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Kwasek K, Thorne-Lyman AL, Phillips M. Can human nutrition be improved through better fish feeding practices? a review paper. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60:3822-3835. [PMID: 31983214 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1708698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 of zero hunger and malnutrition by 2030 will require dietary shifts that include increasing the consumption of nutrient dense foods by populations in low- and middle-income countries. Animal source foods are known to be rich in a number of highly bioavailable nutrients that otherwise are not often consumed in the staple-food based diets of poorer populations throughout the world. Fish is the dominant animal source food in many low- and middle-income countries in the global south and is available from both fisheries and aquaculture. Consumers often perceive that wild caught fish have higher nutritional value than fish produced through aquaculture, and this may be true for some nutrients, for example omega-3 fatty acid content. However, there is potential to modify the nutritional value of farmed fish through feeds and through production systems, illustrated by the common practice of supplementing omega-3 fatty acids in fish diets to optimize their fatty acid profile. This manuscript reviews the evidence related to fish feeds and the nutritional composition of fish with respect to a number of nutrients of interest to human health, including iron, zinc, vitamins A and D, selenium, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids, with low- and middle-income country populations in mind. In general, we find that the research on fortification of fish diet particularly with vitamins and minerals has not been directed toward human health but rather toward improvement of fish growth and health performance. We were unable to identify any studies directly exploring the impact of fish feed modification on the health of human consumers of fish, but as nutrition and health rises in the development agenda and consumer attention, the topic requires more urgent attention in future feed formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kwasek
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.,WorldFish Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Andrew L Thorne-Lyman
- WorldFish Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.,Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Torno C, Staats S, Fickler A, de Pascual-Teresa S, Soledad Izquierdo M, Rimbach G, Schulz C. Combined effects of nutritional, biochemical and environmental stimuli on growth performance and fatty acid composition of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216611. [PMID: 31086380 PMCID: PMC6516738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliance of the aquafeed industry on marine resources has to be reduced by innovative approaches in fish nutrition. Thus, a three-factorial approach (fish oil reduced diet, phytochemical genistein, and temperature reduction) was chosen to investigate the interaction of effects on growth performance and tissue omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) levels in juvenile sea bream (Sparus aurata, 12.5 ± 2.2 g). Genistein is a phytoestrogen with estrogen-like activity and thus LC-PUFA increasing potential. A decrease in the rearing temperature was chosen based on the positive effects of low temperature on fish lipid quality. The experimental diets were reduced in marine ingredients and had a fish oil content of either 6% dry matter (DM; F6: positive control) or 2% DM (F2: negative control) and were administered in the plain variant or with inclusion of 0.15% DM genistein (F6 + G and F2 + G). The feeding trial was performed simultaneously at 23°C and 19°C. The results indicated that solely temperature had a significant effect on growth performance and whole body nutrient composition of sea bream. Nevertheless, the interaction of all three factors significantly affected the fatty acid compositions of liver and fillet tissue. Most importantly, they led to a significant increase by 4.3% of fillet LC-PUFA content in sea bream fed with the diet F6 + G in comparison to control fish fed diet F6, when both groups were held at 19°C. It is hypothesized that genistein can act via estrogen-like as well as other mechanisms and that the dietary LC-PUFA content may impact its mode of action. Temperature most likely exhibited its effects indirectly via altered growth rates and metabolism. Although effects of all three factors and of genistein in particular were only marginal, they highlight a possibility to utilize the genetic capacity of sea bream to improve tissue lipid quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Torno
- GMA—Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Büsum, Germany
- Marine Aquaculture Research Group, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefanie Staats
- Food Science Research Group, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Fickler
- GMA—Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Büsum, Germany
- Marine Aquaculture Research Group, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Soledad Izquierdo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Food Science Research Group, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carsten Schulz
- GMA—Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Büsum, Germany
- Marine Aquaculture Research Group, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Torno C, Staats S, Michl SC, de Pascual-Teresa S, Izquierdo M, Rimbach G, Schulz C. Fatty Acid Composition and Fatty Acid Associated Gene-Expression in Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata) are Affected by Low-Fish Oil Diets, Dietary Resveratrol, and Holding Temperature. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E379. [PMID: 30309000 PMCID: PMC6213562 DOI: 10.3390/md16100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To sustainably produce marine fish with a high lipid quality rich in omega-3 fatty acids, alternative sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are being identified. Moreover, the use of bioactive compounds that would stimulate the in vivo fatty acid synthesis, such as resveratrol (RV), would reduce the dependence on fish oil in aquafeeds. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) were fed four experimental diets combining two fish oil levels (6% dry matter (DM); 2% DM) with or without 0.15% DM resveratrol supplementation (F6, F2, F6 + RV, F2 + RV) for two months. Additionally, the fish were challenged either at 19 °C or 23 °C. A higher water temperature promoted their feed intake and growth, resulting in an increased crude lipid content irrespective of dietary treatment. The fatty acid composition of different tissues was significantly affected by the holding temperature and dietary fish oil level. The dietary RV significantly affected the hepatic EPA and DHA content of fish held at 19 °C. The observed effect of RV may be partly explained by alterations of the mRNA steady-state levels of ∆6-desaturase and β-oxidation-related genes. Besides the relevant results concerning RV-mediated regulation of fatty acid synthesis in marine fish, further studies need to be conducted to clarify the potential value of RV to enhance fillet lipid quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Torno
- GMA⁻Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Hafentörn 3, 25761 Büsum, Germany.
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Staats
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Straße 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stéphanie Céline Michl
- GMA⁻Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Hafentörn 3, 25761 Büsum, Germany.
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN⁻CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marisol Izquierdo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Straße 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Carsten Schulz
- GMA⁻Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Hafentörn 3, 25761 Büsum, Germany.
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Torno C, Staats S, Pascual-Teresa SD, Rimbach G, Schulz C. Fatty Acid Profile Is Modulated by Dietary Resveratrol in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E252. [PMID: 28800114 PMCID: PMC5577606 DOI: 10.3390/md15080252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To produce fish of a high quality that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) and simultaneously generate more sustainable aquaculture, the combined use of phytochemicals and vegetable oils in fish feed seems to be a promising approach. Resveratrol (RV) potentially induces endogenous fatty acid synthesis, resulting in elevated n-3 FA levels in fish. RV putatively influences ∆6-desaturase, the key enzyme in FA metabolism, and serves as a ligand for PPARα, a transcription factor regulating β-oxidation. Rainbow trout (36.35 ± 0.03 g) were randomly allocated into six groups and fed diets with reduced fish oil levels (F4 = 4%, F2 = 2% and F0 = 0% of dry matter) supplemented with 0.3% (w/w) RV (F4 + RV, F2 + RV and F0 + RV). RV significantly affected FA composition in liver tissue and whole fish homogenates. 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 22:6n-3 (DHA) were significantly increased whereas precursor FA were diminished in fish fed the F2 + RV and F0 + RV diets when compared to F4 + RV and F0. RV significantly elevated ∆6-desaturase protein levels in the livers of F0 + RV fed animals. Hepatic mRNA expression of ∆6-desaturase, PPARα, and its target genes were affected by the dietary fish oil level and not by dietary RV. The results of this study indicated a potential benefit of supplementing RV in fish oil deprived diets elevating n-3 FA levels in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Torno
- GMA-Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Hafentörn 3, 25761 Büsum, Germany.
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Staats
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Carsten Schulz
- GMA-Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Hafentörn 3, 25761 Büsum, Germany.
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Mellery J, Geay F, Tocher DR, Kestemont P, Debier C, Rollin X, Larondelle Y. Temperature Increase Negatively Affects the Fatty Acid Bioconversion Capacity of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed a Linseed Oil-Based Diet. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164478. [PMID: 27736913 PMCID: PMC5063364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is meant to provide fish rich in omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). This objective must be reached despite (1) the necessity to replace the finite and limited fish oil in feed production and (2) the increased temperature of the supply water induced by the global warming. The objective of the present paper was to determine to what extent increased water temperature influences the fatty acid bioconversion capacity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a plant-derived diet. Fish were fed two diets formulated with fish oil (FO) or linseed oil (LO) as only added lipid source at the optimal water temperature of 15°C or at the increased water temperature of 19°C for 60 days. We observed that a temperature increase close to the upper limit of the species temperature tolerance range negatively affected the feed efficiency of rainbow trout fed LO despite a higher feed intake. The negative impact of increased water temperature on fatty acid bioconversion capacity appeared also to be quite clear considering the reduced expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 in liver and intestine and the reduced Δ6 desaturase enzymatic activity in intestinal microsomes. The present results also highlighted a negative impact of increased temperature on the apparent in vivo enzymatic activity of Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases of fish fed LO. Interestingly, this last parameter appeared less affected than those mentioned above. This study highlights that the increased temperature that rainbow trout may face due to global warming could reduce their fatty acid bioconversion capacity. The unavoidable replacement of finite fish oil by more sustainable, readily available and economically viable alternative lipid sources in aquaculture feeds should take this undeniable environmental issue on aquaculture productivity into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Mellery
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Florian Geay
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Environnementale et Evolutive, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Douglas R. Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Environnementale et Evolutive, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Cathy Debier
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Xavier Rollin
- Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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6
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Baek S, Lee S. Sesamol decreases melanin biosynthesis in melanocyte cells and zebrafish: Possible involvement of MITF via the intracellular cAMP and p38/JNK signalling pathways. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:761-6. [PMID: 26010596 PMCID: PMC4744993 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of antimelanogenic agents is important for the prevention of serious aesthetic problems such as melasma, freckles, age spots and chloasma. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimelanogenic effect of sesamol, an active lignan isolated from Sesamum indicum, in melan-a cells. Sesamol strongly inhibited melanin biosynthesis and the activity of intracellular tyrosinase by decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation. Sesamol significantly decreased the expression of melanogenesis-related genes, such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1,2 (TRP-1,2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). In addition, sesamol also induces phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, sesamol dose-dependently decreased zebrafish pigment formation, tyrosinase activity and expression of melanogenesis-related genes. These findings indicate that sesamol inhibited melanin biosynthesis by down-regulating tyrosinase activity and melanin production via regulation of gene expression of melanogenesis-related proteins through modulation of MITF activity, which promoted phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in melan-a cells. Together, these results suggest that sesamol strongly inhibits melanin biosynthesis, and therefore, sesamol represents a new skin-whitening agent for use in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung‐hwa Baek
- Department of Food Science & BiotechnologyGraduate SchoolKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Sang‐Han Lee
- Department of Food Science & BiotechnologyGraduate SchoolKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
- Department of Nano‐Science & TechnologyGraduate SchoolKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
- Food & Bio‐industry Research InstituteKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
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7
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Cheng K, Wagner L, Moazzami AA, Gómez-Requeni P, Schiller Vestergren A, Brännäs E, Pickova J, Trattner S. Decontaminated fishmeal and fish oil from the Baltic Sea are promising feed sources for Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinusL.)-studies of flesh lipid quality and metabolic profile. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Uppsala BioCenter; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Liane Wagner
- Department of Food Science, Uppsala BioCenter; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ali A. Moazzami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Uppsala BioCenter; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Pedro Gómez-Requeni
- Department of Food Science, Uppsala BioCenter; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Eva Brännäs
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå Sweden
| | - Jana Pickova
- Department of Food Science, Uppsala BioCenter; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice; CENAKVA; Vodnany Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Trattner
- Department of Food Science, Uppsala BioCenter; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
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Zlabek V, Vestergren AS, Trattner S, Wagner L, Pickova J, Zamaratskaia G. Stimulatory effect of sesamin on hepatic cytochrome P450 activities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is not directly associated with expression of genes related to xenobiotic metabolism. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:598-604. [PMID: 25673088 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1007111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. This study examined hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) response to dietary sesamin in combination with different n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios in fish diet. Over a period of 4 months, fish were fed seven different experimental diets an n-6/n-3 FA ratio of either 0.5 or 1.0 in combination with two sesamin levels: low sesamin = 1.16 g/kg feed and high sesamin = 5.8 g/kg feed. Control diets did not contain sesamin. 2. The CYP450-associated activities of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin O-debenzylation (BFCOD), pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase (PROD), coumarin hydroxylase (COH), methoxyresorufin O-deethylase (MROD) and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNPH) were significantly induced by dietary sesamin in a dose-related manner. 3. Expressions of the genes CYP1A1, CYP1A3, CYP3A, AhR1α, AhR2β, AhR2δ and PXR involved in the regulation of CYP450 activities, was not the primary source of this induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Zlabek
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice , Vodnany , Czech Republic and
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Sabetian M, Torabi Delshad S, Moini S, Rajabi Islami H, Beglaryan R, Motalebi A. Identification and Changes in Fatty Acid Profile of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fillet During Frozen Storage (−18°C). JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2012.717592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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1H NMR-based metabolomics studies on the effect of sesamin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Food Chem 2014; 147:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Wagner L, Zlabek V, Trattner S, Zamaratskaia G. In vitro inhibition of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNPH) activities by sesamin in hepatic microsomes from two fish species. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:457-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alhazzaa R, Bridle AR, Carter CG, Nichols PD. Sesamin modulation of lipid class and fatty acid profile in early juvenile teleost, Lates calcarifer, fed different dietary oils. Food Chem 2012; 134:2057-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Schiller Vestergren A, Wagner L, Pickova J, Rosenlund G, Kamal-Eldin A, Trattner S. Sesamin modulates gene expression without corresponding effects on fatty acids in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Lipids 2012; 47:897-911. [PMID: 22790840 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of sesamin inclusion in vegetable oil-based diets fed to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The diets used differed in n-6/n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratio (0.5 and 1) and sesamin content (high 5.8 g/kg, low 1.16 g/kg and no sesamin). The oils used in the feeds were a mixture of rapeseed, linseed and palm oil. Fish were fed for 4 months. Fatty acids and expression of hepatic genes involved in transcription, lipid uptake, desaturation, elongation and β-oxidation were measured. No major effects on the percentage of DHA in white muscle, liver triacylglycerol and phospholipid fraction were detected. Genes involved in β-oxidation, elongation and desaturation were affected by sesamin addition. Limited effects were seen on any of the transcription factors tested and no effect was seen on the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). Expression of both SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 increased with sesamin addition. It was concluded that supplementation of fish feed with a high level of sesamin had a negative effect on the growth rate and live weight and did not alter the proportions of DHA in tissues even though gene expression was affected. Thus, more studies are needed to formulate a diet that would increase the percentage of DHA in fish without negative effects on fish growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schiller Vestergren
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences-SLU, Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7051, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Vestergren AS, Zlabek V, Pickova J, Zamaratskaia G. Tolbutamide hydroxylation by hepatic microsomes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:6867-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Trattner S, Ruyter B, Ostbye TK, Kamal-Eldin A, Moazzami A, Pan J, Gjoen T, Brännäs E, Zlabek V, Pickova J. Influence of dietary sesamin, a bioactive compound on fatty acids and expression of some lipid regulating genes in Baltic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) juveniles. Physiol Res 2010; 60:125-37. [PMID: 20945950 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of inclusion of sesamin / episesamin in Baltic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) diets based on vegetable oils were studied. The study was designed as a dose response study with two control diets, one diet based on fish oil (FO) and one diet based on a mixture of linseed and sunflower oil (6:4 by vol.) (MO). As experimental diets three different levels of inclusion of sesamin / episesamin (hereafter named sesamin) to the MO based diet and one diet based on sesame oil and linseed oil (SesO) (1:1 by vol.) were used. The dietary oils were mirrored in the fatty acid profile of the white muscle. Sesamin significantly decreased the levels of 18:3n-3 in the white muscle phospholipid (PL) fraction of all groups fed sesamin, no significant differences were found in the triacylglycerol fraction (TAG). Slightly increased levels of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) in PL and TAG were found in some of the sesamin fed groups. Sesamin significantly affected the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, scavenger receptor type B and hormone sensitive lipase, in agreement with previous studies on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) hepatocytes published by our group. No significant effects on toxicological response measured as ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity was found. The total cytochrome P450 enzymes were significantly higher in MO 0.29 and SesO group. The amount of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols in liver and the amount of gamma-tocopherol in white muscle were significantly lower in fish fed the FO diet compared to the MO diet, but no difference after inclusion of sesamin was found in this study. Increased inclusion of sesamin increased the levels of sesamin and episesamin in the liver, but did not affect the amounts in white muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trattner
- Department of Food Science, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Yasuda K, Ikushiro S, Kamakura M, Ohta M, Sakaki T. Metabolism of Sesamin by Cytochrome P450 in Human Liver Microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2117-23. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels. Prog Lipid Res 2009; 48:355-74. [PMID: 19619583 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is little doubt regarding the essential nature of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), yet the capacity of dietary ALA to maintain adequate tissue levels of long chain n-3 fatty acids remains quite controversial. This simple point remains highly debated despite evidence that removal of dietary ALA promotes n-3 fatty acid inadequacy, including that of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and that many experiments demonstrate that dietary inclusion of ALA raises n-3 tissue fatty acid content, including DHA. Herein we propose, based upon our previous work and that of others, that ALA is elongated and desaturated in a tissue-dependent manner. One important concept is to recognize that ALA, like many other fatty acids, rapidly undergoes beta-oxidation and that the carbons are conserved and reused for synthesis of other products including cholesterol and fatty acids. This process and the differences between utilization of dietary DHA or liver-derived DHA as compared to ALA have led to the dogma that ALA is not a useful fatty acid for maintaining tissue long chain n-3 fatty acids, including DHA. Herein, we propose that indeed dietary ALA is a crucial dietary source of n-3 fatty acids and its dietary inclusion is critical for maintaining tissue long chain n-3 levels.
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Sesamin Increases Alpha-Linolenic Acid Conversion to Docosahexaenoic Acid in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Hepatocytes: Role of Altered Gene Expression. Lipids 2008; 43:999-1008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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