Rojas CA, Kronenberg PA, Aitbaev S, Omorov RA, Abdykerimov KK, Paternoster G, Müllhaupt B, Torgerson P, Deplazes P. Genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Kyrgyzstan: The A2 haplotype of E. multilocularis is the predominant variant infecting humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008242. [PMID: 32401754 PMCID: PMC7219741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis (AE, CE) caused by E. multilocularis and E. granulosus s.l., respectively, are considered emerging zoonotic diseases in Kyrgyzstan with some of the world highest regional incidences. Little is known regarding the molecular variability of both species in Kyrgyzstan. In this study we provide molecular data from a total of 72 parasite isolates derived from humans (52 AE and 20 CE patients) and 43 samples from dogs (23 infected with E. multilocularis and 20 with E. granulosus s.l.).Genetic variability in E. multilocularis was studied using the concatenated complete sequences of the cob, nad2 and cox1 mitochondrial genes adding a total of 3,558bp per isolate. The cob/nad2/cox1 A2 haplotype was identified in 63.4% of the human and in 65.2% of the dog samples. This haplotype was originally described in samples from Kazakhstan and St. Lawrence Island (Alaska, USA). We also describe here 16 non-previously defined variants of E. multilocularis (called A11-A26). All haplotypes cluster together within the Asian group in the haplotype network. Based on Fst values, low level of genetic differentiation was found between the populations of E. multilocularis isolated from different regions within the country. However, high degree of differentiation was found when all the concatenated sequences from Kyrgyzstan are considered as a single population and compared with the population of the parasite from the neighbouring country China. In the case of E. granulosus s.l. the analysis was based in 1,609bp of the cox1 gene. One isolate from a dog was identified as E. equinus, while all the other sequences were identified belonging to E. granulosus s.s. In total, 24 cox1 haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. were identified including the already described variants: Eg01 (in 6 samples), Eg33 (in 4 samples), EgCl04 (in 2 samples), Eg03 (in 1 sample) and Eg32 (in 1 sample). From the twenty-five other isolates of E. granulosus s.s. a total of 19 non-previously described cox1 haplotypes were identified and named as EgKyr1 to EgKyr19. The most common haplotype infecting human is the EgKyr1 which was found in 5 isolates.The cob/nad2/cox1 A2 haplotype of E. multilocularis is responsible for the majority of human infections in Kyrgyzstan and is also found in the majority of dogs included in this study. Further similar studies in different parts of Asia could elucidate if it is also the most common variant infecting humans in other countries. It remains unknown if this particular haplotype presents differences in virulence which could have contributed to the emergency of alveolar echinococcosis in Kyrgyzstan. In the case of E. granulosus s.s. it seems that there is no dominant haplotype infecting humans in Kyrgzstan. Further characterization of biological or antigenic features of dominant mitochondrial haplotypes could help to elucidate if they present differences which could be relevant in the diagnostic, pathogenicity or in the host/parasite interaction when infecting humans. Analysis of the genetic variability in Echinococcus species from different endemic countries have contributed to the knowledge in the taxonomy and phylogeography of these parasites. The most important species of this genus, Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis, co-exist in Kyrgyzstan causing serious public health issues. E. granulosus s.l. causes cystic echinococcosis and E. multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis. The most relevant finding of our study is the identification of the cob/nad2/cox1 A2 haplotype of E. multilocularis as the most commonly found in humans and dogs. However, it remains unknown if this variant of E. multilocularis, based on genetic differences in mitochondrial genes, presents differences in virulence which could have contributed to the emergence of alveolar echinococcosis in Kyrgyzstan. The results also show a number of non-previously described genetic variants of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus s.s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A. Alvarez Rojas
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Philipp A. Kronenberg
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sezdbek Aitbaev
- City Clinical Hospital #1, Surgical Department, Faculty of Surgery of the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Rakhatbek A. Omorov
- City Clinical Hospital #1, Surgical Department, Faculty of Surgery of the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | - Giulia Paternoster
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Clinics of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Studzińska MB, Demkowska-Kutrzepa M, Karamon J, Cencek T, Tomczuk K. Echinococcus multilocuraris -first recorded case of Norway rat ( Rattus norvegicus) in Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med 2019; 26:674-676. [PMID: 31885246 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/113470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Echinococcus multilocularis is a very dangerous zoonotic parasite threatening human health. The red fox is the main definitive host, and cats and dogs less commonly. Rats can be intermediate hosts. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine the parasitofauna of Norway rats and some cats and dogs living on a farm near a forest. MATERIAL AND METHODS A parasitological section on 15 Norway rats was conducted. The internal organs were examined by means of macroscopic and microscopic methods. For molecular examination, a QIAmp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen) was used. RESULTS Based on necropsy, parasitological and molecular examinations, of the 15 examined rats, 1 was found to have larvae of E. multilocularis, while 3 others had eggs of Hymenolepis diminuta, H. nana and Syphacia obvelata. The faeces of the pets did not contain any developmental forms of parasites. CONCLUSIONS This is the first case of Echinococcus multilocularis infestation in a rat in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Strube C, Neubert A, Springer A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Survey of German pet owners quantifying endoparasitic infection risk and implications for deworming recommendations. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:203. [PMID: 31053079 PMCID: PMC6500039 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs and cats can transmit zoonotic helminths to humans, e.g. Toxocara spp. and Echinococcus multilocularis. Strategic deworming may help minimize this risk. Studies in several European countries have shown that pets are dewormed less frequently against roundworms and tapeworms than recommended by the European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites (ESCCAP). The objective of this study was to identify percentages of dogs and cats falling into the different risk categories defined by the German ESCCAP guidelines and to evaluate whether deworming frequency and parasite monitoring in Germany follows these guidelines. RESULTS According to questionnaire results from 500 dog and 500 cat owners, deworming of dogs in Germany averages 2.07 times/year while for cats this average is 1.72 times/year. In contrast, evaluation of risk factors placed only 2% (10/500) of dogs in ESCCAP category A with a recommended deworming/examination frequency of 1-2 times per year, while 4.8% (24/500) were placed in category B (4 treatments/examinations per year recommended), 30.8% (154/500) in category C (12 treatments/examinations per year against tapeworms and 4 treatments/examinations per year against roundworms recommended) and 62.4% (312/500) in category D (12 treatments/examinations per year recommended). All cats were placed either in risk group A [52.8% (264/500)] or D [47.2% (236/500)]. Generalized linear models indicated that risk group D cats were treated significantly more often against helminths than risk group A cats. There were no significant differences in deworming frequency between risk groups in dogs. The most important factor influencing deworming frequency was the frequency of veterinary visits. Dogs and cats were treated significantly more often if owners visited their veterinarian more than once yearly. CONCLUSIONS The percentage distribution of risk groups considerably varied between dogs and cats. Nevertheless, 62% of dogs and 47% of cats were assigned to category D for which monthly treatments/examinations are recommended by the ESCCAP guidelines. Veterinarians play a key role in instructing pet owners with regard to helminthoses and their prevention, and should take the time for adequate risk assessments. The reported low deworming frequencies despite the high potential parasite infection risk suggests that pet owner advice through veterinarians needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ann Neubert
- Elanco Deutschland GmbH, Werner-Reimers-Strasse 2-4, 61352 Bad Homburg, Germany
- Present Address: Fridolinweg 5, 12683 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- ESCCAP Deutschland e.V., c/o Vetproduction, Domstraße 28, 50668 Koeln, Germany
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Bebezov B, Mamashev N, Umetaliev T, Ziadinov I, Craig PS, Joekel DE, Deplazes P, Grimm F, Torgerson PR. Intense Focus of Alveolar Echinococcosis, South Kyrgyzstan. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1119-1122. [PMID: 29774832 PMCID: PMC6004877 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.161641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. An ultrasound study in southern Kyrgyzstan during 2012 revealed a prevalence of 4.2% probable or confirmed AE and an additional 2.2% possible AE, representing an emerging situation. The risk for probable or confirmed AE was significantly higher in dog owners.
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Antolová D, Víchová B, Jarošová J, Gál V, Bajužík B. Alveolar echinococcosis in a dog; analysis of clinical and histological findings and molecular identification of Echinococcus multilocularis. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:486-494. [PMID: 29975636 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is a zoonotic tapeworm of medical and veterinary importance that occasionally infects accidental intermediate hosts causing severe disease or even death. In dogs, alveolar echinococcosis has been reported mainly in central Europe and Canada. The paper presents clinical, biochemical and histological signs of alveolar echinococcosis in a dog from Slovakia and the results of mitochondrial nad1 gene analysis. In 2016, 11-years old Siberian husky female suffering from inappetence was presented to the Veterinary Clinic in Žilina. Biochemical blood examination and blood count showed only minor changes, but abdominal ultrasonography showed the hepatomegaly and the presence of nonhomogeneous hypodense lobulated formation in the left liver lobe. Histological and molecular examinations of excided tissue confirmed the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis of the liver. BLAST analysis of E. multilocularis nad1 gene revealed that the nucleotide sequence did not exactly match the previously identified M1 (AJ237639) and/or M2 genotype (AJ237640). In total, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) occurred within overlapping region of nad1 gene. In the discussion, clinical and laboratory findings of the infection in other dog patients are compared and the possibilities of diagnosis and therapy of the disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Júlia Jarošová
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Viliam Gál
- Alpha Medical Pathology, Ružinovská 6, 826 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Bajužík
- Veterinary Clinic Žilina, Cyrila a Metoda 7, 010 08 Žilina, Slovakia
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Sindičić M, Bujanić M, Štimac I, Martinković F, Tuškan N, Špehar M, Konjević D. First identification of Echinococcus multilocularis in golden jackals in Croatia. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:654-656. [PMID: 29975650 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis, caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is one of the world's most dangerous zoonosis and an emerging disease with growing incidence in humans. The disease has been reported in new areas and host species in the last two decades, and the primary hosts of the parasite - red fox, golden jackal and grey wolf - are expanding their distribution in Europe. Here we report the morphological and molecular identification of Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworms in one of 29 carcasses of adult golden jackals in Croatia, where the only previous report of the parasite was in red foxes in 2016. These results suggest that alveolar echinococcosis should be treated as an emerging disease in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Sindičić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miljenko Bujanić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Štimac
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Franjo Martinković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Tuškan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Špehar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dean Konjević
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Valot B, Knapp J, Umhang G, Grenouillet F, Millon L. Genomic characterization of EmsB microsatellite loci in Echinococcus multilocularis. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 32:338-41. [PMID: 25847697 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
EmsB is a molecular marker applied to Echinococcus multilocularis genotyping studies. This marker has largely been used to investigate the epidemiology of the parasite in different endemic foci. The present study has lifted the veil on the genetic structure of this microsatellite. By in silico analysis on the E. multilocularis genome the microsatellite was described in about 40 copies on the chromosome 5 of the parasite. Similar structure was found in the relative parasite Echinococcus granulosus, where the microsatellite was firstly described. The present study completes the first investigations made on the EmsB microsatellite origins and confirms the reliability of this highly discriminant molecular marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Valot
- Chrono-environnement Laboratory, UMR 6249 CNRS, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Jenny Knapp
- Chrono-environnement Laboratory, UMR 6249 CNRS, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, B.P. 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Frédéric Grenouillet
- Chrono-environnement Laboratory, UMR 6249 CNRS, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Laurence Millon
- Chrono-environnement Laboratory, UMR 6249 CNRS, University of Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon, France
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Beiromvand M, Akhlaghi L, Fattahi Massom SH, Meamar AR, Darvish J, Razmjou E. Molecular identification of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in small mammals from Northeast, Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2313. [PMID: 23875048 PMCID: PMC3708880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis. Many species of small mammals, including arvicolid rodents or Ochotona spp., are natural intermediate hosts of the cestode. The main aim of this study was to identify natural intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis in Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran, where the prevalence of infected wild and domestic carnivores is high. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A program of trapping was carried out in five villages in which this cestode was reported in carnivores. The livers of 85 small mammals were investigated for the presence of E. multilocularis infection using multiplex PCR of mitochondrial genes. Infections were identified in 30 specimens: 23 Microtus transcaspicus, three Ochotona rufescens, two Mus musculus, one Crocidura gmelini, and one Apodemus witherbyi. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A range of small mammals therefore act as natural intermediate hosts for the transmission of E. multilocularis in Chenaran County, and the prevalence suggested that E. multilocularis infection is endemic in this region. The existence of the life cycle of this potentially lethal cestode in the vicinity of human habitats provides a significant risk of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molouk Beiromvand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Lame Akhlaghi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Fattahi Massom
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ghaem Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Meamar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Darvish
- Department of Rodents Research, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Razmjou
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Goto Y, Sato K, Yahagi K, Komatsu O, Hoshina H, Abiko C, Yamasaki H, Kawanaka M. Frequent isolation of Echinococcus multilocularis from the livers of racehorses slaughtered in Yamagata, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2010; 63:449-451. [PMID: 21099100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Goto
- Yamagata Prefectural Nairiku Meat Inspection Center, Yamagata 990-0892, Japan
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Tappe D, Kern P, Frosch M, Kern P. A hundred years of controversy about the taxonomic status of Echinococcus species. Acta Trop 2010; 115:167-74. [PMID: 20227377 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic diseases which we know today as cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are zoonoses known since antique times, and 1855, respectively. Whether the two clinically and morphologically distinct diseases were caused, according to a "unicistic" and a "dualistic" theory, by only one or two different cestode species was the subject of a fierce, 100 years long debate involving scientists from many countries. The natural life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus was fully clarified in 1855 after successful animal experiments. In contrast, the natural final and intermediate hosts of Echinococcus multilocularis remained unknown, and the advocates of either theory had to draw on a number of surrogate arguments to defend their positions. The seesaw of reasoning and mutual defeats of the two theories, and the final recognition of E. multilocularis as an independent species in the 1950s are described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Tappe
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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Knapp J, Bart JM, Giraudoux P, Glowatzki ML, Breyer I, Raoul F, Deplazes P, Duscher G, Martinek K, Dubinsky P, Guislain MH, Cliquet F, Romig T, Malczewski A, Gottstein B, Piarroux R. Genetic diversity of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes at a continental scale in Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e452. [PMID: 19513103 PMCID: PMC2685985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe helminth disease affecting humans, which is caused by the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. AE represents a serious public health issue in larger regions of China, Siberia, and other regions in Asia. In Europe, a significant increase in prevalence since the 1990s is not only affecting the historically documented endemic area north of the Alps but more recently also neighbouring regions previously not known to be endemic. The genetic diversity of the parasite population and respective distribution in Europe have now been investigated in view of generating a fine-tuned map of parasite variants occurring in Europe. This approach may serve as a model to study the parasite at a worldwide level. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The genetic diversity of E. multilocularis was assessed based upon the tandemly repeated microsatellite marker EmsB in association with matching fox host geographical positions. Our study demonstrated a higher genetic diversity in the endemic areas north of the Alps when compared to other areas. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The study of the spatial distribution of E. multilocularis in Europe, based on 32 genetic clusters, suggests that Europe can be considered as a unique global focus of E. multilocularis, which can be schematically drawn as a central core located in Switzerland and Jura Swabe flanked by neighbouring regions where the parasite exhibits a lower genetic diversity. The transmission of the parasite into peripheral regions is governed by a "mainland-island" system. Moreover, the presence of similar genetic profiles in both zones indicated a founder event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Knapp
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chrono-Environment, CNRS 6249, usc INRA, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Department of Chrono-Environment, CNRS 6249, usc INRA, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Department of Chrono-Environment, CNRS 6249, usc INRA, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Marie-Louise Glowatzki
- Department of Clinical Research, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Breyer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francis Raoul
- Department of Chrono-Environment, CNRS 6249, usc INRA, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Duscher
- Institute for Parasitology and Zoology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karel Martinek
- Department of Biology, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Dubinsky
- Parasitological Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Thomas Romig
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany
| | - Andrzej Malczewski
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Piarroux
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Hôpital la Timone, Marseille, France
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Yamasaki H, Nakao M, Nakaya K, Schantz PM, Ito A. Genetic analysis of Echinococcus multilocularis originating from a patient with alveolar echinococcosis occurring in Minnesota in 1977. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79:245-247. [PMID: 18689631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, only a single proven case of autochthonous human alveolar echinococcosis has been recorded in Minnesota in 1977. At that time, echinococcal lesions removed from the patient were experimentally inoculated into voles, and the parasite materials obtained from the voles were preserved as histopathologic specimens for 30 years. In this study, retrospective genetic analysis of larval Echinococcus multilocularis originating in the human case was performed using the histopathologic specimens. DNA was extracted from the hematoxylin and eosin-stained specimens, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, 20 small fragments (100-216 bp) covering almost the entire sequences (97%) of the cox1 were successfully amplified, and the nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the E. multilocularis isolate from Minnesota was almost identical to an isolate from South Dakota rather than isolates from contiguous Alaska.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamasaki
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Laboratory for Medical Research, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan.
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Knapp J, Bart JM, Glowatzki ML, Ito A, Gerard S, Maillard S, Piarroux R, Gottstein B. Assessment of use of microsatellite polymorphism analysis for improving spatial distribution tracking of echinococcus multilocularis. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2943-50. [PMID: 17634311 PMCID: PMC2045259 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02107-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE)--caused by the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis--is a severe zoonotic disease found in temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Even though the transmission patterns observed in different geographical areas are heterogeneous, the nuclear and mitochondrial targets usually used for the genotyping of E. multilocularis have shown only a marked genetic homogeneity in this species. We used microsatellite sequences, because of their high typing resolution, to explore the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis. Four microsatellite targets (EmsJ, EmsK, and EmsB, which were designed in our laboratory, and NAK1, selected from the literature) were tested on a panel of 76 E. multilocularis samples (larval and adult stages) obtained from Alaska, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Genetic diversity for each target was assessed by size polymorphism analysis. With the EmsJ and EmsK targets, two alleles were found for each locus, yielding two and three genotypes, respectively, discriminating European isolates from the other groups. With NAK1, five alleles were found, yielding seven genotypes, including those specific to Tibetan and Alaskan isolates. The EmsB target, a tandem repeated multilocus microsatellite, found 17 alleles showing a complex pattern. Hierarchical clustering analyses were performed with the EmsB findings, and 29 genotypes were identified. Due to its higher genetic polymorphism, EmsB exhibited a higher discriminatory power than the other targets. The complex EmsB pattern was able to discriminate isolates on a regional and sectoral level, while avoiding overdistinction. EmsB will be used to assess the putative emergence of E. multilocularis in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Knapp
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyoko Arakawa
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang Y, Bart JM, Giraudoux P, Craig P, Vuitton D, Wen H. Morphological and molecular characteristics of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus mixed infection in a dog from Xinjiang, China. Vet Parasitol 2006; 139:244-8. [PMID: 16616990 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Xinjiang plateau of western China has been shown to have a high prevalence for human cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus, and human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. The domestic dog is suspected to be the primary definitive host for the transmission of both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis to humans in this locality. Seventeen of 30 stray dogs from Hejing County of Xinjiang were found positive for E. granulosus post mortem, and one double infection was suspected. Worm samples were collected, dyed by carmine, and observed microscopically. Carmine staining examination clearly revealed the differences in number of proglottids and appearance of uterine branches and lateral genital pore for those two species of Echinococcus. Furthermore, gene target DNA fragments were amplified for formal identification of the two parasite species, based on 12s rRNA mitochondrial gene. The PCR products were purified and sequenced. Compared with NCBI GenBank, the DNA sequences demonstrated 100% identity with E. granulosus (sheep strain, G1 genotype) and E. multilocularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalou Zhang
- Xinjiang Hydatid Clinical Research Institute, First Teaching Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, PR China [corrected]
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Yang YR, Rosenzvit MC, Zhang LH, Zhang JZ, McManus DP. Molecular study of Echinococcus in west-central China. Parasitology 2006; 131:547-55. [PMID: 16174420 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005007973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
West-central China is an important endemic focus of both alveolar and cystic echinococcosis where several species of intermediate host are commonly infected with Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis . Isolates of E. granulosus were collected from humans and other animals from different geographical areas of Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu and Sichuan, and genotyped using the mitochondrial DNA marker ATP synthase subunit 6 gene (atp6). The sheep strain (G1 genotype) of E. granulosus was shown to be the only genotype present in sheep, cattle, goats, yaks and humans in the study areas. However, some heterogeneity in the atp6 sequence was evident in a number of the isolates with the most frequent change being a silent substitution (G/A) at position 360 compared with the G1 reference sequence representing isolates collected from the majority of hosts except humans. Two E. multilocularis isolates examined also had sequences that varied from each other and from the reference E. multilocularis atp6 sequence. The genotypic variation we report may reflect phenotypic differences with important consequences in terms of increased host infectivity for hosts by local Echinococcus strains, possibly impacting on the epidemiology and control of echinococcosis. Such adaptations may also result in different sensitivity to drugs or increased virulence for hosts that will impede control efforts and even affect vaccination strategies against Echinococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Yang
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Q 4006, Australia
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