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Ibáñez A, Kühne K, Miklashevsky A, Monaco E, Muraki E, Ranzini M, Speed LJ, Tuena C. Ecological Meanings: A Consensus Paper on Individual Differences and Contextual Influences in Embodied Language. J Cogn 2023; 6:59. [PMID: 37841670 PMCID: PMC10573819 DOI: 10.5334/joc.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Embodied theories of cognition consider many aspects of language and other cognitive domains as the result of sensory and motor processes. In this view, the appraisal and the use of concepts are based on mechanisms of simulation grounded on prior sensorimotor experiences. Even though these theories continue receiving attention and support, increasing evidence indicates the need to consider the flexible nature of the simulation process, and to accordingly refine embodied accounts. In this consensus paper, we discuss two potential sources of variability in experimental studies on embodiment of language: individual differences and context. Specifically, we show how factors contributing to individual differences may explain inconsistent findings in embodied language phenomena. These factors include sensorimotor or cultural experiences, imagery, context-related factors, and cognitive strategies. We also analyze the different contextual modulations, from single words to sentences and narratives, as well as the top-down and bottom-up influences. Similarly, we review recent efforts to include cultural and language diversity, aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain disorders, as well as bilingual evidence into the embodiment framework. We address the importance of considering individual differences and context in clinical studies to drive translational research more efficiently, and we indicate recommendations on how to correctly address these issues in future research. Systematically investigating individual differences and context may contribute to understanding the dynamic nature of simulation in language processes, refining embodied theories of cognition, and ultimately filling the gap between cognition in artificial experimental settings and cognition in the wild (i.e., in everyday life).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ibáñez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), California, US
- Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland, IE
| | - Katharina Kühne
- Potsdam Embodied Cognition Group, Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, DE
| | - Alex Miklashevsky
- Potsdam Embodied Cognition Group, Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, DE
| | - Elisa Monaco
- Laboratory for Cognitive and Neurological Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH
| | - Emiko Muraki
- Department of Psychology & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, CA
| | | | | | - Cosimo Tuena
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, IT
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Zhou L, Qin M, Han P. Olfactory metacognition and memory in individuals with different subjective odor imagery abilities. Conscious Cogn 2022; 105:103416. [PMID: 36194996 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Imagery vividness is one of the key indicators to evaluate the ability to generate mental images. There is large inter-individual variability in olfactory imagery (OI) abilities, however, little is known about the underlying factors for individual OI abilities. Using a word cueing imagery paradigm and the trial-by-trial imagery vividness rating method, participants with high or low OI abilities (differentiated by the Vividness of Olfactory Imagery Questionnaire) completed two OI tasks with either shorter (2 s) or longer (8 s) image generation time. Participants' olfactory function, olfactory-related working memory and episodic recognition memory were measured using validated methods. Moreover, olfactory metacognition was assessed using the Odor Awareness Scale (OAS) and the Importance of Olfaction Questionnaire (IOQ). Compared to participants with high OI abilities, those with low OI abilities reported less vivid odor images during OI tasks. For participants with low OI abilities, the imagery vividness significantly improved as the image generation time increased. There was no difference regarding olfactory perception or olfactory-related memory performances between the high and the low OI ability groups. However, participants with higher OI abilities had significant higher scores on the OAS and the IOQ, indicating a superior olfactory-related metacognition. These results provide evidences supporting the underlying factors that related to variances of subjective ability of generating vivid odor mental images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Zhou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Qin
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Han
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Hura N, Yi JS, Lin SY, Roxbury CR. Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Diagnostic and Research Tool in Patients with Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2022; 36:668-683. [PMID: 35585698 DOI: 10.1177/19458924221096913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with acquired, idiopathic olfactory dysfunction (OD) commonly undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation to rule out intracranial pathologies. This practice is highly debated given the expense of MRI relative to the probability of detecting a treatable lesion. This, combined with the increasing use of MRI in research to investigate the mechanisms underlying OD, provided the impetus for this comprehensive review. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review was to both assess the utility of MRI in diagnosis of idiopathic OD and to describe MRI findings among mixed OD etiologies to better understand its role as a research tool in this patient population. METHODS A literature search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies with original MRI data for patients with OD was completed. Studies exclusively investigating patients with neurocognitive deficits or those studying traumatic or congenital etiologies of OD were excluded. RESULTS From 1758 candidate articles, 33 studies were included. Four studies reviewed patients with idiopathic OD for structural pathologies on MRI, of which 17 of 372 (4.6%) patients had a potential central cause identified, and 3 (0.8%) had an olfactory meningioma or olfactory neuroblastoma. Fourteen studies (42.4%) reported significant correlation between olfactory bulb volume and olfactory outcomes, and 6 studies (18.8%) reported gray matter volume reduction, specifically in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, parahippocampal, and piriform cortex areas, in patients with mixed OD etiologies. Functional MRI studies reported reduced brain activation and functional connectivity in olfactory network areas. CONCLUSION MRI uncommonly detects intracranial pathology in patients with idiopathic OD. Among patients with mixed OD etiologies, reduced olfactory bulb and gray matter volume are the most common abnormal findings on MRI. Further research is required to better understand the role of MRI and its cost-effectiveness in patients with acquired, idiopathic OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanki Hura
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 1500The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 6595University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie S Yi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 1500The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandra Y Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 1500The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher R Roxbury
- Section of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 21727The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Han P, Qin M, Zhou L, Chen H. Generating odour imagery enhances brain activity in individuals with low subjective olfactory imagery ability. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1961-1971. [PMID: 35322487 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory imagery (OI) is defined as the generation of odour images in the mind. There are large inter-individual differences regarding OI abilities. However, the neural representations of OI among individuals with high or low OI abilities are less understood. Participants with high or low OI abilities evaluated using the Vividness of Olfactory Imagery Questionnaire were recruited in this study. Brain activations were measured during a word cueing OI and visual imagery (VI) tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition, the OI task was divided into two parts. In one part, OI was performed for 8 s (long imagery generation time) and in the other part for 2 s (short imagery generation time). Ratings of the overall imagery vividness were collected at the end of each task. The vividness of OI during short OI was lower among participants with low OI abilities compared to participants with high OI abilities. Brain imaging results showed that participants with low OI ability had stronger brain activation of the supplementary motor area and the superior frontal cortex, compared to participants with higher OI abilities during the short versus long imagery generation time conditions. These results suggest that when generating odour images in a relatively short period of time (e.g., 2 s), people with either high or low OI abilities may have adopted different approaches, resulting in diverse brain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Carrieri CR, Rodrigues A, Lopes PS, Andréo-Filho N, Santos YR, Cairolli OB, Stevic M, Duque MD, Minarini PRR, Leite-Silva VR. Sensory Priming: The olfaction as an attention inducer. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Majid A. Human Olfaction at the Intersection of Language, Culture, and Biology. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 25:111-123. [PMID: 33349546 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human sense of smell can accomplish astonishing feats, yet there remains a prevailing belief that olfactory language is deficient. Numerous studies with English speakers support this view: there are few terms for odors, odor talk is infrequent, and naming odors is difficult. However, this is not true across the world. Many languages have sizeable smell lexicons - smell is even grammaticalized. In addition, for some cultures smell talk is more frequent and odor naming easier. This linguistic variation is as yet unexplained but could be the result of ecological, cultural, or genetic factors or a combination thereof. Different ways of talking about smells may shape aspects of olfactory cognition too. Critically, this variation sheds new light on this important sensory modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifa Majid
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
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Joshi A, Thaploo D, Yan X, Herrmann T, Khabour HA, Hummel T. A novel technique for olfactory bulb measurements. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243941. [PMID: 33326498 PMCID: PMC7743925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To introduce new ways to calculate OB volumes, checking their validity and comparing them to already established technique i.e. OB volumetric based on manual segmentation of OB boundaries. Methods Two approaches were used to calculate OB volumes (1) Manual Segmentation using planimetric manual contouring; (2) Box-frame method, calculating the parameters based on a box placed around the OB. Results We calculated OB volumes using both techniques and found comparable outcomes. High inter-observer reliability was found for volumes calculated by both observers. For manual segmentation, Cronbach’s alpha (α) was 0.91 and 0.93 for right and left OB volume, respectively, whereas for the box-frame method α was 0.94 and 0.90 for right and left OB, respectively. Conclusions The simple box-frame method of OB volume calculation appears reliable. Its results are comparable to an established technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshita Joshi
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Divesh Thaploo
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiaoguang Yan
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Theresa Herrmann
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Han P, Zang Y, Akshita J, Hummel T. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Olfactory Dysfunction. Brain Topogr 2019; 32:987-997. [PMID: 31529172 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-019-00729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunctions affect a larger portion of population (up to 15% with partial olfactory loss, and 5% with complete olfactory loss) as compared to other sensory dysfunctions (e.g. auditory or visual) and have a negative impact on the life quality. The impairment of olfactory functions may happen at each stage of the olfactory system, from epithelium to cortex. Non-invasive neuroimaging techniques such as the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have advanced the understanding of the advent and progress of olfactory dysfunctions in humans. The current review summarizes recent MRI studies on human olfactory dysfunction to present an updated and comprehensive picture of the structural and functional alterations in the central olfactory system as a consequence of olfactory loss and regain. Furthermore, the review also highlights recent progress on optimizing the olfactory functional MRI as well as new approaches for data processing that are promising for future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Yunpeng Zang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joshi Akshita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Speed LJ, Majid A. Grounding language in the neglected senses of touch, taste, and smell. Cogn Neuropsychol 2019; 37:363-392. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2019.1623188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Speed
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, England
| | - Asifa Majid
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, England
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