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Richard V, Mitsa G, Eshghi A, Chaplygina D, Mohammed Y, Goodlett DR, Zahedi RP, Thevis M, Borchers CH. Establishing Personalized Blood Protein Reference Ranges Using Noninvasive Microsampling and Targeted Proteomics: Implications for Antidoping Strategies. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:1779-1787. [PMID: 38655860 PMCID: PMC11077581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
To prevent doping practices in sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency implemented the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) program, monitoring biological variables over time to indirectly reveal the effects of doping rather than detect the doping substance or the method itself. In the context of this program, a highly multiplexed mass spectrometry-based proteomics assay for 319 peptides corresponding to 250 proteins was developed, including proteins associated with blood-doping practices. "Baseline" expression profiles of these potential biomarkers in capillary blood (dried blood spots (DBS)) were established using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Combining DBS microsampling with highly multiplexed MRM assays is the best-suited technology to enhance the effectiveness of the ABP program, as it represents a cost-effective and robust alternative analytical method with high specificity and selectivity of targets in the attomole range. DBS data were collected from 10 healthy athlete volunteers over a period of 140 days (28 time points per participant). These comprehensive findings provide a personalized targeted blood proteome "fingerprint" showcasing that the targeted proteome is unique to an individual and likely comparable to a DNA fingerprint. The results can serve as a baseline for future studies investigating doping-related perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent
R. Richard
- Segal
Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute
for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Georgia Mitsa
- Segal
Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute
for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
- Division
of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Azad Eshghi
- University
of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Daria Chaplygina
- Segal
Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute
for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Yassene Mohammed
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - David R. Goodlett
- University
of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Rene P. Zahedi
- Manitoba
Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University
of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- CancerCare
Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany
- European
Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn 50933, Germany
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- Segal
Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute
for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
- Division
of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Gerald
Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill
University, Montréal, Quebec H4A 3T2, Canada
- Department
of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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Krumm B, Saugy JJ, Botrè F, Donati F, Faiss R. Indirect biomarkers of blood doping: A systematic review. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:49-64. [PMID: 37160638 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The detection of blood doping represents a current major issue in sports and an ongoing challenge for antidoping research. Initially focusing on direct detection methods to identify a banned substance or its metabolites, the antidoping effort has been progressively complemented by indirect approaches. The longitudinal and individual monitoring of specific biomarkers aims to identify nonphysiological variations that may be related to doping practices. From this perspective, the identification of markers sensitive to erythropoiesis alteration is key in the screening of blood doping. The current Athlete Biological Passport implemented since 2009 is composed of 14 variables (including two primary markers, i.e., hemoglobin concentration and OFF score) for the hematological module to be used for indirect detection of blood doping. Nevertheless, research has continually proposed and investigated new markers sensitive to an alteration of the erythropoietic cascade and specific to blood doping. If multiple early markers have been identified (at the transcriptomic level) or developed directly in a diagnostics' kit (at a proteomic level), other target variables at the end of the erythropoietic process (linked with the red blood cell functions) may strengthen the hematological module in the future. Therefore, this review aims to provide a global systematic overview of the biomarkers considered to date in the indirect investigation of blood doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Krumm
- REDs, Research & Expertise in AntiDoping Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonas J Saugy
- REDs, Research & Expertise in AntiDoping Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Botrè
- REDs, Research & Expertise in AntiDoping Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Donati
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Raphael Faiss
- REDs, Research & Expertise in AntiDoping Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Olympic anti-doping laboratory: the analytical technological road from 2016 Rio De Janeiro to 2021 Tokyo. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1511-1527. [PMID: 34617444 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The summer Olympic Games is the major mega sports event since the first modern era Olympiad, held in Athens, Greece in 1896. International Olympic Committee (IOC) has the responsibility of the organization of the summer and winter Games ensuring the broadcast in all corners of earth. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is the responsible organization of the fight against doping in sports. IOC and WADA support the event's country WADA Accredited Laboratory to incorporate the maximum of the new analytical technologies to become applicable during the event's antidoping testing. The current study reviewed the last 5 years progresses of the antidoping system with emphasis on the laboratory field.
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Krumm B, Faiss R. Factors Confounding the Athlete Biological Passport: A Systematic Narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 34524567 PMCID: PMC8443715 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through longitudinal, individual and adaptive monitoring of blood biomarkers, the haematological module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) has become a valuable tool in anti-doping efforts. The composition of blood as a vector of oxygen in the human body varies in athletes with the influence of multiple intrinsic (genetic) or extrinsic (training or environmental conditions) factors. In this context, it is fundamental to establish a comprehensive understanding of the various causes that may affect blood variables and thereby alter a fair interpretation of ABP profiles. METHODS This literature review described the potential factors confounding the ABP to outline influencing factors altering haematological profiles acutely or chronically. RESULTS Our investigation confirmed that natural variations in ABP variables appear relatively small, likely-at least in part-because of strong human homeostasis. Furthermore, the significant effects on haematological variations of environmental conditions (e.g. exposure to heat or hypoxia) remain debatable. The current ABP paradigm seems rather robust in view of the existing literature that aims to delineate adaptive individual limits. Nevertheless, its objective sensitivity may be further improved. CONCLUSIONS This narrative review contributes to disentangling the numerous confounding factors of the ABP to gather the available scientific evidence and help interpret individual athlete profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Faiss
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center of Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Mussack V, Wittmann G, Pfaffl MW. On the trail of blood doping-microRNA fingerprints to monitor autologous blood transfusions in vivo. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:338-353. [PMID: 33326140 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autologous blood doping refers to the illegal re-transfusion of any quantities of blood or blood components with blood donor and recipient being the same person. The re-transfusion of stored erythrocyte concentrates is particularly attractive to high-performance athletes as this practice improves their oxygen capacity excessively. However, there is still no reliable detection method available. Analyzing circulating microRNA profiles of human subjects that underwent monitored autologous blood transfusions seems to be a highly promising approach to develop novel biomarkers for autologous blood doping. In this exploratory study, we randomly divided 30 healthy males into two different treatment groups and one control group and sampled whole blood at several time points at baseline, after whole blood donation and after transfusion of erythrocyte concentrates. Hematological variables were recorded and analyzed following the adaptive model of the Athlete Biological Passport. microRNA profiles were examined by small RNA sequencing and comprehensive multivariate data analyses, revealing microRNA fingerprints that reflect the sampling time point and transfusion volume. Neither individual microRNAs nor a signature of transfusion-dependent microRNAs reached superior sensitivity at 100% specificity compared to the Athlete Biological Passport (≤11% 6 h after transfusion versus ≤44% 2 days after transfusion). However, the window of autologous blood doping detection was different. Due to the heterogenous nature of doping, with athletes frequently combining multiple medications in order to both gain a competitive advantage and interfere with known testing methods, the true applicability of the molecular signature remains to be validated in real anti-doping testings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Mussack
- Animal Physiology and Immunology School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Georg Wittmann
- Department for Transfusion Medicine, Cell therapeutics and Haemostaseology University Hospital LMU Munich Germany
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Animal Physiology and Immunology School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
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Seeger B, Grau M. Relation between Exercise Performance and Blood Storage Condition and Storage Time in Autologous Blood Doping. BIOLOGY 2020; 10:14. [PMID: 33383643 PMCID: PMC7824255 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Professional athletes are expected to continuously improve their performance, and some might also use illegal methods-e.g., autologous blood doping (ABD)-to achieve improvements. This article applies a systematic literature review to investigate differences in the ABD methods and the related performance and blood parameters owing to different storage conditions-cryopreservation (CP) and cold storage (CS)-and different storage durations. The literature research resulted in 34 original articles. The majority of currently published studies employed CS during ABD. This contrasts to the applied storage technique in professional sports, which was mainly reported to be CP. The second outcome of the literature research revealed large differences in the storage durations applied, which were in the range of one day to 17 weeks between blood sampling and re-infusion, which might affect recovery of the red blood cell mass and thus performance outcome related to ABD. Data revealed that performance parameters were positively affected by ABD when a minimal storage duration of four weeks was adhered. This article identified a need for further research that reflect common ABD practice and its real effects on performance parameters, but also on related blood parameters in order to develop valid and reliable ABD detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marijke Grau
- Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50677 Cologne, Germany;
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Bizjak DA, Grolle A, Urena JAN, Bloch W, Deitenbeck R, Grau M. Monitoring of RBC rheology after cryopreservation to detect autologous blood doping in vivo? A pilot study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 76:367-379. [PMID: 32675400 DOI: 10.3233/ch-200887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Autologous blood doping (ABD) is applied to improve performance capacity. ABD includes blood donation, red blood cell (RBC) storage at –80°C and re-infusion prior to or during competition. ABD is not directly detectable with current detection techniques. OBJECTIVE: Since cryopreservation is known to affect RBC physiology in vitro, the aim of the study was to examine whether these alterations are detectable in vivo. METHODS: Blood from six healthy male donors was transferred into conventional blood bags, cryopreserved, stored for 18 weeks at –80°C and re-infused with a RBC volume corresponding to ∼4% of total blood volume into respective donor. RBC physiology parameters were measured before blood donation/re-infusion, and 0/1/2/6/24/48/72 h and 1 w post re-infusion. RESULTS: RBC parameters and age markers were unaffected during intervention. RBC deformability increased from pre-blood-sampling to pre-re-infusion while deformability and viscosity values remained unaltered post re-infusion. RBC nitric oxide associated analytes, metabolic parameters and electrolyte concentrations remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: The data of this pilot study indicate that the increase in RBC deformability might be related to neoformation of RBC after blood donation. The lack of changes in tested parameters might be related to the low re-infused RBC volume which might explain differences to in vitro results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bizjak
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Grolle
- German Red Cross Blood Donation Service West, Hagen, Germany
| | | | - Wilhelm Bloch
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Marijke Grau
- German Sport University Cologne, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Cologne, Germany
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Gasparello J, Lamberti N, Papi C, Lampronti I, Cosenza LC, Fabbri E, Bianchi N, Zambon C, Dalla Corte F, Govoni M, Reverberi R, Manfredini F, Gambari R, Finotti A. Altered erythroid-related miRNA levels as a possible novel biomarker for detection of autologous blood transfusion misuse in sport. Transfusion 2019; 59:2709-2721. [PMID: 31148196 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous blood transfusion (ABT) is a performance-enhancing method prohibited in sport; its detection is a key issue in the field of anti-doping. Among novel markers enabling ABT detection, microRNAs (miRNAs) might be considered a promising analytical tool. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We studied the changes of erythroid-related microRNAs following ABT, to identify novel biomarkers. Fifteen healthy trained males were studied from a population of 24 subjects, enrolled and randomized into a Transfusion (T) and a Control (C) group. Seriated blood samples were obtained in the T group before and after the two ABT procedures (withdrawal, with blood refrigerated or cryopreserved, and reinfusion), and in the C group at the same time points. Traditional hematological parameters were assessed. Samples were tested by microarray analysis of a pre-identified set of erythroid-related miRNAs. RESULTS Hematological parameters showed moderate changes only in the T group, particularly following blood withdrawal. Among erythroid-related miRNAs tested, following ABT a pool of 7 miRNAs associated with fetal hemoglobin and regulating transcriptional repressors of gamma-globin gene was found stable in C and differently expressed in three out of six T subjects in the completed phase of ABT, independently from blood conservation. Particularly, two or more erythropoiesis-related miRNAs within the shortlist constituted of miR-126-3p, miR-144-3p, miR-191-3p, miR-197-3p, miR-486-3p, miR-486-5p, and miR-92a-3p were significantly upregulated in T subjects after reinfusion, with a person-to-person variability but with congruent changes. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a signature of potential interest for ABT detection in sports, based on the analysis of miRNAs associated with erythroid features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gasparello
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicola Lamberti
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Specialties Sciences, Section of Sport Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Papi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lampronti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Carmela Cosenza
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrica Fabbri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Christel Zambon
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Specialties Sciences, Section of Sport Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Dalla Corte
- Immunohematological and Transfusional Service, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Govoni
- Immunohematological and Transfusional Service, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Reverberi
- Immunohematological and Transfusional Service, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Specialties Sciences, Section of Sport Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessia Finotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:8-26. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
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