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Bose Mazumdar Ghosh A, Banerjee A, Chattopadhyay S. An insight into the potent medicinal plant Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. THE NUCLEUS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CYTOLOGY AND ALLIED TOPICS 2022; 65:437-472. [PMID: 36407559 PMCID: PMC9660160 DOI: 10.1007/s13237-022-00409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn., a globally distributed herb is known for its several therapeutic potentials. P. amarus has a long history of use in the traditional system of medicine for over 2000 years owing to its wide array of secondary metabolites that confer significant medicinal attributes. Research on various aspects including ethnobotany, phytochemistry to bioactivity, or pharmacological studies has been conducted over the past several decades on this potent herb. P. amarus extracts have shown a broad range of pharmacological activities like hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimalarial, nephroprotective, diuretic, and several other properties. The present review compiles and covers literature and research of several groups across past decades to date and focuses on how the therapeutic significance of this plant can be further explored for future research either as herbal formulations, alternative medicine, or in the pharmaceutical industry. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13237-022-00409-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparupa Bose Mazumdar Ghosh
- Plant Biology Lab, Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Anindita Banerjee
- Undergraduate, Postgraduate, and Research Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), 30 Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016 India
| | - Sharmila Chattopadhyay
- Plant Biology Lab, Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 India
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Wang H, Chinnathambi A, Alahmadi TA, Alharbi SA, Veeraraghavan VP, Krishna Mohan S, Hussain S, Ramamoorthy K, Rengarajan T. Phyllanthin inhibits MOLT-4 leukemic cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis through the inhibition of AKT and JNK signaling pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-10. [PMID: 33724660 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Among cancers, leukemia is a multistep progression that involves genetic modifications of normal hematopoietic progenitor cells to cancerous cells. In recent times, leukemia cases and their mortality rate have increased rapidly. Therefore, the immense need for a therapeutic approach is crucial that can control this type of cancer. Phyllanthin is a lignan compound constituent from the Phyllanthus species and has numerous beneficial effects as a dietary component. The present study aims to determine the impact of phyllanthin on the MOLT-4 cytotoxic effect. MOLT-4 cells and MS-5 cells were cultured at different concentrations of phyllanthin (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM/ml), and the viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. The level of reactive oxygen species, the membrane potential of mitochondria, apoptosis by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCF-DA), rhodamine, acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB), 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)/propidium iodide (PI) staining, gene expression of signaling molecules, and protein levels were assessed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Phyllanthin did not show toxicity toward MS-5 cells and significantly decreased the cell viability of MOLT-4 cells with an IC50 value of 25 µM/ml. Also, phyllanthin induced the production of reactive oxygen species and led to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. AO/EB and DAPI/PI staining fluorescent image confirmed the induction of apoptosis by phyllanthin treatment. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2, NF-κB, and TNF-α decreased, but the proapoptotic Bax mRNA expression was increased. The phosphorylated protein levels of p-PI3K1/2, p-ERK1/2, and p-AKT were decreased, whereas the levels of p-p38 and p-JNKT1/2 increased. Our results confirmed that phyllanthin inhibits the MOLT-4 cells, increases apoptosis, and inhibits MOLT-4 migration and cell invasion. Therefore, phyllanthin can be used as a potential target for leukemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Awad Alahmadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University [Medical City], King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh-, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Surapaneni Krishna Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, Clinical Skills & Simulation and Research, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sardar Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, Government Science College, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Ramamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University PG Extension Centre, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thamaraiselvan Rengarajan
- Scigen Research and Innovation Pvt. Ltd., Periyar Technology Business Incubator, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhao C, Yang Y, An Y, Yang B, Li P. Cardioprotective role of phyllanthin against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation with increased adenosine triphosphate levels in the mice model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:33-44. [PMID: 32798296 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic heart disease is an imperative cause of high morbidity and mortality globally. The cardiac ischemia/reperfusion damage occur in both reperfusion and ischemia. OBJECTIVE In this exploration, we have planned to examine the cardio-protective action of phyllanthin against the myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury (MI-RI) stimulated via coronary artery occlusion, followed by the 10 mg/kg of phyllanthin treatment. The serum cardiac markers and pro-inflammatory markers level was investigated by using the assay kits. The expressions of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers level were investigated by immunohistochemical analysis. Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, and ATPase levels level was examined by standard methods. The expression of oxidative stress markers were inspected by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique. The heart histology was investigated microscopically. RESULTS The phyllanthin treatment increased the body weight, and heart weight also diminished the infarct size in the MI/RI mice. Cardiac markers status was diminished and the blood pressure markers were augmented by the phyllanthin. Histological analysis revealed the protective role of phyllanthin. Suppressed lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidant enzymes were noted in the phyllanthin treated mice MI-RI mice. Phyllanthin appreciably suppressed the pro-inflammatory regulators that is, NF-αB p65, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α and enhanced the antioxidant marker expressions. ATPase levels were improved by the phyllanthin in the MI-RI mice. CONCLUSION These novel findings were confirmed the therapeutic role of phyllanthin against the MI-RI in mice. Hence, it can be a promising agent to treat the MI-RI induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi An
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Boonyong C, Vardhanabhuti N, Jianmongkol S. Modulation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced, ER stress-mediated apoptosis in Caco-2 cells by different polyphenolic antioxidants: a mechanistic study. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1574-1584. [PMID: 32716561 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species could not prevent ER stress-associated cytotoxicity of indomethacin or diclofenac in Caco-2 cells. This study investigated the effects of three polyphenolic antioxidants epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), phyllanthin and hypophyllathin in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced Caco-2 apoptosis. METHODS Cells were treated with ER stressors (indomethacin, diclofenac, tunicamycin or thapsigargin) and the polyphenols for up to 72 h. Cell viability, apoptosis and mitochondrial function were monitored by MTT, Hoechst 33342 and TMRE assays, respectively. Protein expression was measured by Western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS Epigallocatechin gallate suppressed increases in p-PERK/p-eIF-2α/ATF-4/CHOP and p-IRE-1α/p-JNK1/2 expression levels in the cells treated with any of the ER stressors, leading to inhibition of apoptosis. In contrast, phyllanthin increased apoptosis in the cells subsequently exposed to either diclofenac, tunicamycin or thapsigargin, but not in the indomethacin-treated cells. The potentiation effect of phyllanthin seen with the three ER stressors was related to suppression of survival p-Nrf-2/HO-1 expression, resulting in increased activation of the eIF-2α/ATF-4/CHOP pathway. On the other hand, hypophyllanthin had no significant effect on the ER stressor-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Epigallocatechin gallate, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin displayed different effects in the ER stress-mediated apoptosis, depending upon their interaction with the specific unfolded protein response signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherdsak Boonyong
- Inter-Department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nontima Vardhanabhuti
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Gahramanova M. THE USE OF HERBAL REMEDIES IN THE TREATMENT OF HEPATOBILIARY DISEASES: TRENDS AND PROSPECTS. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech12.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Dunkoksung W, Vardhanabhuti N, Jianmongkol S. Potential P-glycoprotein-mediated herb-drug interaction of phyllanthin at the intestinal absorptive barrier. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:213-219. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study investigated the absorptive potential of phyllanthin across the polarized Caco-2 monolayers and the potential role of phyllanthin in P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug interaction.
Methods
The absorptive potential of phyllanthin was predicted from its apparent permeability (Papp) across the Caco-2 monolayers under the pH gradient condition (pH 6.5AP–7.4BL) at 37°C. Integrity of paracellular transport was assessed by monitoring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and lucifer yellow (LY) leakage. P-gp-mediated interaction was evaluated by transport studies of phyllanthin and rhodamine-123.
Key findings
The absorptive Papp of phyllanthin (34.90 ± 1.18 × 10−6 cm/s) was in the same rank order as the high permeable theophylline and antipyrine. Phyllanthin transport in the absorptive and secretive directions was comparable (the efflux ratio (ER) of 1.19 ± 0.01). Phyllanthin caused no changes in TEER nor LY leakage in the monolayers. However, phyllanthin increased rhodamine-123 ER in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting its inhibition on P-gp function. In addition, phyllanthin aqueous solubility was <5 μg/ml at 37°C.
Conclusions
Phyllanthin is a highly permeable compound that could passively diffuse through the absorptive barrier via transcellular pathway with little hindrance from P-gp. Phyllanthin could interfere with transport of P-gp drug substrates, when concomitantly administered. In addition, aqueous solubility could be a limiting factor in phyllanthin absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilasinee Dunkoksung
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nontima Vardhanabhuti
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ilangkovan M, Jantan I, Bukhari SNA. Phyllanthin from Phyllanthus amarus inhibits cellular and humoral immune responses in Balb/C mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1441-1450. [PMID: 27765364 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phyllanthin found in many Phyllanthus species has various biochemical and pharmacological properties especially on its hepatoprotective effects. However, its effect on the immune system has not been well documented. PURPOSE In the present study, phyllanthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus was investigated for its immunosuppressive effects on various cellular and humoral immune responses in Balb/C mice. METHODS Male mice were treated daily at 20, 40 and 100mg/kg of phyllanthin for 14 days by oral gavage. The effects of phyllanthin on cellular immune responses in treated /non treated mice were determined by measuring CD 11b/CD 18 integrin expression, phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO) production, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), T and B cells proliferation, lymphocyte phenotyping, serum cytokines production by activated T-cells and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Its effects on humoral immune responses were evaluated by determining the serum levels of lysozyme and ceruloplasmin, and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM). RESULTS Phyllanthin dose-dependently inhibited CD11b/CD18 adhesion, the engulfment of E. coli by peritoneal macrophages molecules, NO and MPO release in treated mice. Phyllanthin caused significant and dose-dependent inhibition of T and B lymphocytes proliferation and down-regulation of the Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines. Phyllanthin at 100mg/kg caused a significant reduction in the percentage expression of CD4+ and CD8+ in splenocytes and the inhibition was comparable to that of cyclosporin A at 50mg/kg. At 100mg/kg, phyllanthin also dose-dependently exhibited strong inhibition on the sheep red blood cell (sRBC)-induced swelling rate of mice paw in DTH. Significant inhibition of serum levels of ceruloplasmin and lysozyme were observed in mice fed with higher doses (40 and 100mg/kg) of phyllanthin. Anti-sRBC immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) antibody titer was down-regulated in immunized and phyllanthin-treated mice in a dose-dependent manner with maximum inhibition being observed at 100mg/kg. CONCLUSION The strong inhibitory effects of phyllanthin on the cellular and humoral immune responses suggest that phyllanthin may be a good candidate for development into an effective immunosuppressive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menaga Ilangkovan
- Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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