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Liu B, Chen X, Li M, Zhang X, Zhang B, Li H. Existing hip joint disease is associated with an increased incidence of hip fracture in adults: A retrospective survey of 9710 individuals from a single center. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25249. [PMID: 38318022 PMCID: PMC10839588 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective In hip disease patients, pain and movement restrictions might cause changes in bone strength and increase the likelihood of falls, finally leading to hip fracture. The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of, characteristics of and risk factors for hip fracture in patients with existing hip disease. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients with existing hip disease treated at both outpatient and inpatient departments of our institute were identified by searching the electronic medical record system and followed retrospectively for the occurrence of hip fracture. Demographic and clinical characteristics, such as age, sex and kind of primary hip disease, were collected from the electronic medical record system. The incidence and timing of hip fracture were estimated, and a Cox regression model was built to identify the independent risk factors for hip fracture in these patients. Results A total of 9710 eligible patients were included. After a mean follow-up of 3.97 years, hip fractures were identified in 95 patients, for an estimated incidence of hip fracture of 978.37 per 100,000 patients. The femoral neck was involved in 49 fractures (51.58 %), and the femoral trochanter was involved in 45 fractures (47.37 %). Four independent risk factors and one protective factor for hip fracture in patients with hip diseases were identified: age (HR = 1.116, 95 % CI = 1.094-1.138), the presence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (HR = 2.201, 95 % CI = 1.217-3.980), a lower Harris hip score (HR = 0.966, 95 % CI = 0.949-0.982), a history of previous hip surgery (HR = 2.126, 95 % CI = 1.304-3.466) and the use of walking aids (HR = 0.588, 95 % CI = 0.354-0.975). A scoring system with a total score of 20 points was built, which included all of the above risk factors. The predictive scores for a low risk (estimated incidence of hip fracture ≤30 %), a moderate risk (estimated incidence of hip fracture 31 %-69 %), and a high risk (estimated incidence of hip fracture ≥70 %) of hip fracture were ≤8.5 points, 9.0-13.0 points and ≥13.5 points, respectively. Conclusion The incidence of hip fracture in the special population of patients with existing hip disease was determined. Elderly patients, patients with a history of hip surgery, patients with osteonecrosis and patients with poor Harris hip scores were at increased risk of hip fracture. In patients with a predictive score greater than 9 points, indicating a moderate to high risk of hip fracture, the use of a walking aid might reduce the risk of hip fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Osteonecrosis and Hip Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Osteonecrosis and Hip Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Mengnan Li
- Department of Osteonecrosis and Hip Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Department of Osteonecrosis and Hip Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Binquan Zhang
- Department of Osteonecrosis and Hip Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Huijie Li
- Department of Osteonecrosis and Hip Surgery, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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FRAX-based intervention thresholds in eight Eurasian countries: Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, the Russian Federation, and Uzbekistan. Arch Osteoporos 2021; 16:87. [PMID: 34089424 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-021-00962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Age-specific intervention and assessment thresholds based on FRAX® were developed for eight Eurasian countries participating in the EVA study (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, and Uzbekistan). The intervention thresholds (major osteoporotic fracture) ranged from 3.6 (Armenia and Georgia) to 12.3% (Uzbekistan) for people at age 50 years, and from 16 (Armenia) to 27% (Belarus) at the age of 90 years. These thresholds enable a substantial advance in the ease of detection of individuals at high fracture risk. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to derive and compare FRAX-based intervention and BMD assessment thresholds for 8 Eurasian countries in the EVA study. METHODS The intervention threshold (IT) was set at a 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture (MOF), calculated without BMD, equivalent to a woman with a prior fragility fracture but no other clinical risk factors, and a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 kg/m2. The lower assessment threshold was set at a 10-year probability of a MOF in women with BMI of 25.0 kg/m2, without previous fracture or other clinical risk factors. The upper assessment threshold was set at 1.2 times the IT. RESULTS The age-specific intervention thresholds ranged from 3.6 (Armenia and Georgia) to 12.3% (Uzbekistan) for men and women at the age of 50 years and from 16 (Armenia) to 27% (Belarus) at the age of 90 years. The difference between countries was most evident at younger ages and become progressively less with advancing age. CONCLUSIONS For the 8 Eurasian countries, the newly established FRAX-based intervention thresholds provide an opportunity to improve the clinical detection of both men and women with a high risk of fracture and improve treatment rates.
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Kebaetse M, Nkhwa S, Mogodi M, Masunge J, Gureja YP, Ramabu M, Mmopelwa T, Sharif I, Orford A, Johansson H, Harvey NC, McCloskey EV, Cauley JA, Kanis JA. Epidemiology of hip fracture in Botswana. Arch Osteoporos 2021; 16:24. [PMID: 33550503 PMCID: PMC7867517 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-021-00885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective population-based survey in the Republic of Botswana determined the incidence of fractures at the hip over 3 years. The estimated number of such fractures nationwide for 2020 was 103 and is predicted to increase. OBJECTIVE This article describes the epidemiology of hip fractures in the Republic of Botswana. METHODS A retrospective patient chart review was conducted to identify from hospital registers the number of patients diagnosed with hip fracture in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Age- and sex-specific incidence of hip fracture was determined from which lifetime probabilities and future projections for hip fracture were calculated. RESULTS The incidence of hip fracture was low and comparable to rates reported from Tunisia. The remaining lifetime risk of hip fracture at the age of 50 years in men and women was 1.4 and 1.1%, respectively. The incidence of hip fracture suggested that the estimated number of hip fractures nationwide in persons over the age of 50 years for 2020 was 103 and is predicted to increase by more than threefold to 372 in 2050. CONCLUSION The hip fracture rates can be used for healthcare planning. Additionally, these data can be used to create a FRAX model to help guide decisions about treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kebaetse
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - S. Nkhwa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - M. Mogodi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - J. Masunge
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - M. Ramabu
- Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - T. Mmopelwa
- Gaborone Private Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - I. Sharif
- Bokamoso Private Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - A. Orford
- Gaborone Private Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - H. Johansson
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N. C. Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - E. V. McCloskey
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J. A. Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - J. A. Kanis
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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Johansson H, Dela SS, Cassim B, Paruk F, Brown SL, Conradie M, Harvey NC, Jordaan JD, Kalla AA, Liu E, Lorentzon M, Lukhele M, McCloskey EV, Mohamed O, Chutterpaul P, Vandenput L, Kanis JA. FRAX-based fracture probabilities in South Africa. Arch Osteoporos 2021; 16:51. [PMID: 33649966 PMCID: PMC7921059 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-021-00905-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hip fracture rates in South Africa were used to create ethnic-specific FRAX® models to facilitate fracture risk assessment. INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to develop FRAX models to compute the 10-year probability of hip fracture and major osteoporotic fracture and assess their potential clinical application. METHODS Age- and sex-specific incidence of hip fracture and national mortality rates were incorporated into a FRAX model for the White, Black African, Coloured and Indian population of South Africa. Age-specific 10-year probabilities of a major osteoporotic fracture were calculated in women to determine fracture probabilities at a femoral neck T score of -2.5 SD, or those equivalent to a woman with a prior fragility fracture. Fracture probabilities were compared with those from selected countries. RESULTS Probabilities were consistently higher in Indian than in Coloured men and women, in turn, higher than in Black South Africans. For White South Africans, probabilities were lower than in Indians at young ages up to the age of about 80 years. When a BMD T score of -2.5 SD was used as an intervention threshold, FRAX probabilities in women age 50 years were approximately 2-fold higher than in women of the same age but with an average BMD and no risk factors. The increment in risk associated with the BMD threshold decreased progressively with age such that, at the age of 80 years or more, a T score of -2.5 SD was no longer a risk factor. Probabilities equivalent to women with a previous fracture rose with age and identified women at increased risk at all ages. CONCLUSIONS These FRAX models should enhance accuracy of determining fracture probability amongst the South African population and help guide decisions about treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Johansson
- grid.411958.00000 0001 2194 1270Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sapna S. Dela
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Department of Internal Medicine, Edendale Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine (SCM), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bilkish Cassim
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Department of Geriatrics, School of Clinical Medicine (SCM), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Farhanah Paruk
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Division of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Susan L. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Mahathma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Magda Conradie
- grid.11956.3a0000 0001 2214 904XDivision of Endocrinology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nicholas C. Harvey
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Johannes D. Jordaan
- grid.11956.3a0000 0001 2214 904XDivision of Orthopaedics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Asgar A. Kalla
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Enwu Liu
- grid.411958.00000 0001 2194 1270Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- grid.411958.00000 0001 2194 1270Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mkhululi Lukhele
- grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Department of Orthopaedics, University of Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Eugene V. McCloskey
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK ,grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262Mellanby Centre for bone research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ozayr Mohamed
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Discipline of Public Health Medicine, SCM, College of Health Sciences, UKZN, Durban, South Africa
| | - Pariva Chutterpaul
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Division of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- grid.411958.00000 0001 2194 1270Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John A. Kanis
- grid.411958.00000 0001 2194 1270Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK
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Report on the Audit on Burden of Osteoporosis in Eight Countries of the Eurasian Region: Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, and Uzbekistan. Arch Osteoporos 2020; 15:175. [PMID: 33156448 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-00836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The audit provides a detailed analysis of the burden of osteoporosis and differences between Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, and Uzbekistan with regard to prevalence of osteoporosis and incidence of osteoporotic fractures, future demographic changes, diagnostic resources, and treatment availability. PURPOSE This paper describes the results of the Audit on Burden of Osteoporosis in Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, and Uzbekistan. METHODS We carried out a review of the available literature and a survey of the representatives of the national osteoporosis societies. All the information available in English, Russian, or national languages including the publications of local or regional importance was analyzed. RESULTS The expected number of osteoporosis patients varies from 240,000 in Armenia to 16 million in Russia. Low-energy fractures are a serious health problem in all countries with the highest incidence in Kazakhstan and Russia. The rate of hip fracture patients' hospitalization in the majority of countries is low (33-80%). In the coming decades the populations, in particular, in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, will continue to show increases in life expectancy with a corresponding increase in the number of fractures in older people. Thus, in 2050, the number of hip fractures in these countries will increase by 2.5-3.5 times. However, the availability of DXA devices in the region is low (0.2-1.3 per million), and DXA tests are expensive. Almost all modern treatments for osteoporosis are available, but the costs are high even for alendronate. Urgent action is needed at the national level in each country including recognition of osteoporosis as a priority health issue. CONCLUSION Osteoporosis is an important health problem in the countries of the Eurasian region that will only get worse in the future due to expected demographic changes.
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Zakroyeva A, Lesnyak O, Cazac V, Groppa L, Russu E, Chislari L, Rotaru L, Johansson H, Harvey NC, McCloskey E, Lorentzon M, Kanis JA. Epidemiology of osteoporotic fracture in Moldova and development of a country-specific FRAX model. Arch Osteoporos 2020; 15:13. [PMID: 31993755 PMCID: PMC6987067 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-019-0669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Retrospective population-based survey in 2 regions of the Republic of Moldova determined the incidence of fractures at the hip, proximal humerus and distal forearm. The estimated number of such fractures nationwide for 2015 was 11,271 and is predicted to increase to 15,863 in 2050. The hip fracture rates were used to create a FRAX model to help guide decisions about treatment. OBJECTIVE This paper describes the epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures in Republic of Moldova that was used to develop the country-specific fracture prediction FRAX® tool. METHODS We carried out a retrospective population-based survey in 2 regions of the Republic of Moldova (Anenii Noi district and Orhei district) representing approximately 6% of the country's population. We identified hip, forearm and humerus fractures in 2011 and 2012 from hospital registers and primary care sources. Age- and sex-specific incidence of hip fracture and national mortality rates were incorporated into a FRAX model for Moldova. Fracture probabilities were compared with those from neighbouring countries having FRAX models. RESULTS The incidence of hip fracture applied nationally suggested that the estimated number of hip fractures nationwide in persons over the age of 50 years for 2015 was 3911 and is predicted to increase by 60% to 6492 in 2050. Hip fracture incidence was a good predictor of forearm and humeral fractures. FRAX-based probabilities were higher in Moldova than neighbouring countries (Ukraine and Romania). CONCLUSION The FRAX model should enhance accuracy of determining fracture probability among the Moldavan population and help guide decisions about treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Zakroyeva
- Ural State Medical University, 3 Repina street, Yekaterinburg, Russia, 620028
| | - Olga Lesnyak
- North West State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, 41, Kirochnaya street, St. Petersburg, Russia, 191015
| | - Victor Cazac
- State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 165 Stefan cel Mare si Sfant blvd., 2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Liliana Groppa
- State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 165 Stefan cel Mare si Sfant blvd., 2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Eugen Russu
- State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 165 Stefan cel Mare si Sfant blvd., 2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Lia Chislari
- State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 165 Stefan cel Mare si Sfant blvd., 2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Larisa Rotaru
- State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 165 Stefan cel Mare si Sfant blvd., 2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Helena Johansson
- Mary McKillop Health Institute, Catholic University of Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Eugene McCloskey
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mattis Lorentzon
- Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Geriatric Medicine Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - John A Kanis
- Mary McKillop Health Institute, Catholic University of Australia, Melbourne, Australia.
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Zakroyeva A, Lesnyak O, Sahakyan S, Ramanau G, Kazak V, Issayeva S, Shakirova M. Multicenter Epidemiological Study of Osteoporotic Fractures in Eurasia (EVA Study). A step towards reducing the burden of age-related diseases. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202201019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To extend elderly patients’ active longevity, practitioners all over the world need a precise clinical instrument to assess the 10-year osteoporotic fractures probability and choose the optimal preventive intervention. The purpose of this research is to assess major osteoporotic (OP) fractures incidence in CIS countries and to create country-specific computing FRAX clinical prediction tools. Method. We carried out a cohort population-based study (EVA) in Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan in 2011-2018. The age- and sexspecific OP fracture incidence values were incorporated into the computing FRAX models. Results. We revealed that the highest standardized HP incidence was obtained in Kazakhstan (338 and 255 per 100 000 per year for women and men older than 50 years resp.) and Moldova (331, 0 and 155, 0 per year for women and men resp.), the lowest in Armenia (201 and 136 per 100 000 per year for women and men resp.). The FRAX models showed that in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Moldova, elderly people had the highest hip fracture probabilities. Estimates reveal that the OP fractures numbers in the EVA-project countries will grow by 1.5-3 times by 2050. Conclusion. The created national FRAX instruments should enhance the accuracy of determining fracture probability among older people, help clinicians to make decisions concerning OP prophylactic, and to step forward to reducing the burden of age-related diseases.
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Lesnyak O, Zakroyeva A, Lobanchenko O, Johansson H, Liu E, Lorentzon M, Harvey NC, McCloskey E, Kanis JA. A surrogate FRAX model for the Kyrgyz Republic. Arch Osteoporos 2020; 15:68. [PMID: 32377964 PMCID: PMC7203583 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-00743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hip fracture rates from Kazakhstan were used to create a surrogate FRAX® model for the Kyrgyz Republic. INTRODUCTION The International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation recommend utilizing a surrogate FRAX model, based on the country-specific risk of death, and fracture data based on a country where fracture rates are considered to be representative of the index country. OBJECTIVE This paper describes a surrogate FRAX model for the Kyrgyz Republic. METHODS The FRAX model used the incidence of hip fracture from the neighbouring country of Kazakhstan and the death risk for the Kyrgyz Republic. RESULTS Compared with the model for Kazakhstan, the surrogate model gave somewhat higher 10-year fracture probabilities for men between 60 and 80 years of age and lower probabilities for men above the age of 80. For women the probabilities were similar up to the age of 75-80 years and then lower. There were very close correlations in fracture probabilities between the surrogate and authentic models (1.00) so that the use of the Kyrgyz model had little impact on the rank order of risk. It was estimated that 2752 hip fractures arose in 2015 in individuals over the age of 50 years in the Kyrgyz Republic, with a predicted increase by 207% to 8435 in 2050. CONCLUSION The surrogate FRAX model for the Kyrgyz Republic provides the opportunity to determine fracture probability among the Kyrgyz population and help guide decisions about treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Lesnyak
- Mechnikov North West State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A. Zakroyeva
- Ural State Medical University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - O. Lobanchenko
- I.K. Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - H. Johansson
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E. Liu
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. Lorentzon
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia ,Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N. C. Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - E. McCloskey
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J. A. Kanis
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia ,Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Issayeva S, Lesnyak O, Zakroyeva A, Issayeva B, Dilmanova D, Johansson H, Liu E, Lorentzon M, Harvey NC, McCloskey E, Kanis JA. Epidemiology of osteoporotic fracture in Kazakhstan and development of a country specific FRAX model. Arch Osteoporos 2020; 15:30. [PMID: 32108270 PMCID: PMC7046573 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-0701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Retrospective and prospective population-based survey in a region of the Republic of Kazakhstan determined the incidence of fractures at the hip, proximal humerus and distal forearm. The hip fracture rates were used to create a FRAX® model to enhance fracture risk assessment in Kazakhstan. OBJECTIVE This paper describes the epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures in the Republic of Kazakhstan that was used to develop a country specific FRAX® tool for fracture prediction. METHODS We carried out a retrospective population-based survey in Taldykorgan in the Republic of Kazakhstan representing approximately 1% of the country's population. Hip, forearm and humerus fractures were identified retrospectively in 2015 and 2016 from hospital registers and the trauma centre. Hip fractures were prospectively identified in 2017 from the same sources and additionally from primary care data. Age- and sex-specific incidence of hip fracture and national mortality rates were incorporated into a FRAX model for Kazakhstan. Fracture probabilities were compared with those from neighbouring countries having FRAX models. RESULTS The difference in hip fracture incidence between the retrospective and prospective survey indicated that approximately 25% of hip fracture cases did not come to hospital attention. The incidence of hip fracture applied nationally suggested that the estimated number of hip fractures nationwide in persons over the age of 50 years for 2015 was 11,690 and is predicted to increase by 140% to 28,000 in 2050. Hip fracture incidence was a good predictor of forearm and humeral fractures in men but not in women. CONCLUSION The FRAX model should enhance accuracy of determining fracture probability among the Kazakh population and help guide decisions about treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Issayeva
- Asfendiyarov National Medical University, 94, Tole Bi Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 050000
| | - O Lesnyak
- Mechnikov North West State Medical University, 41, Kirochnaya Street, 191015, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Zakroyeva
- Ural State Medical University, 3, Repina Street, 620028, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - B Issayeva
- Asfendiyarov National Medical University, 94, Tole Bi Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 050000
| | - D Dilmanova
- Asfendiyarov National Medical University, 94, Tole Bi Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 050000
| | - H Johansson
- Mary McKillop Health Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Liu
- Mary McKillop Health Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Lorentzon
- Mary McKillop Health Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - E McCloskey
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J A Kanis
- Mary McKillop Health Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Lesnyak O, Ismailov S, Shakirova M, Alikhanova N, Zakroyeva A, Abboskhujaeva L, Johansson H, Harvey NC, McCloskey E, Kanis JA. Epidemiology of hip fracture and the development of a FRAX model for Uzbekistan. Arch Osteoporos 2020; 15:119. [PMID: 32728952 PMCID: PMC7391387 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-00792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A prospective population-based survey in a region of the Republic of Uzbekistan determined the incidence of fractures at the hip. The hip fracture rates were used to create a FRAX® model to facilitate fracture risk assessment in Uzbekistan. OBJECTIVE This paper describes the epidemiology of hip fracture in the Republic of Uzbekistan that was used to develop a country-specific FRAX® tool for fracture prediction. METHODS During a 1-year (2016/17) prospective population-based survey in the Pap district of the Republic of Uzbekistan, hip fractures were prospectively identified from hospital registers, trauma centres and primary care and community sources. Age- and sex-specific incidence of hip fracture and national mortality rates were incorporated into a FRAX model for Uzbekistan. Fracture probabilities were compared with those from neighbouring Kazakhstan and Kyrgystan. RESULTS Approximately 41% of hip fracture cases did not come to medical attention, and two thirds of patients overall were not admitted to hospital. The incidence of hip fracture applied nationally suggested that the estimated number of hip fractures nationwide in persons over the age of 50 years for 2015 was 16,764 and is predicted to increase more than three-fold to 60,272 in 2050. FRAX-based probabilities were higher in Uzbekistan than Kazakhstan or Kyrgystan. CONCLUSION The FRAX model should enhance accuracy of determining fracture probability among the Uzbek population and help guide decisions about treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lesnyak
- Mechnikov North West State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Ismailov
- Republican Medical Center for Endocrinology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - M Shakirova
- Republican Medical Center for Endocrinology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - N Alikhanova
- Republican Medical Center for Endocrinology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - A Zakroyeva
- Ural State Medical University, 3 Repina street, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - L Abboskhujaeva
- Republican Medical Center for Endocrinology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - H Johansson
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - NC Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - E McCloskey
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - JA Kanis
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia ,Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Epidemiology of hip fractures in Bulgaria: development of a country-specific FRAX model. Arch Osteoporos 2020; 15:28. [PMID: 32108268 PMCID: PMC7046566 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-0710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A retrospective population-based survey was undertaken in a region of Bulgaria to determine the incidence of hip fracture. The estimated number of hip fractures nationwide for 2015 was 9322 and is predicted to increase to 11,398 in 2050. The hip fracture rates were used to create a FRAX model. OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of hip fractures in Bulgaria, which was then used to develop the country-specific fracture prediction FRAX® tool. METHODS We carried out a retrospective population-based survey in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, representing approximately 4.6% of the country's population. We identified hip fractures occurring in 2015, 2016 and 2017 from hospital registers and primary care sources held by the regional health insurance agency. Age- and sex-specific incidence of hip fracture and national mortality rates were incorporated into a FRAX model for Bulgaria. Fracture probabilities were compared with those from neighbouring countries having FRAX models. RESULTS The incidence of hip fracture applied nationally suggested that the estimated number of hip fractures nationwide in persons over the age of 50 years for 2015 was 9322 and is predicted to increase to 11,398 in 2050. FRAX-based probabilities were higher in Bulgaria than those in Serbia or Romania, lower than those in Turkey and similar to those in Greece. CONCLUSION The FRAX model should enhance accuracy of determining fracture probability among the Bulgarian population and help guide decisions about treatment.
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Abstract
This paper reviews the research programme that went into the development of FRAX® and its impact in the 10 years since its release in 2008. INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis is defined on the measurement of bone mineral density though the clinical consequence is fracture. The sensitivity of bone mineral density measurements for fracture prediction is low, leading to the development of FRAX to better calculate the likelihood of fracture and target anti-osteoporosis treatments. METHODS The method used in this paper is literature review. RESULTS FRAX, developed over an 8-year period, was launched in 2008. Since the launch of FRAX, models have been made available for 64 countries and in 31 languages covering more than 80% of the world population. CONCLUSION FRAX provides an advance in fracture risk assessment and a reference technology platform for future improvements in performance characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kanis
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
- Mary McKillop Research Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Helena Johansson
- Mary McKillop Research Institute, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Eugene V McCloskey
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Liu B, Zhu Y, Liu S, Chen W, Zhang F, Zhang Y. National incidence of traumatic spinal fractures in China: Data from China National Fracture Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12190. [PMID: 30170470 PMCID: PMC6393073 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide a basis for disease prevention, this article aimed to clarify the incidence and risk factors of traumatic fractures in China.The China National Fracture Study (CNFS) was a retrospective epidemiological study that recruited a nationally representative sample from 8 provinces, 24 urban cities, and 24 rural counties in China using stratified random sampling and the probability proportional to size method. A total of 512,187 individuals were involved in CNFS. Incidence rates for traumatic spinal fractures were estimated from the database of CNFS. The distributions by age and sex; as well as by demographic factors such as ethnic origin, occupation, and geographical region were also analyzed. The potential risk factors for traumatic spinal fractures were also identified, such as gender, age, ethnic origin, education, occupation, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, calcium or vitamin D taking, body mass index (BMI), sleep time per day, history of previous fracture, and urbanization. This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, number ChiCTR-EPR-15005878.Around 168 individuals (92 men and 76 women, mean age 55.36 ± 16.19 years) reported 178 (10 individuals with 2 segments) segments of spinal fractures that had occurred in 2014. The incidence rate for traumatic spinal fractures was 32.80 per 100,000 people. Stratified by occupation, retired and unemployed individuals had the highest incidence rates: 72.45 (42.19-102.71) and 64.08 (36.68-91.48) per 100,000 people. According to education level, illiterate individuals had the highest incidence rate (73.39, 54.00-92.79 per 100,000 population). Among all age groups, fractures of thoracolumbar vertebra (T11-L2) were the most common for both sexes, followed by fractures of lumbar vertebra (L3-L5). Four independent risk factors for traumatic spinal fractures were found, including aging, alcohol drinking, sleeping <7 hours per day, and having a previous fracture history.The current study provides detailed information about the national incidence of traumatic spinal fractures, distribution, and risk factors. Aging, alcohol drinking, sleeping <7 hours per day, and having a previous fracture history were the independent risk factors for traumatic spinal fractures in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yanbin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
- Chinese Academy of Engineering, Beijing, PR China
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