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Fogacci F, Di Micoli V, Sabouret P, Giovannini M, Cicero AFG. Lifestyle and Lipoprotein(a) Levels: Does a Specific Counseling Make Sense? J Clin Med 2024; 13:751. [PMID: 38337445 PMCID: PMC10856708 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(Lp)(a) is a variant of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), bound to apolipoprotein B100, whose levels are associated with a significant increase in the risk of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular events, but also to aortic stenosis and atrial fibrillation. Since plasma levels of Lp(a) are commonly considered resistant to lifestyle changes, we critically reviewed the available evidence on the effect of weight loss, dietary supplements, and physical activity on this risk factor. In our review, we observed that relevant body weight loss, a relatively high intake of saturated fatty acids, the consumption of red wine, and intense physical exercise seems to be associated with significantly lower plasma Lp(a) levels. On the contrary, foods rich in trans-unsaturated fatty acids are associated with increased Lp(a) levels. With regard to dietary supplements, coenzyme Q10, L-Carnitine, and flaxseed exert a mild but significant lowering effect on plasma Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fogacci
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy; (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Valentina Di Micoli
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy; (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Pierre Sabouret
- INSERM UMRS_1166, Cardiology Institute, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital (AP-HP), ACTION Study Group, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Marina Giovannini
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy; (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Arrigo F. G. Cicero
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy; (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Heart, Thoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
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Koutsogianni AD, Liamis G, Liberopoulos E, Adamidis PS, Florentin M. Effects of Lipid-Modifying and Other Drugs on Lipoprotein(a) Levels-Potent Clinical Implications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050750. [PMID: 37242533 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The past few years have shown an ongoing interest in lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), a lipid molecule that has been proven to have atherogenic, thrombogenic, and inflammatory properties. Several lines of evidence, indeed, have demonstrated an increased risk of cardiovascular disease as well as calcific aortic valve stenosis in patients with elevated Lp(a) levels. Statins, the mainstay of lipid-lowering therapy, slightly increase Lp(a) levels, while most other lipid-modifying agents do not significantly alter Lp(a) concentrations, except for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. The latter have been shown to reduce Lp(a) levels; however, the clinical significance of this effect has not been clearly elucidated. Of note, the pharmaceutical lowering of Lp(a) may be achieved with novel treatments specifically designed for this purpose (i.e., antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)). Large clinical trials with cardiovascular outcomes with these agents are ongoing, and their results are eagerly awaited. Furthermore, several non-lipid-modifying drugs of various classes may influence Lp(a) concentrations. We have searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases up to 28 January 2023 and summarized the effects of established and emerging lipid-modifying drugs and other medications on Lp(a) levels. We also discuss the potent clinical implications of these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Liamis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- 1st Propaideutic Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Matilda Florentin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Brandt EJ, Brandt DJ, Desai NR, Spatz ES, Nasir K, Mani A. Association of vitamins, minerals, and lead with lipoprotein(a) in a cross-sectional cohort of US adults. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2023; 93:99-110. [PMID: 34024154 PMCID: PMC8964024 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a)(Lp[a]) is a low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)-like particle with potent pro-atherothrombotic properties. The association of Lp(a) with several circulating factors, including vitamins, remains unresolved. We performed an observational analysis using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III cohort, a cohort used to monitor the nutrition status of US-citizens. We used multivariable linear regression to test associations of Lp(a) and LDL-C with levels of serum vitamins and minerals and whole-blood lead. Analyses controlled for factors known to associate with Lp(a) (age, sex, race/ethnicity, statin use, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, glomerular filtration rate, alcohol intake, and saturated fat intake). LDL-C was corrected for Lp(a) mass. Multiple sensitivity tests were performed, including considering factors as categorical variables (deficient, normal, elevated). Among 7,662 subjects, Lp(a) correlated (β-coefficient) positively (change per 1 conventional unit increase) with carotenoids (lycopene (0.17(0.06,0.28), p=0.005), lutein (0.19(0.07,0.30), p=0.002), β-cryptoxanthin (0.21(0.05,0.37), p=0.01), β-carotene (0.05(0.02,0.09), p=0.003), and α-carotene (0.15(0.01,0.30), p=0.04)) and lead (0.54(0.03,1.05), p=0.04) levels when tested as continuous variables. LDL-C had similar associations. Lp(a) did not associate with vitamins A, B12, C, or E retinyl esters, folate, RBC-folate, selenium, ferritin, transferrin saturation, or calcium. With factors as categorical variables, Lp(a) but not LDL-C negatively associated with elevated vitamin B12 (-5.41(-9.50, -1.53), p=0.01) and folate (-2.86(-5.09, -0.63), p=0.01). In conclusion, Lp(a) associated similarly to LDL-C when vitamins, minerals, and lead were tested as continuous variables, while only Lp(a) correlated with vitamin B12 and folate when tested as categorical variables. These observations are hypotheses generating and require further studies to determine causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Brandt
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J. Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nihar R. Desai
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erica S. Spatz
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arya Mani
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Asbaghi O, Kashkooli S, Amini MR, Shahinfar H, Djafarian K, Clark CCT, Shab-Bidar S. The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid concentrations inpatients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2021; 12:246-255. [PMID: 33510873 PMCID: PMC7828761 DOI: 10.34172/jcvtr.2020.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis was performed to assess the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile. A systematic search were conducted in PubMed and Scopus to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) which evaluated the effects of L-carnitine on lipid profile. Pooled effect sizes were measured using random-effect model (Dersimonian-Laird). Meta-analysis showed that L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -8.17 mg/dL; 95% CI,-14.68 to -1.65, I2=52.2%, P = 0.041). Baseline level of TC was a source of heterogeneity, with a greater effect in studies with a baseline level of more than 200 mg/d (WMD: -11.93 mg/dL; 95% CI, -20.80 to-3.05). L-carnitine also significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD:-5.22 mg/dL; 95% CI, -9.54 to -0.91, I2=66.7%, P = 0.010), and LDL-C level <100 mg/dL), trial duration,and L-carnitine dosage were potential sources of heterogeneity. L-carnitine supplementation appeared to have no significant effect on high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD: -0.51 mg/dL;95% CI, -2.45 to 1.44) and triglyceride (TG) (WMD: 2.80 mg/dL; 95% CI, -8.09 to 13.69). This meta-analysisrevealed that L-carnitine may have favorable effects on lipid profile, especially LDL-C and TC. However, further RCTs are needed to confirm the veracity of these results, particularly among hyperlipidemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Asbaghi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sara Kashkooli
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Amini
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shahinfar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV15FB, UK
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Anastasiou G, Sakka E, Blathra E, Kalivi A, Elisaf M, Liamis G, Liberopoulos E. Lipoprotein(a): A Concealed Precursor of Increased Cardiovascular Risk? A Real-World Regional Lipid Clinic Experience. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:397-404. [PMID: 33380360 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. We present real-life characteristics of patients with increased Lp(a) levels attending a University Lipid Clinic. METHODS We retrospectively studied patients attending the University of Ioannina Hospital Lipid Clinic with Lp(a) levels ≥30 mg/dL who were followed-up for a median of 22 months. RESULTS One hundred eight patients (median age 59 years, 49% females) were included with median Lp(a) levels 67 mg/dL (30-320). Of patients, 25.1% had established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD): 11.1 and 5.6% positive personal history of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke, respectively, 6.5% carotid artery disease and 1.9% lower extremities arterial disease (LEAD). In addition, 35.2% of participants had heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (heFH), 37.9% positive family history of premature ASCVD, 29.6% hypertension, 12.0% diabetes and 5.5% chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of patients, 67.6% were receiving statin therapy and 16.6% additional ezetimibe at baseline visit, and 83 and 35% were receiving statin treatment and additional ezetimibe, respectively, during follow-up. Low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and LDL-Ccorrected for Lp(a) levels were significantly reduced in lipid-lowering therapy naive patients by 37 and 40% (p <0.05), in lipid-lowering therapy intensified patients by 31 and 36% (p <0.05), and in patients on stable lipid-lowering treatment by 15% (p <0.05) and 10% (p >0.05), respectively, during follow-up. Lp(a) levels increased by 9% (p <0.05). CONCLUSION Our data confirm the high prevalence of established ASCVD, hFH and positive familial history of premature ASCVD in patients with elevated Lp(a) levels. Lp(a) levels slightly increased during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Anastasiou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eftihia Sakka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Efi Blathra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna Kalivi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Moses Elisaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Liamis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece.
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Abstract
Changes in human body systems influence metabolism and may cause disease. The intestinal microbiota influence health and is itself influenced by factors including diet and drugs. Investigation of the relationship of the intestinal microbiota and chronic conditions like coronary heart disease (CHD) has been facilitated by advances in sequencing technology. Some studies have identified changes in the composition and the metabolism of intestinal microbiota in patients with CHD, including increases in phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and decreases in phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria. The ratio of two metabolites of intestinal bacteria, trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide, has been found to be related to CHD. This review summarizes recent research to provide ideas for further research on the relationships between intestinal microbiota and CHD and on the preventive measures for CHD.
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Talenezhad N, Mohammadi M, Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Salehi-Abargouei A. Effects of l-carnitine supplementation on weight loss and body composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled clinical trials with dose-response analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 37:9-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Liu YF, Wu ZX, Zhang J, Liu YX, Liu ZY, Xie HK, Rakariyatham K, Zhou DY. Seasonal Variation of Lipid Profile of Oyster Crassostrea talienwhanensis from the Yellow Sea Area. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2020.1737998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yu-Xin Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, PR China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Hong-Kai Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, PR China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kanyasiri Rakariyatham
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, PR China
| | - Da-Yong Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian, PR China
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9
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Askarpour M, Djafarian K, Ghaedi E, Sadeghi O, Sheikhi A, Shab-Bidar S. Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:82-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Fathizadeh H, Milajerdi A, Reiner Ž, Kolahdooz F, Chamani M, Amirani E, Asemi Z. The Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Serum Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3266-3281. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190830154336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
The findings of trials investigating the effects of L-carnitine administration on serum
lipids are inconsistent. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to summarize
the effects of L-carnitine intake on serum lipids in patients and healthy individuals.
Methods:
Two authors independently searched electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane
Library, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar from 1990 until August 1, 2019, in order to find relevant
RCTs. The quality of selected RCTs was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Cochrane’s
Q test and I-square (I2) statistic were used to determine the heterogeneity across included trials. Weight mean
difference (SMD) and 95% CI between the two intervention groups were used to determine pooled effect sizes.
Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the source of heterogeneity based on suspected variables such as,
participant’s health conditions, age, dosage of L-carnitine, duration of study, sample size, and study location
between primary RCTs.
Results:
Out of 3460 potential papers selected based on keywords search, 67 studies met the inclusion criteria and
were eligible for the meta-analysis. The pooled results indicated that L-carnitine administration led to a significant
decrease in triglycerides (WMD: -10.35; 95% CI: -16.43, -4.27), total cholesterol (WMD: -9.47; 95% CI: -
13.23, -5.70) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations (WMD: -6.25; 95% CI: -9.30, -3.21), and a significant
increase in HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (WMD: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.21, 2.57). L-carnitine supplementation did
not influence VLDL-cholesterol concentrations. When we stratified studies for the predefined factors such as
dosage, and age, no significant effects of the intervention on triglycerides, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels were found.
Conclusion:
This meta-analysis demonstrated that L-carnitine administration significantly reduced triglycerides,
total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, and significantly increased HDL-cholesterol levels in the pooled
analyses, but did not affect VLDL-cholesterol levels; however, these findings were not confirmed in our subgroup
analyses by participant’s health conditions, age, dosage of L-carnitine, duration of study, sample size, and study
location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Fathizadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Alireza Milajerdi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fariba Kolahdooz
- Indigenous and Global Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Maryam Chamani
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Amirani
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Askarpour M, Hadi A, Symonds ME, Miraghajani M, Sheikhi A, Ghaedi E. Efficacy of l-carnitine supplementation for management of blood lipids: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:1151-1167. [PMID: 31561944 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM l-carnitine has an important role in fatty acid metabolism and could therefore act as an adjuvant agent in the improvement of dyslipidemia. The purpose of present systematic review and meta-analysis was to critically assess the efficacy of l-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a systematic search of all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the following databases: Scopus, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, The Cochrane Library. Mean difference (MD) of any effect was calculated using a random-effects model. In total, there were 55 eligible RCTs included with 58 arms, and meta-analysis revealed that l-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) (56 arms-MD: -8.53 mg/dl, 95% CI: -13.46, -3.6, I2: 93%), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (47 arms-MD: -5.48 mg/dl, 95% CI: -8.49, -2.47, I2: 94.5) and triglyceride (TG) (56 arms-MD: -9.44 mg/dl, 95% CI: -16.02, -2.87, I2: 91.8). It also increased high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (51 arms-MD:1.64 mg/dl, 95% CI:0.54, 2.75, I2: 92.2). l-carnitine supplementation reduced TC in non-linear fashion based on dosage (r = 21.11). Meta-regression analysis indicated a linear relationship between dose of l-carnitine and absolute change in TC (p = 0.029) and LDL-C (p = 0.013). Subgroup analyses showed that l-carnitine supplementation did not change TC, LDL-C and TG in patients under hemodialysis treatment. Intravenous l-carnitine and lower doses (>2 g/day) had no effect on TC, LDL-C and triglycerides. CONCLUSION l-carnitine supplementation at doses above 2 g/d has favorable effects on patients' lipid profiles, but is modulated on participant health and route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Askarpour
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hadi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Michael E Symonds
- The Early Life Research Unit, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, The School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Maryam Miraghajani
- The Early Life Research Unit, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, The School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sheikhi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghaedi
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Lipoprotein(a): Current Evidence for a Physiologic Role and the Effects of Nutraceutical Strategies. Clin Ther 2019; 41:1780-1797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Sheikhi A, Djafarian K, Askarpour M, Shab-Bidar S. The effects of supplementation with L-carnitine on apolipoproteins: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 858:172493. [PMID: 31255604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported that L-carnitin may change serum apolipoproteins. However, the results of RCTs are contradictory. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize earlier RCTs on the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on apolipoproteins B100 and AI. ISI web of science, Ovid, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to January 2019 using relevant keywords. Treatment effects were considered as weighted mean difference (MD) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval in concentrations of serum apolipoproteins. Random-effects model (Dersimonian-Liard) was used to estimate the overall summary effect. This meta-analysis was performed on fourteen trials. Our results indicated that L-carnitine supplementation has a non-significant effect on Apo B100 (mean difference (MD): 1.820 mg/dl; 95% CI: -3.367 to 7.006, p = 0.492) and Apo AI (MD: -0.119 mg/dl; 95% CI: -4.425 to 4.186, p = 0.957). We also found body mass index, L-carnitine dosage; health condition and intervention duration could change the results. We conclude that L-carnitine does not change Apo B100 and Apo AI concentration. Further trials with sufficient sample size are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sheikhi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Askarpour
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Asadi M, Rahimlou M, Shishehbor F, Mansoori A. The effect of l-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile and glycaemic control in adults with cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:110-122. [PMID: 30850271 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have investigated the effect of l-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile and glycaemic control in adults with cardiovascular risk factors; however, the results were conflicting. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the effect of l-carnitine on lipid profile and glycaemic control in adults with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Databases, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Web of Science and Embase for randomized, placebo-controlled human trials that investigated the effect of l-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile and glycaemic control up to April 2017. From the eligible trials, 24 articles were selected for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was performed in a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was determined by I2 statistics and Cochrane Q test. RESULTS The result showed significant effect of l-carnitine on TC (WMD: -13.73 [95% CI: -22.28, -5.17] mg/dL; P < 0.001), LDL-C (WMD = - 7.70 [95% CI: - 11.80, -3.61]mg/dL; p < 0.001), HDL-C (WMD = 0.82 [95% CI: 0.44, 1.21] mg/dL; P > 0.001), Lp(a) (WMD = - 7.13 [95% CI: -9.82,- 4.43]mg/dL; P < 0.001), FPG (WMD = -6.25 [95% CI: -10.35, -2.16] mg/dL; P < 0.001), HbA1C (WMD (%) = - 0.35 [95% CI: -0.65,- 0.05]; p = 0.02) and HOMA-IR (WMD (%) = - 0.94 [95% CI: -1.89, -0.00]; P = 0.05). No effect of l-carnitine was detected in TG, Apo A-I and Apo B 100 on pooled effect size. Additionally, sensitivity analysis showed l-carnitine supplementation could improve glycaemic control, particularly along with hypocaloric diet. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis showed that l-carnitine supplementation could improve lipid profile levels, particularly in doses more than 1500 mg/day. More RCTs with large sample sizes, focusing on gut microbiome profiles and dietary patterns are needed to better understand the effect of l-carnitine on patients with cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Asadi
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehran Rahimlou
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farideh Shishehbor
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Anahita Mansoori
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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15
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Malaguarnera G, Latteri S, Catania VE, Malaguarnera M. Reduction of cardiovascular risk in subjects with high lipoprotein (a) levels. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:2332-2336. [PMID: 28932535 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.08.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Malaguarnera
- Research Center "The Great Senescence", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Latteri
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vito Emanuele Catania
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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16
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Sahebkar A, Simental-Mendía LE, Watts GF, Serban MC, Banach M. Comparison of the effects of fibrates versus statins on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head randomized controlled trials. BMC Med 2017; 15:22. [PMID: 28153024 PMCID: PMC5290642 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raised plasma lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) concentration is an independent and causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Several types of pharmacological approaches are under evaluation for their potential to reduce plasma Lp(a) levels. There is suggestive evidence that statins and fibrates, two frequently employed lipid-lowering drugs, can lower plasma Lp(a). The present study aims to compare the efficacy of fibrates and statins in reducing plasma concentrations of Lp(a) using a meta-analysis of randomized head-to-head trials. METHODS Medline and Scopus databases were searched to identify randomized head-to-head comparative trials investigating the efficacy of fibrates versus statins in reducing plasma Lp(a) levels. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model, with inverse variance weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as summary statistics. The impact of putative confounders on the estimated effect size was explored using random effects meta-regression. RESULTS Sixteen head-to-head comparative trials with a total of 1388 subjects met the eligibility criteria and were selected for this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed a significantly greater effect of fibrates versus statins in reducing plasma Lp(a) concentrations (WMD, -2.70 mg/dL; 95% CI, -4.56 to -0.84; P = 0.004). Combination therapy with fibrates and statins had a significantly greater effect compared with statin monotherapy (WMD, -1.60 mg/dL; 95% CI, -2.93 to -0.26; P = 0.019) but not fibrate monotherapy (WMD, -1.76 mg/dL; 95% CI, -5.44 to +1.92; P = 0.349) in reducing plasma Lp(a) concentrations. The impact of fibrates versus statins in reducing plasma Lp(a) concentrations was not found to be significantly associated with treatment duration (P = 0.788). CONCLUSIONS Fibrates have a significantly greater effect in reducing plasma Lp(a) concentrations than statins. Addition of fibrates to statins can enhance the Lp(a)-lowering effect of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | | | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Maria-Corina Serban
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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