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Akdeniz S, Akkus GN, Avci B, Gazyagci AN, Yildiz K. Crossroad between the sylvatic and domestic cycles of Mesocestoides litteratus: mesocestodiasis in dogs adopted from shelters in Türkiye. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:327. [PMID: 39297973 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to report the presence of Mesocestoides litteratus in dogs adopted from shelters in Türkiye. Gravid segments were examined microscopically in the faeces of dogs from different shelters located in Ankara and Kirikkale provinces in the central region of Türkiye. Then, genomic DNA obtained from these segments, a 446-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene, and a 350-bp fragment of mitochondrial 12S rRNA were amplified and sequenced. BLASTn search was performed. During light microscopic examination, an egg-filled paruterine organ was observed in the middle part of the segment. Thin-shelled, oval, 35-µm-diameter parasite eggs containing an oncosphere with three pairs of hooklets were observed. The gravid segments were determined as Mesocestoides spp. based on the appearance of the typical paruterine organ. PCR results supported our diagnosis; moreover, according to the BLAST results, it was detected that the species infecting two dogs was 98.01-100% similar to M. litteratus. Praziquantel-containing medication was administered to the infected dogs at a dosage of 5 mg/kg. Foxes act as the final host of M. litteratus and the parasite is prevalent in wildlife; however, these animals may disperse the parasite in urban life. Veterinarians need to be made more aware of this parasite, especially if the dogs are owned from shelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Akdeniz
- Department of Parasitology, Health Sciences Institute, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
| | - Gozde Nur Akkus
- Department of Parasitology, Health Sciences Institute, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
| | - Beyza Avci
- Department of Parasitology, Health Sciences Institute, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
| | - Aycan N Gazyagci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
| | - Kader Yildiz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye.
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Malone CJ, Oksanen A, Mukaratirwa S, Sharma R, Jenkins E. From wildlife to humans: The global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes in wildlife and wildlife-associated human trichinellosis. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 24:100934. [PMID: 38651034 PMCID: PMC11033181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Zoonotic nematodes of the genus Trichinella are foodborne parasites that have a global distribution in wild carnivores and omnivores, with spillover and spillback into domestic livestock and people, with concomitant trade and health consequences. Historically, most human cases were linked to domestic pigs infected with Trichinella spiralis, but under current high biosecurity swine production in many countries, wildlife have become a more important source of human trichinellosis. The aim of this review is to update the global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes reported in wildlife, as well as reported human outbreaks from the consumption of wildlife. Using several online databases and by "snowballing" references, hundreds of reports of Trichinella spp. in wildlife published between January 1991 and December 2023 provide an important update to the host and geographic range for each of the recognized 13 species/genotypes, grouped by continent. Surveillance effort was highest in Europe and North America, while Africa, Asia, Oceania, Central and South America have had limited surveillance, in some instances with human cases serving as sentinels of transmission in a region. Dozens of human outbreaks are described, with wild boars (Sus scrofa) being the most frequently implicated wildlife species in human outbreaks globally. Bears are an important source of infection in North America, for wildlife tourism, and importation of bear meat has also been implicated in multicountry outbreaks. The largest study limitation was the dearth of molecular identification of larvae in both wildlife surveillance studies and human outbreaks, particulary in under-studied regions. We highlight the need for enhanced molecular epidemiological approaches to outbreaks of this important foodborne parasite, and emphasize the need for a One Health approach to manage Trichinella spp. which transmit among terrestrial and marine wildlife (including migratory birds), pigs, horses, and people, often across large geographic scales and borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Malone
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority, (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590, Oulu, Finland
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Uakhit R, Smagulova A, Lider L, Leontyev S, Kiyan V. Epizootiological monitoring of wolf helminths in Northern and Central Kazakhstan. Vet World 2024; 17:1648-1654. [PMID: 39185054 PMCID: PMC11344122 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1648-1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Wolves (Canis lupus) play a role in nature, including the regulation of the number of ungulates and the use of dead animals. In addition, wolves are a natural link and carrier for the spread of many parasitic invasions. Hence, the main task in preventing the spread of parasitic invasions is to regulate the wolf population. This study aimed to monitor the endoparasitological fauna of wild wolves inhabiting Northern and Central Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods Overall, 81 wolves were investigated for parasitic worms using the K. I. Scriabin method. Wolf intestinal materials were collected from the following six regions: North Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, Kostanay, Akmola, Ulytau, and Karaganda. The genetic diversity of the parasites was identified using a polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. After data collection, a comprehensive statistical analysis was performed. Results Several helminth types were identified in wolves, including Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena, Mesocestoides spp., Toxascaris leonina, Trichinella nativa, Alaria alata, and Dirofilaria repens. Based on the results of this study, young male wolves aged 1-4 years were the most vulnerable to helminthiasis. Wolves living in steppe and semi-desert regions are often exposed to helminth infections. The prevalence of T. nativa in the wolves was 20.4%. This study also revealed the presence of echinococcosis among wolf populations in Karaganda and Kostanay, with prevalence rates of 4.1% and 4.7%, respectively. The overall prevalence of tapeworms in wolves was 54.3%. Conclusion This study highlights the significance of understanding the potential risks associated with helminth infections in wild carnivores because helminths can act as disease reservoirs and pose a threat to humans, livestock, and other wild carnivores. These results can contribute to the development of effective control and management strategies for helminth infections in wolves, which can infect humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabiga Uakhit
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainura Smagulova
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyudmila Lider
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergey Leontyev
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Vladimir Kiyan
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
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Jouet D, Snæþórsson AÖ, Skírnisson K. Wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) as intermediate host for Mesocestoides canislagopodis (Rudolphi, 1810) (Krabbe 1865) in Iceland. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2119-2134. [PMID: 37410124 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesocestoides canislagopodis is a common parasite of the arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) in Iceland. In the past, household dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) were also reported in Iceland to be infected. Recently, scolices of a non-maturing Mesocestoides sp. were detected in the intestines of the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), and tetrathyridia were isolated in the body cavity of rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) and subsequently described. All stages were confirmed, using both morphological and molecular methods, to belong to the same species, M. canislagopodis. In the present study, post-mortem examination of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), sampled in autumn 2014 on a farm in Northeast Iceland, revealed the presence of tetrathyridia in the peritoneal cavity and in the liver. Most tetrathyridia in the peritoneal cavity were free, but some were encapsulated in a thin connective tissue stroma and loosely attached to the inner organs. They appear as whitish, heart-shaped, flattened, unsegmented bodies with a slightly pointed posterior end. In the liver, tetrathyridia were seen as pale-tanned nodules embedded in the parenchyma. Comparative molecular analysis, both at the generic level (D1 domain LSU ribosomal DNA), and at the specific level (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and 12S mitochondrial DNA), revealed that the tetrathyridia belonged to M. canislagopodis. A. sylvaticus represents a new second intermediate host record in Iceland, and the first description of a rodent as intermediate host for this species, thus participating in the life cycle of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Jouet
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, EA7506 Biospect, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims Cedex, France.
| | | | - Karl Skírnisson
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, IS-112, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Borhani M, Fathi S, Harandi MF, Simsek S, Ahmed H, Wu X, Liu M. Trichinella infections in animals and humans of Iran and Turkey. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1088507. [PMID: 36817781 PMCID: PMC9932804 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1088507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is considered as a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by different species of the small nematodes of the genus Trichinella. The present study aimed to provide a broad review for exploring Trichinella sp. infection in humans and animals of Iran and Turkey. Additionally, we aimed to explore bases for trichinellosis prevention and control. Two reports of human trichinellosis following the consumption of meat of wild boar are available in the northern Iran. A large outbreak of trichinellosis and some other sporadic cases are reported mainly as a result of eating wild boar or pork meat from Turkey, where T. britovi is present. Field studies show that Trichinella sp. infections occur in wild carnivores of Iran, particularly the golden jackal (Canis aureus) as the most frequently infected species. T. britovi has been reported to be present elsewhere in Iran in wild mammals, where wild boar is the main source of Trichinella sp. infection. In Turkey, Trichinella spp. has been reported from animals including both domesticated and wild pigs and gray wolf (Canis lupus). However, current data on the distribution of Trichinella taxa are fragmentary in the Anatolian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Borhani
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Saeid Fathi
- Department of Parasite Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elaziğ, Türkiye
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Mingyuan Liu,
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Wang N, Qin H, Zhang L, Zhang S. The global prevalence of parasites in non-biting flies as vectors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:25. [PMID: 36691084 PMCID: PMC9872427 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-biting flies such as the house fly (Musca domestica), the Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) and the oriental latrine fly (Chrysomya megacephala) may carry many parasites. In the present study, we performed a systematic overview of the different species of parasites carried by non-biting flies, as well as of isolation methods, different geographical distribution, seasonality and risk assessment. METHODS A meta-analysis was carried out with the aim to review the global prevalence of parasite transmission in non-biting flies. A total sample size of 28,718 non-biting flies reported in studies worldwide satisfied the predetermined selection criteria and was included in the quantitative analysis. RESULTS The global prevalence of parasites in non-biting flies was 42.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 31.9-53.2%; n = 15,888/28,718), with the highest prevalence found for non-biting flies in Africa (58.3%; 95% CI 47.4-69.3%; n = 9144/13,366). A total of 43% (95% CI 32.1-54.4%; n = 7234/15,282) of house flies (M. domestica), the fly species considered to be the most closely associated with humans and animals, were found with parasites. The prevalence of parasites in the intestine of non-biting flies was 37.1% (95% CI 22.7-51.5%; n = 1045/3817), which was significantly higher than the prevalence of parasites isolated from the body surface (35.1%; 95% CI 20.8-49.4%; n = 1199/3649; P < 0.01). Of the 27 reported parasites, a total of 20 known zoonotic parasites were identified, with an infection rate of 38.1% (95% CI 28.2-48.0%; n = 13,572/28,494). CONCLUSIONS This study provides a theoretical basis for the public health and ecological significance of parasites transmitted by non-biting flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Liu
- grid.108266.b0000 0004 1803 0494College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China ,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan People’s Republic of China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- grid.108266.b0000 0004 1803 0494College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China ,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan People’s Republic of China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nanhao Wang
- grid.108266.b0000 0004 1803 0494College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China ,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan People’s Republic of China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huikai Qin
- grid.108266.b0000 0004 1803 0494College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China ,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan People’s Republic of China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- grid.108266.b0000 0004 1803 0494College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China ,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan People’s Republic of China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- grid.108266.b0000 0004 1803 0494College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China ,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan People’s Republic of China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Kilinc SG, Celik F, Kesik HK, Selcuk MA, Ahmed H, Simsek S. Co-infection of Echinococcus equinus and Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7) in a gray wolf in Turkey: First report and genetic variability of the isolates. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 20:89-95. [PMID: 36699504 PMCID: PMC9869413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important zoonotic diseases caused by larval form of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. The material of this study was the gray wolf (Canis lupus), which was found dead in the rural area of Bingol province of Turkey. The animal was brought to Veterinary Faculty for necropsy and many of adult Echinococcus spp. obtained. A total of 9 whole adult worms were morphologically examined under the microscope, gDNA was isolated from individual samples, a partial mt-CO1 gene fragment (875 bp) was amplified with PCR and sequenced. According to the phylogenetic analysis, six worms were characterized as E. equinus, while three were reported as E. canadensis (G6/7). It was found that the haplotypes of both species were similar to previously published haplotypes. This is the first report in which E. equinus and E. canadensis (G6/7) adult parasites were detected together in a gray wolf's intestine. The findings are important in that it draws attention to the importance of wild cycle in the spread of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Ahmed Selcuk
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey,Corresponding author.
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Ricchiuti L, Petrini A, Interisano M, Ruberto A, Salucci S, Marino L, Del Riccio A, Cocco A, Badagliacca P, Pozio E. First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolf (Canis lupus italicus). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 15:195-198. [PMID: 34136345 PMCID: PMC8182262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Within the genus Trichinella, Trichinella pseudospiralis is the only recognized non-encapsulated species known to infect mammals and birds. In October 2020, larvae recovered from muscle tissues of a wolf (Canis lupus italicus) originating from Molise Region, Central Italy, were molecularly confirmed as those of Trichinella britovi and T. pseudospiralis. This is the first detection of T. pseudospiralis from a wolf. In Italy, this zoonotic nematode was detected in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes), three birds (Strix aluco, Athene noctua, Milvus milvus) and five wild boars (Sus scrofa), and was also identified as the etiological agent of a human outbreak of trichinellosis in 2015. Since T. pseudospiralis is rarely reported from carnivore mammals in comparison to the encapsulated species frequently detected in these hosts, this finding opens the question of the role of carnivores as reservoirs for this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Ricchiuti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Interisano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Addolorato Ruberto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Stefania Salucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucio Marino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angela Del Riccio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cocco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Pietro Badagliacca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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