1
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Melkikh AV. Aging and group selection: New arguments in favor of partially directed evolution. Biosystems 2023; 234:105061. [PMID: 37858738 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, theories of aging and its mechanisms under various environmental conditions were analyzed. The analysis of published data suggested that aging is a controlled process. It is known that many mathematical algorithms utilize an analogy of aging. However, this is possible only when a "target set" is known in advance. Various forms of selection in relation to aging were analyzed both collectively and separately. The general conclusion is that aging is one of the mechanisms of directed evolution. A model was constructed, which shows how aging is integrated into partially directed evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Melkikh
- Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
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2
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Łukasiewicz A, Porwal N, Niśkiewicz M, Parrett JM, Radwan J. Sexually selected male weapon increases the risk of population extinction under environmental change: an experimental evidence. Evolution 2023; 77:2291-2300. [PMID: 37503764 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Exaggerated sexually selected traits (SSTs), occurring more commonly in males, help individuals to increase reproductive success but are costly to produce and maintain. These costs on the one hand may improve population fitness by intensifying selection against maladapted males, but on the other hand, may increase the risk of extinction under environmental challenges. However, the impact of SSTs on extinction risk has not been investigated experimentally. We used replicate populations of a male-dimorphic mite, Rhizoglyphus robini, to test if the prevalence of a sexually selected weapon affected the risk of extinction under temperature increase (TI) (2°C per each of three consecutive generations). In two independent experiments that utilized either inbred lines or lines mass selected for or against the weapon to establish experimental replicate populations differing in the prevalence of the weapon, we found that populations with high weapon prevalence were more likely to go extinct. Extinctions occurred despite partial suppression of the weapon expression at increased temperature and were not explained by increased male mortality. Our results provide the first, to our knowledge, experimental evidence demonstrating the dramatic effect of elaborated sexual traits on the risk of extinction under environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Łukasiewicz
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Neelam Porwal
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Niśkiewicz
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jonathan M Parrett
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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3
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Parrett JM, Chmielewski S, Aydogdu E, Łukasiewicz A, Rombauts S, Szubert-Kruszyńska A, Babik W, Konczal M, Radwan J. Genomic evidence that a sexually selected trait captures genome-wide variation and facilitates the purging of genetic load. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1330-1342. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01816-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Tschol M, Reid JM, Bocedi G. Strong spatial population structure shapes the temporal coevolutionary dynamics of costly female preference and male display. Evolution 2021; 76:636-648. [PMID: 34964487 PMCID: PMC9302702 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Female mating preferences for exaggerated male display traits are commonplace. Yet, comprehensive understanding of the evolution and persistence of costly female preference through indirect (Fisherian) selection in finite populations requires some explanation for the persistence of additive genetic variance (Va) underlying sexual traits, given that directional preference is expected to deplete Va in display and hence halt preference evolution. However, the degree to which Va, and hence preference‐display coevolution, may be prolonged by spatially variable sexual selection arising solely from limited gene flow and genetic drift within spatially structured populations has not been examined. Our genetically and spatially explicit model shows that spatial population structure arising in an ecologically homogeneous environment can facilitate evolution and long‐term persistence of costly preference given small subpopulations and low dispersal probabilities. Here, genetic drift initially creates spatial variation in female preference, leading to persistence of Va in display through “migration‐bias” of genotypes maladapted to emerging local sexual selection, thus fueling coevolution of costly preference and display. However, costs of sexual selection increased the probability of subpopulation extinction, limiting persistence of high preference‐display genotypes. Understanding long‐term dynamics of sexual selection systems therefore requires joint consideration of coevolution of sexual traits and metapopulation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Tschol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Jane M Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.,Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Institutt for Biologi, NTNU, Realfagbygget, Gløshaugen, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, N-7491, Norway
| | - Greta Bocedi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
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5
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Herdegen-Radwan M, Cattelan S, Buda J, Raubic J, Radwan J. What do orange spots reveal about male (and female) guppies? A test using correlated responses to selection. Evolution 2021; 75:3037-3055. [PMID: 34658022 PMCID: PMC9299167 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Female preferences for male ornamental traits can arise from indirect benefits, such as increased attractiveness or better viability of progeny, but empirical evidence for such benefits is inconsistent. Artificial selection offers a powerful way to investigate indirect effects of male ornaments. Here, we selected for the area of orange spots on male guppies, a trait subject to female preferences in our population, in replicated up‐ and down‐selected lines. We found a significant direct response to selection, and a correlated response in female preferences, with females from down‐selected lines showing less interest in more orange males. Nevertheless, up‐selected males sired more offspring in direct competition with low‐selected males, irrespective of female origin. We did not find a significantly correlated response to selection among any other fitness correlates we measured. Our results imply that female preferences for orange spots can lead to increased reproductive success of their sons, with no effect on general viability of progeny. Furthermore, although we demonstrate that female preferences may evolve via linkage disequilibrium with the preferred trait, the potential for runaway selection by positive feedback may be constrained by the lack of corresponding linkage with male reproductive competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Herdegen-Radwan
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Silvia Cattelan
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Jakub Buda
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Jarosław Raubic
- Population Ecology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
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6
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Łukasiewicz A, Niśkiewicz M, Radwan J. Sexually selected male weapon is associated with lower inbreeding load but higher sex load in the bulb mite. Evolution 2020; 74:1851-1855. [PMID: 32519389 PMCID: PMC7496443 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Elaborate sexually selected ornaments and armaments are costly but increase the reproductive success of their bearers (usually males). It has been postulated that high‐quality males can invest disproportionately more in such traits, making those traits honest signals of genetic quality. However, genes associated with such traits may have sexually antagonistic effects on fitness. Here, using a bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini, a species in which a distinct dimorphism exists between males in the expression of a sexually selected weapon, we compare inbreeding and gender load between lines derived from armed fighters and unarmed scramblers. After four generations of sib‐mating, inbreeding depression for female fitness was significantly lower in fighter‐derived lines compared to scrambler‐derived lines, suggesting that fighter males had significantly higher genetic quality. However, outbred females from fighter‐derived lines had significantly lower fitness compared to outbred females from scrambler‐derived lines, demonstrating significant gender load associated with the presence of a sexually selected male weapon. Our results imply that under outbreeding, genetic benefits of mating with bearers of elaborate sexually selected traits might be swamped by the costs of decreased fitness of female progeny due to sexually antagonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacek Radwan
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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7
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Daniel MJ, Koffinas L, Hughes KA. Habituation underpins preference for mates with novel phenotypes in the guppy. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20190435. [PMID: 31088269 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations harbour enormous genetic diversity in ecologically important traits. Understanding the processes that maintain this variation is a long-standing challenge in evolutionary biology. Recent evidence indicates that a mating preference for novel sexual signals can be a powerful force maintaining genetic diversity. However, the proximate underpinnings of this preference, and its generality, remain unclear. Here, we test the hypothesis that preference for novel sexual signals is underpinned by habituation, a nearly ubiquitous form of learning whereby individuals become less responsive to repetitive stimuli. We use the Trinidadian guppy ( Poecilia reticulata), in which male colour patterns are diverse yet heritable. We show that repeated exposure to males with a given colour pattern reduces female interest in males with that pattern, and that interest recovers following brief isolation. These results fulfil two core criteria of habituation: responsiveness decline and spontaneous recovery. To distinguish habituation from sensory adaptation and fatigue, we also demonstrate stimulus specificity and dishabituation. These results provide the first evidence that habituation causes a preference for novel sexual signals, addressing the mechanistic underpinnings of this mating preference. Given the pervasiveness of habituation among taxa and sensory contexts, our findings suggest that preference for novelty may play an underappreciated role in mate choice and the maintenance of genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Daniel
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL , USA
| | - L Koffinas
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL , USA
| | - K A Hughes
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL , USA
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8
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Achorn AM, Rosenthal GG. It’s Not about Him: Mismeasuring ‘Good Genes’ in Sexual Selection. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:206-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Lafon Placette C. Endosperm genome dosage, hybrid seed failure, and parental imprinting: sexual selection as an alternative to parental conflict. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:17-19. [PMID: 31797356 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Lafon Placette
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Smallegange IM, Rhebergen FT, Stewart KA. Cross-level considerations for explaining selection pressures and the maintenance of genetic variation in condition-dependent male morphs. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 36:66-73. [PMID: 31499417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Condition-dependent expression of alternative male morphologies (AMMs) exists in many arthropods. Understanding their coexistence requires answering (at least) two questions: (i) what are the ecological selection pressures that maintain condition-dependent plasticity of AMM expression, and (ii) what maintains the associated genetic variation? Focusing on acarid mites, we show that the questions should not be conflated. We argue how, instead, answers should be sought by testing phenotype-level (question 1) or genotype-level (question 2) hypotheses. We illustrate that energy allocation restrictions and physiological trade-offs are likely to play a crucial role in AMM expression in acarid mites. We thus conclude that these aspects require specific attention in identifying selection pressures maintaining condition-dependent plasticity, and evolutionary processes that maintain genetic variation in condition-dependent phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Smallegange
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Flor T Rhebergen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn A Stewart
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Martinossi‐Allibert I, Thilliez E, Arnqvist G, Berger D. Sexual selection, environmental robustness, and evolutionary demography of maladapted populations: A test using experimental evolution in seed beetles. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1371-1384. [PMID: 31417621 PMCID: PMC6691221 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether sexual selection impedes or aids adaptation has become an outstanding question in times of rapid environmental change and parallels the debate about how the evolution of individual traits impacts on population dynamics. The net effect of sexual selection on population viability results from a balance between genetic benefits of "good-genes" effects and costs of sexual conflict. Depending on how these facets of sexual selection are affected under environmental change, extinction of maladapted populations could be either avoided or accelerated. Here, we evolved seed beetles under three alternative mating regimes to disentangle the contributions of sexual selection, fecundity selection, and male-female coevolution to individual reproductive success and population fitness. We compared these contributions between the ancestral environment and two stressful environments (elevated temperature and a host plant shift). We found evidence that sexual selection on males had positive genetic effects on female fitness components across environments, supporting good-genes sexual selection. Interestingly, however, when males evolved under sexual selection with fecundity selection removed, they became more robust to both temperature and host plant stress compared to their conspecific females and males from the other evolution regimes that applied fecundity selection. We quantified the population-level consequences of this sex-specific adaptation and found evidence that the cost of sociosexual interactions in terms of reduced offspring production was higher in the regime applying only sexual selection to males. Moreover, the cost tended to be more pronounced at the elevated temperature to which males from the regime were more robust compared to their conspecific females. These results illustrate the tension between individual-level adaptation and population-level viability in sexually reproducing species and suggest that the relative efficacies of sexual selection and fecundity selection can cause inherent sex differences in environmental robustness that may impact demography of maladapted populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Thilliez
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal EcologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Göran Arnqvist
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal EcologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - David Berger
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal EcologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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12
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Parrett JM, Mann DJ, Chung AYC, Slade EM, Knell RJ. Sexual selection predicts the persistence of populations within altered environments. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1629-1637. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Parrett
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Darren J. Mann
- Hope Entomological Collections, Museum of Natural History Oxford University Oxford UK
| | - Arthur Y. C. Chung
- Forestry Department Forest Research Centre P.O. Box 1407 90715 Sandakan Sabah Malaysia
| | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore City 639798 Singapore
| | - Robert J. Knell
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
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13
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Holveck MJ, Guerreiro R, Perret P, Doutrelant C, Grégoire A. Eggshell coloration indicates female condition during egg-laying: a field experiment in blue tits. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSeveral selection pressures may explain the evolution of avian eggshell coloration patterns. In cavity-nesting species, there are two main non-exclusive hypotheses. The sexually selected eggshell colour hypothesis proposes that eggshell coloration is a sexually selected signal of female and offspring quality used by males that influences paternal care or future re-mating decisions. The structural function hypothesis proposes that pigments help strengthen the eggshell and are present at higher levels and at the blunt end of the egg when females face calcium shortages. We tested whether eggshell coloration (brown spots on a white ground colour) in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) could reliably indicate female condition at laying by forcing females to produce two consecutive clutches, thus increasing their reproductive costs. Three measures of eggshell coloration – the area covered by spots as well as white ground UV-chroma and brightness – changed between clutches; the fourth measure, spot distribution, did not. The changes were more dramatic in young and lower-quality females. All the measures varied with female quality (i.e. body condition and/or laying date). Overall, higher-quality females produced more colourful (larger, more concentrated spotted surface area; higher UV-chroma) and less bright (i.e. putatively more pigmented) eggshells, a result that is generally in line with past research. We found a clear empirical link between eggshell coloration and female condition in blue tits, an important step in determining whether eggshell coloration is a sexual signal, but which does not exclude a potential concomitant structural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jeanne Holveck
- CEFE UMR 5175, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Guerreiro
- CEFE UMR 5175, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Perret
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Doutrelant
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Grégoire
- CEFE UMR 5175, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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14
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Hawkes MF, Duffy E, Joag R, Skeats A, Radwan J, Wedell N, Sharma MD, Hosken DJ, Troscianko J. Sexual selection drives the evolution of male wing interference patterns. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182850. [PMID: 31138076 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The seemingly transparent wings of many insects have recently been found to display unexpected structural coloration. These structural colours (wing interference patterns: WIPs) may be involved in species recognition and mate choice, yet little is known about the evolutionary processes that shape them. Furthermore, to date investigations of WIPs have not fully considered how they are actually perceived by the viewers' colour vision. Here, we use multispectral digital imaging and a model of Drosophila vision to compare WIPs of male and female Drosophila simulans from replicate populations forced to evolve with or without sexual selection for 68 generations. We show that WIPs modelled in Drosophila vision evolve in response to sexual selection and provide evidence that WIPs correlate with male sexual attractiveness. These findings add a new element to the otherwise well-described Drosophila courtship display and confirm that wing colours evolve through sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Hawkes
- 1 Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Tremough, Penryn TR10 9FE , UK
| | - E Duffy
- 1 Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Tremough, Penryn TR10 9FE , UK.,2 Institute of Environmental Science, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow , Poland
| | - R Joag
- 1 Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Tremough, Penryn TR10 9FE , UK.,2 Institute of Environmental Science, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow , Poland
| | - A Skeats
- 1 Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Tremough, Penryn TR10 9FE , UK
| | - J Radwan
- 2 Institute of Environmental Science, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow , Poland.,3 Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 7, 61-614 Poznan , Poland
| | - N Wedell
- 1 Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Tremough, Penryn TR10 9FE , UK
| | - M D Sharma
- 1 Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Tremough, Penryn TR10 9FE , UK
| | - D J Hosken
- 1 Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Tremough, Penryn TR10 9FE , UK
| | - J Troscianko
- 1 Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Tremough, Penryn TR10 9FE , UK
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15
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Zinna R, Emlen D, Lavine LC, Johns A, Gotoh H, Niimi T, Dworkin I. Sexual dimorphism and heightened conditional expression in a sexually selected weapon in the Asian rhinoceros beetle. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:5049-5072. [PMID: 30357984 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the most dramatic examples of sexual selection are the weapons used in battles between rival males over access to females. As with ornaments of female choice, the most "exaggerated" sexually selected weapons vary from male to male more widely than other body parts (hypervariability), and their growth tends to be more sensitive to nutritional state or physiological condition compared with growth of other body parts ("heightened" conditional expression). Here, we use RNAseq analysis to build on recent work exploring these mechanisms in the exaggerated weapons of beetles, by examining patterns of differential gene expression in exaggerated (head and thorax horns) and non-exaggerated (wings, genitalia) traits in the Asian rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus. Our results suggest that sexually dimorphic expression of weaponry involves large-scale changes in gene expression, relative to other traits, while nutrition-driven changes in gene expression in these same weapons are less pronounced. However, although fewer genes overall were differentially expressed in high- vs. low-nutrition individuals, the number of differentially expressed genes varied predictably according to a trait's degree of condition dependence (head horn > thorax horn > wings > genitalia). Finally, we observed a high degree of similarity in direction of effects (vectors) for subsets of differentially expressed genes across both sexually dimorphic and nutritionally responsive growth. Our results are consistent with a common set of mechanisms governing sexual size dimorphism and condition dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zinna
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas Emlen
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura C Lavine
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annika Johns
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Dworkin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Miwa Y, Koganezawa M, Yamamoto D. Antennae sense heat stress to inhibit mating and promote escaping in Drosophila females. J Neurogenet 2018; 32:353-363. [PMID: 30231794 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1513507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress is a major factor that affects courtship behavior and evolutionary fitness. Although mature virgin females of Drosophila melanogaster usually accept a courting male to mate, they may not mate under stressful conditions. Above the temperature optimal for mating (20-25 °C), copulation success of D. melanogaster declines with increasing temperature although we observed vigorous courtship attempts by males, and no copulation takes place at temperatures over 36 °C. We attempted to identify the sensory pathway for detecting heat threat that drives a female to escape rather than to engage in mating that detects hot temperature and suppresses courtship behavior. We found that the artificial activation of warmth-sensitive neurons ('hot cells') in the antennal arista of females completely abrogates female copulation success even at permissive temperatures below 32 °C. Moreover, mutational loss of the GR28b.d thermoreceptor protein caused females to copulate even at 36 °C. These results indicate that antennal hot cells provide the input channel for detecting the high ambient temperature in the control of virgin female mating under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Miwa
- a Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences , Sendai , Japan.,b Neuro-Network Evolution Project , Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology , Kobe , Japan
| | - Masayuki Koganezawa
- a Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences , Sendai , Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- a Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences , Sendai , Japan.,b Neuro-Network Evolution Project , Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology , Kobe , Japan
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17
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Arbuthnott D. Female Life-History Trade-Offs and the Maintenance of Genetic Variation in Drosophila melanogaster. Am Nat 2018; 192:448-460. [PMID: 30205025 DOI: 10.1086/698727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Why do we observe substantial variation in fitness-related traits under strong natural or sexual selection? While there is support for several selective and neutral mechanisms acting in select systems, we lack a comprehensive analysis of the relative importance of various mechanisms within a single system. Furthermore, while sexually selected male traits have been a central focus of this paradox, female sexual traits have rarely been considered. In this study, I evaluate the contribution of various selective mechanisms to the maintenance of substantial variation in female attractiveness and offspring production observed among Drosophila melanogaster genotypes. I tested for contributions from antagonistic pleiotropy, frequency-dependent selection, changing environments, and sexual conflict. I found negative genetic correlations between some traits (male attractiveness vs. female resistance to male harm, early-life offspring production vs. reproductive senescence) and genotype-specific changes in fitness between environments. However, no measurement found strong trade-offs among the fitness components of these genotypes. Overall, I find little evidence that any one mechanism is strong enough to maintain genetic variation on its own. Instead, I suggest that many mechanisms may weaken the selection among genotypes, which would collectively allow neutral processes such as mutation-selection balance to maintain genetic variation within populations.
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Plesnar-Bielak A, Skwierzyńska AM, Hlebowicz K, Radwan J. Relative costs and benefits of alternative reproductive phenotypes at different temperatures - genotype-by-environment interactions in a sexually selected trait. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:109. [PMID: 29996775 PMCID: PMC6042425 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The maintenance of considerable genetic variation in sexually selected traits (SSTs) is puzzling given directional selection expected to act on these traits. A possible explanation is the existence of a genotype-by-environment (GxE) interaction for fitness, by which elaborate SSTs are favored in some environments but selected against in others. In the current study, we look for such interactions for fitness-related traits in the bulb mite, a male-dimorphic species with discontinuous expression of a heritable SST in the form of enlarged legs that are used as weapons. Results We show that evolution at 18 °C resulted in populations with a higher prevalence of this SST compared to evolution at 24 °C. We further demonstrate that temperature modified male reproductive success in a way that was consistent with these changes. There was a genotype-by-environment interaction for reproductive success – at 18 °C the relative reproductive success of armored males competing with unarmored ones was higher than at the moderate temperature of 24 °C. However, male morph did not have interactive effects with temperature with respect to other life history traits (development time and longevity). Conclusions A male genotype that is associated with the expression of a SST interacted with temperature in determining male reproductive success. This interaction caused an elaborate SST to evolve in different directions (more or less prevalent) depending on the thermal environment. The implication of this finding is that seasonal temperature fluctuations have the potential to maintain male polymorphism within populations. Furthermore, spatial heterogeneity in thermal conditions may cause differences among populations in SST selection. This could potentially cause selection against male immigrants from populations in different environments and thus strengthen barriers to gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Plesnar-Bielak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Maria Skwierzyńska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kasper Hlebowicz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Skwierzyńska AM, Radwan J, Plesnar‐Bielak A. Male-limited secondary sexual trait interacts with environment in determining female fitness. Evolution 2018; 72:1716-1722. [PMID: 29984827 PMCID: PMC6175437 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Selection for secondary sexual trait (SST) elaboration may increase intralocus sexual conflict over the optimal values of traits expressed from shared genomes. This conflict can reduce female fitness, and the resulting gender load can be exacerbated by environmental stress, with consequences for a population's ability to adapt to novel environments. However, how the evolution of SSTs interacts with environment in determining female fitness is not well understood. Here, we investigated this question using replicate lines of bulb mites selected for increased or decreased prevalence of a male SST-thickened legs used as weapons. The fitness of females from these lines was measured at a temperature to which the mites were adapted (24°C), as well as at two novel temperatures: 18°C and 28°C. We found the prevalence of the SST interacted with temperature in determining female fecundity. At 28°C, females from populations with high SST prevalence were less fecund than females from populations in which the SST was rare, but the reverse was true at 18°C. Thus, a novel environment does not universally depress female fitness more in populations with a high degree of sexually selected dimorphism. We discuss possible consequences of the interaction we detected for adaptation to novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznańPoland
| | - Agata Plesnar‐Bielak
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa7, 30‐387KrakówPoland
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20
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Stewart KA, Van den Beuken TPG, Rhebergen FT, Deere JA, Smallegange IM. Evidence for a third male type in a male-dimorphic model species. Ecology 2018; 99:1685-1687. [PMID: 29768654 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Stewart
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, NL 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Tom P G Van den Beuken
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, NL 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Flor T Rhebergen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, NL 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques A Deere
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, NL 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Smallegange
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, NL 1090 GE, The Netherlands
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21
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Martinossi-Allibert I, Savković U, Đorđević M, Arnqvist G, Stojković B, Berger D. The consequences of sexual selection in well-adapted and maladapted populations of bean beetles†. Evolution 2018; 72:518-530. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Uroš Savković
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković; ” University of Belgrade; Bulevar despota Stefana 142 Belgrade 11060 Serbia
| | - Mirko Đorđević
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković; ” University of Belgrade; Bulevar despota Stefana 142 Belgrade 11060 Serbia
| | - Göran Arnqvist
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Sweden
| | - Biljana Stojković
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković; ” University of Belgrade; Bulevar despota Stefana 142 Belgrade 11060 Serbia
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology; University of Belgrade; Studentskitrg 16 Belgrade 11000 Serbia
| | - David Berger
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Sweden
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Skrzynecka AM, Radwan J. Experimental evolution reveals balancing selection underlying coexistence of alternative male reproductive phenotypes. Evolution 2016; 70:2611-2615. [PMID: 27530807 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Heritable alternative reproductive phenotypes (ARPs), which differ in traits associated with competition for mates, occur across taxa. If polymorphism in the genes underlying ARPs is maintained by balancing selection, selection should return ARP proportions to their equilibrium if that equilibrium is perturbed. Here, we used an experimental evolution approach to directly test this prediction in male Rhizoglyphus robini, in which two heritable morphs occur: armored fighters and more female-like, benign scramblers. Using selection lines nearly fixed for male morph, we constructed replicate populations consisting of 50% or 94% fighters, and allowed them to evolve for 14 generations in two types of environment: simple or spatially complex. We found that in both types of populations, the proportion of fighters converged on values within a narrow range of 0.70-0.83, although the rate of convergence was slower in the complex environment. Our results thus demonstrate balancing selection acting on polymorphism(s) underlying ARPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Skrzynecka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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