Different Survival Benefits of Chinese Medicine for Pancreatic Cancer: How to Choose?

Network pharmacology‑based analysis and in vitro experimental verification of the inhibitory role of luteoloside on gastric cancer cells via the p53/p21 pathway

The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of luteoloside on the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer (GC) cells based on network pharmacology and in vitro experiments. GC-associated targets were obtained from the GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases. Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and herb-active ingredient-target gene-signaling pathway networks were constructed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and proteins and Cytoscape software to analyze core target genes and pathways. In addition, the alkaline comet assay was performed to assess DNA damage, demonstrating that luteoloside induces DNA double-strand breaks in a concentration-dependent manner, as indicated by increased comet tail lengths. γ-H2AX detection through western blot analysis further corroborated these findings, showing significant upregulation of this DNA damage marker in luteoloside-treated GC cells. The human GC cell line NCI-N87 was utilized for in vitro experiments to investigate the impact of different doses of luteoloside on cell proliferation, invasion and migration using Cell Counting Kit-8, scratch-wound and Transwell assays, respectively. The underlying molecular mechanism of luteoloside was explored using western blot analysis. The successfully constructed PPI network revealed the p53, Akt1, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 proteins as the core targets, all of which showed good binding activity with luteoloside. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that luteoloside treatment significantly inhibited GC-cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The western blot results showed notable concentration-dependent upregulation of p53 and p21 protein expression and downregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression following luteoloside treatment. Overall, luteoloside inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells by activating the p53/p21 signaling pathway.

Advances in the treatment of pancreatic cancer with traditional Chinese medicine

Pancreatic cancer is a common malignancy of the digestive system. With a high degree of malignancy and poor prognosis, it is called the "king of cancers." Currently, Western medicine treats pancreatic cancer mainly by surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the curative effect is not satisfactory. The application of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in the treatment of pancreatic cancer has many advantages and is becoming an important facet of comprehensive clinical treatment. In this paper, we review current therapeutic approaches for pancreatic cancer. We also review the protective effects shown by TCM in different models and discuss the potential molecular mechanisms of these.

Research progress in the establishment of pancreatic cancer models and preclinical applications

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly malignant tumor in the digestive system. The transformation of tissue from normal to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm is driven by certain oncogenes, among which the mutation rate of the KRAS gene is as high as 90%. Currently, PC has limited treatment options, low therapeutic effects, and poor prognosis. Thus, more effective methods to combat PC are urgently needed. Some models that can more accurately reflect the biological behaviors and genomic characteristics of PC, such as its morphology, pathology, proliferation, and invasion, are being continuously developed. These include genetic engineering models, orthotopic xenograft models, and heterotopic xenograft models. Using these PC models, scientists have further verified promising drugs and potential therapeutic targets for PC treatment. This is of great significance for limiting the progression of PC with clinical intervention, improving patient outcomes, and improving survival rates.

Pharmacological Mechanisms Underlying the Hepatoprotective Effects of Ecliptae herba on Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The number of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases worldwide has increased significantly. As a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with a long history, Ecliptae herba (EH) has been widely used in HCC patients in China, but its hepatoprotective mechanism is still unclear.

METHODS

In this study, we applied a network pharmacology-based strategy and experimental verification to systematically unravel the underlying mechanisms of EH against HCC. First, six active ingredients of EH were screened from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) by the ADME method. Subsequently, 52 potential targets of 6 active ingredients acting on HCC were screened from various databases, including TCMSP, DGIdb, SwissTargetPrediction, CTD, and GeneCards. Then, by constructing protein-protein interaction (PPI) network from STRING, we displayed the intricate connections among these 52 targets through Cytoscape software. We also applied enrichment analysis, including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, to provide an outline and set of concepts for describing gene functions and the advanced functions of biological systems of these 52 targets from genomic and molecular level information. Finally, molecular docking and biological experiments were used to reconfirm these results.

RESULTS

We hypothesized that EH might exert anti-HCC activity by acting on hub genes, including RELA, MMP9, PTGS2, ESR1, EGFR, AR, AKT1, HIF1A, AHR, CYP3A4, ABCG2, and MMP2. Moreover, based on GO and KEGG analysis, we speculated that EH may exert hepatoprotective effects on HCC through the following mechanisms: regulation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway to promote apoptosis and inhibit the abnormal proliferation of HCC, downregulation of HIF-1A expression by activating the HIF-1 signaling pathway, prevention of HCC by regulating lipid metabolism, and inhibition of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by the cytochrome P450 subfamily. Subsequent biological experiments verified that EH inhibits the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway through its active ingredients, quercetin, and wedelolactone, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of HCC cells and promoting the apoptosis of HCC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The network pharmacological strategy provides an efficient method to systematically explore the pharmacological mechanism of EH in HCC. Our study demonstrated that the anti-HCC proliferation activity of EH is mainly exerted by two active ingredients (quercetin and wedelolactone), which inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells (HepG2 and Huh-7) by inhibiting PI3K-AKT signaling.

Study on the treatment of pancreatic cancer with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine: A study protocol of a multicenter prospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which leads to a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. At present, treatment options for pancreatic cancer are limited, so it is vital to explore new treatments and strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important method for cancer prevention and treatment in China. We will conduct a multicenter, prospective cohort study to evaluate the survival and quality of life of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer treated with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, further refine the core pathogenesis of TCM for pancreatic cancer, form a core prescription, and provide clinical data support for the clinical plan of integrated treatment of pancreatic cancer using Chinese and Western medicine; this will aid in the development of the best comprehensive treatment plan for patients.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This study will recruit patients with stage 3 to 4 pancreatic cancer in 12 medical units from April 2019 to June 2020. Patients will be divided into a Western medicine treatment group and an integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment group, with a total of 148 patients. Overall survival is the main efficacy index, while the secondary efficacy indexes are progression-free survival, tumor markers, TCM symptom grading scale, quality of life assessment, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score, and imaging assessment. A follow-up will be performed every 6 weeks ±1 week. The end point is the death of the patient or the end of the study (October 31, 2021). Statistical analysis will be performed using Statistical Packages of Social Sciences software (SPSS).

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This work was supported by Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission and approved by the ethics committee of Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (Approval No. 2019-016-KY). All patients will sign a written informed consent prior to data collection. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations and will be openly shared after completion of the trial.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR1900022632, pre-registration).

Utilising network pharmacology to explore the underlying mechanism of Wumei Pill in treating pancreatic neoplasms

Background

Wumei Pill (WMP), a famous herbal formula, has been widely used to treat digestive system diseases in clinical practice in China for centuries. We have found a correlation between the indications of WMP and the typical symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of WMP still remain unknown.

Methods

In the present work, we used a network pharmacological method to predict its underlying complex mechanism of treating pancreatic neoplasms. Firstly, we obtained relative compounds of WMP based on TCMSP database, TCM database@Taiwan and TCMID database and collected potential targets of these compounds by target fishing. Then we built the pancreatic neoplasms target database by CTD, TTD, PharmGKB. Based on the matching results between WMP potential targets and pancreatic neoplasms targets, we built a PPI network to analyze the interactions among these targets and screen the hub targets by topology. Furthermore, DAVID bioinformatics resources were utilized for the enrichment analysis on GO_BP and KEGG.

Results

A total of 80 active ingredients and 77 targets of WMP were picked out. The results of DAVID enrichment analysis indicated that 58 cellular biological processes (FDR < 0.01) and 17 pathways (FDR < 0.01) of WMP mostly participated in the complex treating effects associated with proliferation, apoptosis, inflammatory response and angiogenesis. Moreover, 17 hub nodes of WMP (PTGS2, BCL2, TP53, IL6, MAPK1, EGFR, EGF, CASP3, JUN, MAPK8, MMP9, VEGFA, TNF, MYC, AKT1, FOS and TGFB1) were recognized as potential targets of treatments, implying the underlying mechanisms of WMP acting on pancreatic neoplasms.

Conclusion

WMP could alleviate the symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms through the molecular mechanisms predicted by network pharmacology. This study proposes a strategy to elucidate the mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) at the level of network pharmacology.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2580-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Impact of sex, body mass index and initial pathologic diagnosis age on the incidence and prognosis of different types of cancer

Cancer represents a significant challenge for humankind, as early diagnosis and treatment are difficult to achieve. To systemically investigate the effect of sex, body mass index (BMI) and age on cancer incidence and prognosis, the data from 14,504 cases of cancer were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). BMI was used to categorize each person as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese. Two‑ and five‑year survival rates were applied to estimate the prognosis for each cancer type. All data were statistically analyzed. We identified that males were more susceptible to lung, liver and skin cancer when compared with females, whereas females were more susceptible to thyroid, breast and adrenal cortex cancer. High BMI (>25) was positively associated with the occurrence of cancer, although patients with high BMI at the time of initial diagnosis had higher two/five‑year survival rates. The survival rates for cancer were positively correlated with the age at initial pathologic diagnosis. Some types of cancer were associated with particularly young ages of onset, including adrenocortical carcinoma, cervical and endocervical cancers, brain lower grade glioma, pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, testicular germ cell tumors and thyroid carcinoma. Hence, the early diagnosis and prognosis for these cancers need to be improved. In conclusion, sex, BMI and age are associated with the incidence and survival rates for cancers. These results could be used to supplement precision and personalized medicine.