Macrophage plays important role in cortisol and serotonin induced adipogenesis in vitro

Adipose Tissue Dysfunction: Impact on Metabolic Changes?

Adipose tissue is a metabolically dynamic organ that is the primary site of storage for excess energy, but it serves as an endocrine organ capable of synthesizing a number of biologically active compounds that regulate metabolic homeostasis. However, when the capacity of expansion of this tissue exceeds, dysfunction occurs, favoring ectopic accumulation of fat in the visceral, which has been implicated in several disease states, most notably obesity. This review highlights the mechanisms involved in the structure of adipose tissue, tissue expandability, adipocyte dysfunction, as well as the impact of these events on the manifestation of important metabolic disorders associated with adipose tissue dysfunction. A literature search using Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were used to identify relevant studies, using clinical trials, experimental studies in animals and humans, case-control studies, case series, letters to the editor, and review articles published in English, without restrictions on year of publication. The excessive ectopic lipid accumulation leads to local inflammation and insulin resistance. Indeed, overnutrition triggers uncontrolled inflammatory responses white adipose tissue, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation, therefore fostering the progression of important metabolic disorders. Thus, it is essential to advance the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in adipose tissue dysfunction in order to mitigate the negative metabolic consequences of obesity.

Effects of starch-rich or fat-rich diets on metabolism, adiposity, and glycemia in immune-biased, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice

Diet is an essential factor to maintain health by regulating host metabolism and immunity. Host immunity acts as a critical regulator of metabolic changes. By using differentially immune-biased mice C57BL/6 and BALB/c, we demonstrated the metabolic consequence of consuming diets rich in non-resistant starch (starch-rich), unsaturated fat (sunflower oil-rich), and saturated fat (coconut oil-rich) for shorter (four weeks) or longer (eight weeks) duration. Time kinetics of various diets on two differentially immune-biased mice revealed that starch-rich and unsaturated fat-rich diets reduced insulin resistance (IR) and visceral adiposity in BALB/c mice. In contrast, a saturated fat-rich diet enhanced both parameters. In C57BL/6 mice, a fat-rich diet enhanced IR with time while visceral adiposity remained unchanged. Eight weeks' consumption of a saturated fat-rich diet led to the highest visceral adiposity in C57BL/6 mice, while the same diet resulted in the maximum IR in BALB/c mice. The current report presented a detailed metabolomic analysis of treatments with various diets using a) uni- and b) multi-variate analyses. We also calculated the differential index for each treatment for each mouse strain using a vector analysis of the multivariate linear discriminant data. The outcome of the vector analysis of metabolite profiles identified metabolites that affected lipid and glucose metabolism to establish the inter-strain physiological differences.