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Xu Q, Wang W, Sun-Waterhouse D, Yan M, Zou Q, Liu X, Lan D, Wang Y. Exploring the fates and molecular changes of different diacylglycerol-rich lipids during in vitro digestion. Food Chem 2023; 416:135677. [PMID: 36898341 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to support the pursuit of healthy oils and investigate the relationships between lipid compositions and digestion fates of diacylglycerol (DAG)-rich lipids using an in vitro digestion model. Soybean-, olive-, rapeseed-, camellia-, and linseed-based DAG-rich lipids (termed SD, OD, RD, CD, and LD, respectively) were selected. These lipids exhibited identical lipolysis degrees (92.20-94.36 %) and digestion rates (0.0403-0.0466 s-1). The lipid structure (DAG or triacylglycerol) was a more important factor affecting the lipolysis degree than other indices (glycerolipid composition and fatty acid composition). For RD, CD and LD with similar fatty acid compositions, the same fatty acid had different release levels, probably due to their different glycerolipid compositions (causing different distributions of the fatty acid in UU-DAG, USa-DAG and SaSa-DAG; U: unsaturated fatty acids, Sa: saturated fatty acids). This study provides insights into the digestion behaviors of different DAG-rich lipids and supports their food or pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weifei Wang
- Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Menglei Yan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Zou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dongming Lan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Youmei Institute of Inteligent Bio-manufacturing Co., Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, China.
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Li D, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Zou Q, Duan J, Sun-Waterhouse D, Sun B. Perspectives on diacylglycerol-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kamerbeek CB, Mateos MV, Vallés AS, Pediconi MF, Barrantes FJ, Borroni V. Diacylglycerol levels modulate the cellular distribution of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 74:1-11. [PMID: 26898898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG), a second messenger involved in different cell signaling cascades, activates protein kinase C (PKC) and D (PKD), among other kinases. The present work analyzes the effects resulting from the alteration of DAG levels on neuronal and muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) distribution. We employ CHO-K1/A5 cells, expressing adult muscle-type AChR in a stable manner, and hippocampal neurons, which endogenously express various subtypes of neuronal AChR. CHO-K1/A5 cells treated with dioctanoylglycerol (DOG) for different periods showed augmented AChR cell surface levels at short incubation times (30min-4h) whereas at longer times (18h) the AChR was shifted to intracellular compartments. Similarly, in cultured hippocampal neurons surface AChR levels increased as a result of DOG incubation for 4h. Inhibition of endogenous DAG catabolism produced changes in AChR distribution similar to those induced by DOG treatment. Specific enzyme inhibitors and Western blot assays revealed that DAGs exert their effect on AChR distribution through the modulation of the activity of classical PKC (cPKC), novel PKC (nPKC) and PKD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza B Kamerbeek
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Melina V Mateos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Ana S Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María F Pediconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Biomedical Research UCA-CONICET, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, C1107AFF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia Borroni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Mitsuhashi Y, Nagaoka D, Bigley KE, Umeda T, Otsuji K, Bauer JE. Metabolic and Hormonal Alterations with Diacylglycerol and Low Glycemic Index Starch during Canine Weight Loss. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:750593. [PMID: 23762590 PMCID: PMC3671726 DOI: 10.5402/2012/750593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity increases insulin resistance and disregulation of glucose homeostasis. This study investigated low glycemic index starch (LGIS)/diacylglycerol (DAG) diet on plasma insulin and circulating incretin hormones during canine weight loss. Obese Beagle dogs were fed one of four starch/oil combination diets (LGIS/DAG; LGIS/triacylglycerol (TAG); high glycemic index starch (HGIS)/DAG; and HGIS/TAG) for 9 weeks during the weight loss period. At weeks 1 and 8, fasting plasma insulin, glucose, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were determined. Weight loss did not affect fasting insulin, glucose, and NEFA, but fasting GIP increased and GLP-1 decreased. LGIS affected postprandial insulin at both times and glucose was similar to insulin, except 60 min postprandially with DAG at week 8. NEFA lowering was less with the LGIS diets initially but not thereafter. At 60 min postprandially on week 8, GIP was significantly elevated by DAG, while GLP-1 was increased only with the HD diet. LGIS suppressed insulin and glucose responses up to 180 min postprandially at both sample times. DAG increased incretin hormones as did the DAG/HGIS combination but only at week 8. This latter finding appeared to be related to the glucose response but not to insulin at 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Mitsuhashi
- Companion Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA ; Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA ; The Nutro Company, 1550 West McEwen Drive, Franklin, TN 37067, USA
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Farooqui AA, Farooqui T, Panza F, Frisardi V. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for neurological disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:741-62. [PMID: 21997383 PMCID: PMC11115054 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of common pathologies: abdominal obesity linked to an excess of visceral fat, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. At the molecular level, metabolic syndrome is accompanied not only by dysregulation in the expression of adipokines (cytokines and chemokines), but also by alterations in levels of leptin, a peptide hormone released by white adipose tissue. These changes modulate immune response and inflammation that lead to alterations in the hypothalamic 'bodyweight/appetite/satiety set point,' resulting in the initiation and development of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for neurological disorders such as stroke, depression and Alzheimer's disease. The molecular mechanism underlying the mirror relationship between metabolic syndrome and neurological disorders is not fully understood. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that all cellular and biochemical alterations observed in metabolic syndrome like impairment of endothelial cell function, abnormality in essential fatty acid metabolism and alterations in lipid mediators along with abnormal insulin/leptin signaling may represent a pathological bridge between metabolic syndrome and neurological disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease and depression. The purpose of this review is not only to describe the involvement of brain in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, but also to link the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome with neurochemical changes in stroke, Alzheimer's disease and depression to a wider audience of neuroscientists with the hope that this discussion will initiate more studies on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
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Shimotoyodome A, Fukuoka D, Suzuki J, Fujii Y, Mizuno T, Meguro S, Tokimitsu I, Hase T. Coingestion of acylglycerols differentially affects glucose-induced insulin secretion via glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in C57BL/6J mice. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2118-26. [PMID: 19179446 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The precise role of fat in postprandial glycemia and insulinemia has not been thoroughly researched because postprandial blood glucose and concurrent insulin secretion are largely assumed to be proportional to carbohydrate intake. Recent studies have suggested that dietary fat differentially regulates the postprandial insulin response. To explore this, we examined the effects of coadministered fat on glucose-induced glycemia and insulinemia in C57BL/6J mice. The insulin response to glucose was augmented by the addition of glycerol trioleate (TO) in a dose-dependent manner, which was associated with enhanced glucose transport from the circulation to muscle and adipose tissues. To investigate the mechanism underlying fat-induced hyperinsulinemia, we examined the release of the incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1. TO increased GIP secretion, whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion was unaffected. TO-induced hyperinsulinemia was significantly attenuated by the pretreatment of mice with a specific GIP antagonist. Diacylglycerol (DAG) promoted lower postprandial GIP and triglyceride responses and, when ingested with glucose, a lower insulin response compared with triacylglycerol of a similar fatty acid composition. Pluronic L-81, an inhibitor of chylomicron formation, reduced not only the triglyceride response but also TO-induced GIP secretion, indicating that the lower GIP response after DAG ingestion may be associated with retarded chylomicron formation in the small intestine. We conclude that dietary fat augments glucose-induced insulinemia via gut-derived GIP and, thereby, influences postprandial nutrient metabolism in mice. DAG promotes a lower GIP and thereby reduced insulin responses compared with triacylglycerol, which may differentially influence postprandial energy homeostasis.
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Zheng Y, Chen X, Shen Y. Commodity Chemicals Derived from Glycerol, an Important Biorefinery Feedstock. Chem Rev 2008; 108:5253-77. [DOI: 10.1021/cr068216s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Zheng
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Yinchu Shen
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Peopleʼs Republic of China
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Nagao K, Yanagita T. Bioactive lipids in metabolic syndrome. Prog Lipid Res 2008; 47:127-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yanai H, Yoshida H, Tomono Y, Hirowatari Y, Kurosawa H, Matsumoto A, Tada N. Effects of diacylglycerol on glucose, lipid metabolism, and plasma serotonin levels in lean Japanese. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:47-51. [PMID: 18223611 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diacylglycerol (DAG)-rich oil has been suggested to suppress postprandial hyperlipidemia and promote negative caloric balance by increasing energy expenditure (EE), due to small intestine physiochemical dynamics that differ from triacylglycerol (TAG). We studied the effect of DAG on postprandial glucose/insulin metabolism by loading of carbohydrate with oil. Further, to reveal the mechanism for increased EE by DAG, we measured plasma serotonin, which is mostly present in the small intestine and mediates peripheral sympathetic thermogenesis. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Randomized crossover study with 2-week wash-out interval between differing fat ingestion. Seven male, lean, Japanese students ingested DAG or TAG oil with 40 g of carbohydrate. Measurements of metabolic parameters were performed before and at 2, 4, and 6 h after fat ingestion. Plasma serotonin levels and cholesterol concentration in each lipoprotein were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS The substitution of DAG for TAG decreased very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) by 45.6% at 2 h, and decreased serum insulin by 41.3% at 4 h after ingestion. The incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for VLDL-C was positively correlated with the IAUC for insulin. Concurrently, DAG elevated plasma serotonin levels by 47.3% at 2 h, while TAG did not influence. DISCUSSION This study indicates that the substitution of DAG for TAG suppresses the postprandial increase in serum VLDL-C and insulin. This study also demonstrates that DAG ingestion increases plasma serotonin, proposing a possible mechanism for a postprandial increase in EE by DAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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Yanai H, Tomono Y, Ito K, Furutani N, Yoshida H, Tada N. Diacylglycerol oil for the metabolic syndrome. Nutr J 2007; 6:43. [PMID: 18072966 PMCID: PMC2235882 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess adiposity has been shown to play a crucial role in the development of the metabolic syndrome. The elevated fasting and postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels is the central lipid abnormality observed in the metabolic syndrome. Recent studies have indicated that diacylglycerol (DAG) is effective for fasting and postprandial hyperlipidemia and preventing excess adiposity by increasing postprandial energy expenditure. We will here discuss the mechanisms of DAG-mediated improvements in hyperlipidemia and in postprandial energy expenditure, and effects of DAG oil on lipid/glucose metabolism and on body fat. Further, the therapeutic application of DAG for the metabolic syndrome will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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Saito S, Hernandez-Ono A, Ginsberg HN. Dietary 1,3-diacylglycerol protects against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Metabolism 2007; 56:1566-75. [PMID: 17950109 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of dietary 1,3-diacylglycerol (DAG) on the development of insulin resistance (IR) and obesity, brown adipose tissue-deficient mice, a model of high-fat diet-induced IR and obesity, were fed Western-type diets (WTD) containing either DAG oil (n = 8) or standard triacylglycerol (TAG) oil (n = 9) for 15 weeks, beginning at 8 weeks of age. Although brown adipose tissue-deficient mice became obese on both TAG- and DAG-enriched WTD (TAG-WTD and DAG-WTD), the mice eating DAG-WTD gained less weight and had less body fat accumulation. The results of glucose tolerance tests conducted after 5 weeks of each WTD were not different. However, after 10 weeks of each WTD, impaired glucose tolerance developed in the TAG-WTD group but was prevented by DAG-WTD. Exploratory analyses of gene expression suggested that consumption of DAG-WTD was associated with reduced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression in liver and increased expression of the genes for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, lipoprotein lipase, and uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 in skeletal muscle. There were no effects of the DAG-WTD on fasting and postprandial plasma triglyceride (TG) levels, hepatic TG content, or the rate of secretion of TG from the liver. These findings suggest that diets enriched in 1,3-DAG oil may reduce WTD-induced IR and body fat accumulation by suppressing gluconeogenesis in liver and stimulating fat oxidation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Saito
- The Division of Preventive Medicine & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Abstract
Manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to create trans fats in order to increase the shelf life of baked and fried foods. Ingestion of trans fats is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A groundswell of public sentiment is causing regulatory bodies to ban the use of trans fats in foods. Alternatives to trans fats are needed now in order to preserve the freshness and provide an appealing texture of many packaged foods. As trans fats become phased out, there are eight types of approaches currently being developed to substitute for these fats as ingredients for baked and fried foods: (1) modified hydrogenation, (2) genetically modified seeds, (3) interesterification, (4) fractionation and blending, (5) butter and animal fat, (6) natural saturated oils, (7) natural unsaturated oils, and (8) fat substitutes. These alternatives to trans fats will require close scrutiny to ascertain whether they will also turn out to be linked with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Klonoff
- Mills-Peninsula Health Services, San Mateo, California 94401, USA.
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