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He C, Zhang H, Chen X, Diao R, Sun J, Mao X. Novel reaction systems for catalytic synthesis of structured phospholipids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:1. [PMID: 38153551 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are distinctive, adaptable molecules that are crucial to numerous biological systems. Additionally, their various architectures and amphiphilic characteristics support their unrivaled crucial functions in scientific and industrial applications. Due to their enormous potential for use in the fields of medicine, food, cosmetics, and health, structured phospholipids, which are modified phospholipids, have garnered increased attention. Traditional extraction methods, however, are pricy, resource-intensive, and low-yielding. The process of enzyme-catalyzed conversion is effective for producing several types of structured phospholipase. However, most frequently employed catalytic procedures involve biphasic systems with organic solvents, which have a relatively large mass transfer resistance and are susceptible to solvent residues and environmental effects due to the hydrophobic nature of phospholipids. Therefore, the adoption of innovative, successful, and environmentally friendly enzyme-catalyzed conversion systems provides a new development route in the field of structured phospholipids processing. Several innovative catalytic reaction systems are discussed in this mini-review, including aqueous-solid system, mixed micelle system, water-in-oil microemulsion system, Pickering emulsion system, novel solvent system, three-liquid-phase system, and supercritical carbon dioxide solvent system. However, there is still a glaring need for a thorough examination of these systems for the enzymatic synthesis of structural phospholipids. In terms of the materials utilized, applicability, benefits and drawbacks, and comparative effectiveness of each system, this research establishes further conditions for the system's selection. To create more effective biocatalytic processes, it is still important to build green biocatalytic processes with improved performance. KEY POINTS: • The latest catalytic systems of phospholipase D are thoroughly summarized. • The various systems are contrasted, and their traits are enumerated. • Different catalytic systems' areas of applicability and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China
| | - Rujing Diao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266404, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao, 266404, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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2
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Yin C, Chen X, Zhang H, Xue Y, Dong H, Mao X. Pickering emulsion biocatalysis: Bridging interfacial design with enzymatic reactions. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108338. [PMID: 38460741 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Non-homogeneous enzyme-catalyzed systems are more widely used than homogeneous systems. Distinguished from the conventional biphasic approach, Pickering emulsion stabilized by ultrafine solid particles opens up an innovative platform for biocatalysis. Their vast specific surface area significantly enhances enzyme-substrate interactions, dramatically increasing catalytic efficiency. This review comprehensively explores various aspects of Pickering emulsion biocatalysis, provides insights into the multiple types and mechanisms of its catalysis, and offers strategies for material design, enzyme immobilization, emulsion formation control, and reactor design. Characterization methods are summarized for the determination of drop size, emulsion type, interface morphology, and emulsion potential. Furthermore, recent reports on the design of stimuli-responsive reaction systems are reviewed, enabling the simple control of demulsification. Moreover, the review explores applications of Pickering emulsion in single-step, cascade, and continuous flow reactions and outlines the challenges and future directions for the field. Overall, we provide a review focusing on Pickering emulsions catalysis, which can draw the attention of researchers in the field of catalytic system design, further empowering next-generation bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Xiangyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Yong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Hao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
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3
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Culler MD, Bayram I, Decker EA. Enzymatic Modification of Lecithin for Improved Antioxidant Activity in Combination with Tocopherol in Emulsions and Bulk Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13404-13412. [PMID: 36215731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized α-tocopherol can be regenerated by phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), but current commercial sources of PE are too expensive for use as a food additive. The present study aims to determine the optimal reaction conditions for generating high PE lecithin (MHPEL) enzymatically and to validate the MHPEL's synergism with tocopherol in delaying lipid oxidation in an oil-in-water emulsion system at pH 7 and 4 and in bulk oil. Under optimal conditions of pH 9.0, 37 °C and 4 h, a MHPEL with ∼71.6% PE was obtained from 96% phosphatidylcholine lecithin using phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus. Mixed tocopherols (300 μmol/kg oil) and MHPEL (1500 μmol/kg oil) synergistically increased both the hydroperoxide and hexanal lag phase of lipid oxidation in stripped soybean oil-in-water emulsions at pH 7 by 3 days. At pH 4, this combination increased the hydroperoxide and hexanal lag phases by 3 and 2 days, respectively. The combination of 50 μmol/kg oil α-tocopherol and 1000 μmol/kg oil MHPEL also synergistically increased the hydroperoxide (5 days) and hexanal (4 days) lag phases in stripped bulk soybean oil. This approach represents a potential clean-label antioxidant system that could have commercial applications to decrease food waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Culler
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Ipek Bayram
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Eric A Decker
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
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4
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Qi N, Liu J, Song W, Liu J, Gao C, Chen X, Guo L, Liu L, Wu J. Rational Design of Phospholipase D to Improve the Transphosphatidylation Activity for Phosphatidylserine Synthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6709-6718. [PMID: 35616637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) has been widely used in the fields of food and medicine, among others, owing to its unique chemical structure and health benefits. However, the phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated enzymatic production of PS remains a challenge due to the low transphosphatidylation activity of PLD. Therefore, in the present study, we designed a maltose-binding protein (MBP) tag and a PLD co-expression method to achieve the expression of soluble PLD in Escherichia coli. A "reconstruct substrate pocket" strategy was then proposed based on the catalytic mechanism and molecular dynamics simulation, expanding the substrate pocket and manipulating the coordination of l-Ser within the active site. The best mutant (SrMBPPLDMu6) exhibited a 2.04-fold higher transphosphatidylation/hydrolysis ratio than the wild-type Furthermore, under optimal conditions, Mu6 produced 58.6 g/L PS with 77.2% conversion, within 12 h on a 3 L scale, which demonstrates the potential of the proposed method for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Qi
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Shandong Huishilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250098, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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5
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Zhang P, Gong JS, Qin J, Li H, Hou HJ, Zhang XM, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Phospholipids (PLs) know-how: exploring and exploiting phospholipase D for its industrial dissemination. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:1257-1278. [PMID: 33985392 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1921690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their numerous nutritional and bioactive functions, phospholipids (PLs), which are major components of biological membranes in all living organisms, have been widely applied as nutraceuticals, food supplements, and cosmetic ingredients. To date, PLs are extracted solely from soybean or egg yolk, despite the diverse market demands and high cost, owing to a tedious and inefficient manufacturing process. A microbial-based manufacturing process, specifically phospholipase D (PLD)-based biocatalysis and biotransformation process for PLs, has the potential to address several challenges associated with the soybean- or egg yolk-based supply chain. However, poor enzyme properties and inefficient microbial expression systems for PLD limit their wide industrial dissemination. Therefore, sourcing new enzyme variants with improved properties and developing advanced PLD expression systems are important. In the present review, we systematically summarize recent achievements and trends in the discovery, their structural properties, catalytic mechanisms, expression strategies for enhancing PLD production, and its multiple applications in the context of PLs. This review is expected to assist researchers to understand current advances in this field and provide insights for further molecular engineering efforts toward PLD-mediated bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Juan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
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6
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High-level soluble expression of phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus in Escherichia coli by combinatorial optimization. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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7
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Wang J, Qi X, Yu W, Zhang X, Zhang T, Li B. Highly efficient biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine by the surface adsorption-catalysis in purely aqueous media and mechanism study by biomolecular simulation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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Song W, Chen X, Wu J, Xu J, Zhang W, Liu J, Chen J, Liu L. Biocatalytic derivatization of proteinogenic amino acids for fine chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Zhang Z, Chen M, Xu W, Zhang W, Zhang T, Guang C, Mu W. Microbial phospholipase D: Identification, modification and application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Wang J, Yu W, Zhang X, Zhang T, Wang H, Shu W, Liu L, Zhao B, Li B. Two-step modification of silica for efficient adsorption of phosphatidylcholine in water and application in phospholipase D-catalyzed transphosphatidylation. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2949. [PMID: 31845503 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and green aqueous-solid system was introduced for phospholipase D-mediated transphosphatidylation. γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane was covalently bound to silica and esterified by acetic acid, which acted as an anchor molecule to facilitate the adsorption of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in aqueous solutions. Obtained silica-adsorbed PC was successfully used for transphosphatidylation to produce phosphatidylserine (PS). The PC loading and PS yield reached 98.8 and 98.3%, respectively. A new model was proposed to illustrate the adsorption and enzymatic processes. Moreover, this aqueous-solid system provides a promising way for the continuous production. Four kinds of phospholipids were biosynthesized in the pack-bed reactor. The stability of the aqueous-solid system was excellent, as demonstrated by its use 30 times without any loss of the productivity. The product was eluted by coconut oil and manufactured into microcapsules. Toxic agents were completely avoided in the whole production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenyu Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenfang Shu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Binxia Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Binglin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Xiong W, Luo W, Zhang X, Pan X, Zeng X, Yao C, Jing K, Shen L, Chen C, Ling X, Lu Y. High expression of toxic
Streptomyces
phospholipase D in
Escherichia coli
under salt stress and its mechanism. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weide Xiong
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Xueliang Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Xueshan Pan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- College of EnergyXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyi Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Keju Jing
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Cuixue Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen CityXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen CityXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesXiamen University Xiamen People's Republic of China
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12
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Hou HJ, Gong JS, Dong YX, Qin J, Li H, Li H, Lu ZM, Zhang XM, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Phospholipase D engineering for improving the biocatalytic synthesis of phosphatidylserine. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1185-1194. [PMID: 30989410 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine is widely used in food, health, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The phospholipase D-mediated green synthesis of phosphatidylserine has attracted substantial attention in recent years. In this study, the phospholipase D was heterologously expressed in Bacillus subtilis, Pichia pastoris, and Corynebacterium glutamicum, respectively. The highest activity of phospholipase D was observed in C. glutamicum, which was 0.25 U/mL higher than these in B. subtilis (0.14 U/mL) and P. pastoris (0.22 U/mL). System engineering of three potential factors, including (1) signal peptides, (2) ribosome binding site, and (3) promoters, was attempted to improve the expression level of phospholipase D in C. glutamicum. The maximum phospholipase D activity reached 1.9 U/mL, which was 7.6-fold higher than that of the initial level. The enzyme displayed favorable transphosphatidylation activity and it could efficiently catalyze the substrates L-serine and soybean lecithin for synthesis of phosphatidylserine after optimizing the conversion reactions in detail. Under the optimum conditions (trichloromethane/enzyme solution 4:2, 8 mg/mL soybean lecithin, 40 mg/mL L-serine, and 15 mM CaCl2, with shaking under 40 °C for 10 h), the reaction process showed 48.6% of conversion rate and 1.94 g/L of accumulated phosphatidylserine concentration. The results highlight the use of heterologous expression, system engineering, and process optimization strategies to adapt a promising phospholipase D for efficient phosphatidylserine production in synthetic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Juan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Liu Y, Huang L, Fu Y, Zheng D, Ma J, Li Y, Xu Z, Lu F. A novel process for phosphatidylserine production using a Pichia pastoris whole-cell biocatalyst with overexpression of phospholipase D from Streptomyces halstedii in a purely aqueous system. Food Chem 2019; 274:535-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Cao K, Liu Y, Tian Y, Zhang Q, Cong P, Li H, Xu J, Li Z, Wang J, Mao X, Xue C. Reaction Specificity of Phospholipase D Prepared from Acinetobacter radioresistens a2 in Transphosphatidylation. Lipids 2018; 53:517-526. [PMID: 30071133 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) can react with phospholipids as substrates, generally phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), and the PLD-substrate intermediate can be cleaved by another alcohol, resulting in transphosphatidylation of the substrate, which can be used in the production of special lipids. In this study, the reaction conditions affecting the transphosphatidylation of PtdCho with serine were optimized and the reaction specificity of a novel PLD prepared from Acinetobacter radioresistens a2 was evaluated for transphosphatidylation with a variety of phospholipid substrates and head group donors. Based on the yield of phosphatidylserine, experimental kinetic data, maximum transphosphatidylation rate, and kinetic constant, the specificity of PLD in transphosphatidylation was found to be affected by unsaturated fatty-acid phospholipid substrates. The catalytic efficiency of PLD prepared from A. radioresistens a2 on the synthesis of natural phospholipids is on the order of l-serine > ethanolamine and glycerol ≫ inositol. Moreover, it was found that the transphosphatidylation of PtdCho with saccharides was related to the length of the carbon chain and the number of saccharide units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingying Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, National Laboratory Marine Science and Technology, 23 Hong Kong east Road, 266071, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peixu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, National Laboratory Marine Science and Technology, 23 Hong Kong east Road, 266071, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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15
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Qin W, Wu C, Song W, Chen X, Liu J, Luo Q, Liu L. A novel high-yield process of phospholipase D-mediated phosphatidylserine production with cyclopentyl methyl ether. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Zhang X, Li B, Wang J, Li H, Zhao B. High-Yield and Sustainable Production of Phosphatidylserine in Purely Aqueous Solutions via Adsorption of Phosphatidylcholine on Triton-X-100-Modified Silica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10767-10774. [PMID: 29171262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Triton X-100 was covalently bound to a surface of silica and acted as an anchor molecule to facilitate the adsorption of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in a purely aqueous solution. The silica-adsorbed PC obtained was successfully used for phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated transphosphatidylation in the production of phosphatidylserine (PS). Organic solvents were completely avoided in the whole production process. The PC loading and PS yield reached 98.9 and 99.0%, respectively. Two adsorption models were studied, and the relevant parameters were calculated to help us understand the adsorption and reaction processes deeply. In addition, the silica-adsorbed PC provides a promising way to continuously biosynthesize PS. A packed-bed reactor was employed to demonstrate the process flow of the continuous production of PS. The recyclability and stability of the Triton-X-100-modified silica were excellent, as demonstrated by its use 30 times during continuous operation without any loss of the productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710000 Shaanxi, China
| | - Binglin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710000 Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710000 Shaanxi, China
| | - Huanyu Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710000 Shaanxi, China
| | - Binxia Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710000 Shaanxi, China
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17
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Zhou WB, Gong JS, Hou HJ, Li H, Lu ZM, Xu HY, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Mining of a phospholipase D and its application in enzymatic preparation of phosphatidylserine. Bioengineered 2017; 9:80-89. [PMID: 28509615 PMCID: PMC5972935 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2017.1308992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is useful as the additive in industries for memory improvement, mood enhancement and drug delivery. Conventionally, PS was extracted from soybeans, vegetable oils, egg yolk, and biomass; however, their low availability and high extraction cost were limiting factors. Phospholipase D (PLD) is a promising tool for enzymatic synthesis of PS due to its transphosphatidylation activity. In this contribution, a new and uncharacterized PLD was first obtained from GenBank database via genome mining strategy. The open reading frame consisted of 1614 bp and potentially encoded a protein of 538-amino-acid with a theoretical molecular mass of 60 kDa. The gene was successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Its enzymatic properties were experimentally characterized. The temperature and pH optima of PLD were determined to be 60°C and 7.5, respectively. Its hydrolytic activity was improved by addition of Ca2+ at 5 mM as compared with the control. The enzyme displayed suitable transphosphatidylation activity and PS could be synthesized with L-serine and soybean lecithin as substrates under the catalysis of PLD. This PLD enzyme might be a potential candidate for industrial applications in PS production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on genome mining of PLDs from GenBank database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Zhou
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Hai-Juan Hou
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Heng Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Zhen-Ming Lu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Hong-Yu Xu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
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18
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Li B, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhao B, Niu L. Aqueous-Solid System for Highly Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Transphosphatidylation Catalyzed by Phospholipase D To Produce Phosphatidylserine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7555-7560. [PMID: 27666314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The purely aqueous system of phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated transphosphatidylation using pre-existing carriers for the adsorption of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to act as an "artificial interface" was introduced to replace the liquid-liquid system. Toxic organic solvents are avoided during the reaction, and the free enzyme can be simply reused by centrifugation. Special attention has been paid to the effect of the pore diameter and surface area of silica gel 60H covered with PC molecules on the yield of phosphatidylserine (PS). Results indicated that the highest PS yield of 99.5% was achieved. Moreover, 73.6% of the yield of PS was obtained after being used for six batches. This is the first description of the remarkably high reusability of free enzymes for enzymatic synthesis of PS as well. The excellent results make the aqueous-solid system more promising candidates for the industrial production of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Binxia Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Niu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China
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19
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Yang SL, Duan ZQ. Insight into enzymatic synthesis of phosphatidylserine in deep eutectic solvents. CATAL COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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20
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Choojit S, Bornscheuer UT, Upaichit A, H-Kittikun A. Efficient phosphatidylserine synthesis by a phospholipase D fromStreptomycessp. SC734 isolated from soil-contaminated palm oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saovanee Choojit
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Thailand
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Apichat Upaichit
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Thailand
| | - Aran H-Kittikun
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Thailand
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21
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Damnjanović J, Kuroiwa C, Tanaka H, Ishida K, Nakano H, Iwasaki Y. Directing positional specificity in enzymatic synthesis of bioactive 1-phosphatidylinositol by protein engineering of a phospholipase D. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:62-71. [PMID: 26154602 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) holds a potential of becoming an important dietary supplement due to its effects on lipid metabolism in animals and humans manifested as a decrease of the blood cholesterol and lipids, and relief of the metabolic syndrome. To establish an efficient, enzymatic system for PI production from phosphatidylcholine and myo-inositol as an alcohol acceptor, our previous study started with the wild-type Streptomyces antibioticus phospholipase D (SaPLD) as a template for generation of PI-synthesizing variants by saturation mutagenesis targeting positions involved in acceptor accommodation, W187, Y191, and Y385. The isolated variants generated PI as a mixture of positional isomers, among which only 1-PI exists in nature. Thus, the current study has focused to improve positional specificity of W187N/Y191Y/Y385R SaPLD (NYR) which generates PI as a mixture of 1-PI and 3-PI in the ratio of 76/24, by subjecting four residues of its acceptor-binding site to saturation mutagenesis. Subsequent screening pointed at NYR-186T and NYR-186L as the most improved variants producing PI with a ratio of 1-/3-PI = 93/7 and 87/13, respectively, at 37°C. Lowering the reaction temperature further improved the specificity of both variants to 1-/3-PI > 97/3 at 20°C with no change in total PI yield. Structure model analyses imply that G186T and G186L mutations increased rigidity of the acceptor-binding site, thus limiting the possible orientations of myo-inositol. The two newly isolated PLDs are promising for future application in large-scale 1-PI production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Damnjanović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chisato Kuroiwa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Ishida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakano
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yugo Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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22
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Hama S, Ogino C, Kondo A. Enzymatic synthesis and modification of structured phospholipids: recent advances in enzyme preparation and biocatalytic processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7879-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Bi YH, Duan ZQ, Li XQ, Wang ZY, Zhao XR. Introducing biobased ionic liquids as the nonaqueous media for enzymatic synthesis of phosphatidylserine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1558-1561. [PMID: 25615568 DOI: 10.1021/jf505296k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biobased ionic liquids with cholinium as the cation and amino acids as the anions, which could be prepared from renewable biomaterials by simple neutralization reactions, have recently been described as promising and green solvents. Herein, they were successfully used as the reaction media for enzyme-mediated transphosphatidylation of phosphatidylcholine with l-serine for phosphatidylserine synthesis for the first time. Our results indicated that the highest phosphatidylserine yield of 86.5% was achieved. Moreover, 75% original activity of the enzyme was maintained after being used for 10 batches. The present work could be considered an alternative enzymatic strategy for preparing phosphatidylserine. Additionally, the excellent results make the biobased ionic liquids more promising candidates for use as environmentally friendly solvents in biocatalysis fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Bi
- School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology , Huai'an 223003, P. R. China
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24
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Bi YH, Duan ZQ, Du WY, Wang ZY. Improved synthesis of phosphatidylserine using bio-based solvents, limonene and p-cymene. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:115-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Pinsolle A, Roy P, Cansell M. Modulation of enzymatic PS synthesis by liposome membrane composition. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 115:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Casado V, Reglero G, Torres CF. Novel and efficient solid to solid transphosphatidylation of two phenylalkanols in a biphasic GRAS medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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27
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Damnjanović J, Nakano H, Iwasaki Y. Deletion of a dynamic surface loop improves stability and changes kinetic behavior of phosphatidylinositol-synthesizing Streptomyces phospholipase D. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:674-82. [PMID: 24222582 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Supplementary phosphatidylinositol (PI) was shown to improve lipid metabolism in animals, thus it is interesting for pharmaceutical and nutritional applications. Homogenous PI can be produced in transphosphatidylation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with myo-inositol catalyzed by phospholipase D (PLD). Only bacterial enzymes able to catalyze PI synthesis are Streptomyces antibioticus PLD (SaPLD) variants, among which DYR (W187D/Y191Y/Y385R) has the best kinetic profile. Increase in PI yield is possible by providing excess of solvated myo-inositol, which is achievable at high temperatures due to its highly temperature-dependent solubility. However, high-temperature PI synthesis requires the thermostable PLD. Previous site-directed combinatorial mutagenesis at the residues of DYR having high B-factor yielded the most improved variant, D40H/T291Y DYR, obtained by the combination of two selected mutations. D40 and T291 are located within dynamic surface loops, D37-G45 (termed D40 loop) and G273-T313. Thus, in this work, thermostabilization of DYR SaPLD was attempted by rational design based on deletion of the D40 loop, generating two variants, Δ37-45 DYR and Δ38-46 DYR PLD. Δ38-46 DYR showed highest thermostability as its activity half-life at 70°C proved 11.7 and 8.0 times longer than that of the DYR and Δ37-45 DYR, respectively. Studies on molecular dynamics predicted Δ38-46 DYR to have the least average RMSD change as temperature dramatically increases. At 60 and 70°C, both mutants synthesized PI in a twofold higher yield compared to the DYR, while at the same time produced less of the hydrolytic side-product, phosphatidic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Damnjanović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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28
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Production and Scale-up of phosphatidyl-tyrosol catalyzed by a food grade phospholipase D. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Enzymatic synthesis of phosphatidylserine using bile salt mixed micelles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 106:191-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Phospholipase D as a catalyst: application in phospholipid synthesis, molecular structure and protein engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:271-80. [PMID: 23639419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is a useful enzyme for its transphosphatidylation activity, which enables the enzymatic synthesis of various phospholipids (PLs). Many reports exist on PLD-mediated synthesis of natural and tailor-made PLs with functional head groups, from easily available lecithin or phosphatidylcholine. Early studies on PLD-mediated synthesis mainly employed enzymes of plant origin, which were later supplanted by ones from microorganisms, especially actinomycetes. Many PLDs are members of the PLD superfamily, having one or two copies of a signature sequence, HxKxxxxD or HKD motif, in the primary structures. PLD superfamily members share a common core structure, and thereby, a common catalytic mechanism. The catalysis proceeds via two-step reaction with the formation of phosphatidyl-enzyme intermediate. Both of the two catalytic His residues are critical in the reaction course, where one acts as a nucleophile, while the other functions as a general acid/base. PLD is being engineered to improve its activity and stability, alter head group specificity and further identify catalytically important residues. Since the knowledge on PLD enzymology is constantly expanding, this review focuses on recent advances in the field, regarding PLD-catalyzed synthesis of bioactive PLs, deeper understanding of substrate recognition and binding mechanism, altering substrate specificity, and improving thermostability. We introduced some of our recent results in combination with existing facts to further deepen the story on the nature of this useful enzyme.
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31
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Simple and Efficient Profiling of Phospholipids in Phospholipase D-modified Soy Lecithin by HPLC with Charged Aerosol Detection. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Efficient synthesis of phosphatidylserine in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. J Biotechnol 2013; 163:45-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Damnjanović J, Takahashi R, Suzuki A, Nakano H, Iwasaki Y. Improving thermostability of phosphatidylinositol-synthesizing Streptomyces phospholipase D. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:415-24. [PMID: 22718790 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aimed to produce thermostable phosphatidylinositol (PI)-synthesizing phospholipase D (PLD), we initiated site-directed combinatorial mutagenesis followed by high-throughput screening. Previous site-directed combinatorial mutagenesis of wild-type Streptomyces PLD produced a mutant, DYR (W187D/Y191Y/Y385R) with PI-synthesizing ability. Deriving PI as a product of transphosphatidylation between phosphatidylcholine and myo-inositol, with myo-inositol in excess at high-temperature reaction conditions can increase yield due to enhanced solubility of this substrate. Thus, we improved DYR's thermostability by introduction of random mutations into selected amino acid positions having high B-factor. Screening of the libraries under restricted conditions yielded single-point mutants, specifically D40H, T291Y and R329G. Combinations of these point mutations yielded double (D40H/T291Y, D40H/R329G and T291Y/R329G) and triple (D40H/T291Y/R329G) mutants. PI synthesis at elevated temperatures pointed at D40H/T291Y as the most efficient enzyme. Circular dichroism analysis revealed D40H/T291Y to have increased melting temperature and postponed onset of thermal unfolding compared with DYR. Thermal tolerance study at 65°C confirmed D40H/T291Y's thermostability as its half-inactivation time was 8.7 min longer compared with DYR. This mutant had significantly less root-mean-square deviation change compared with DYR and showed no change in root-mean-square fluctuation when temperature shifts from 40 to 60°C, as determined by molecular dynamics analysis. Acquired different degrees of thermostability were also observed for several other DYR mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Damnjanović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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34
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Cao H, Cheng Y, Huang P, Qi M. Investigation of charging behavior of PS particles in nonpolar solvents. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:445709. [PMID: 21988825 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/44/445709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The charging behavior of PS (polystyrene) particles dispersed in nonpolar solvent containing surfactant AOT (sodium di-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate) was researched by phase angle light scattering (PALS). The effects of the AOT concentration, the particle concentration and the particle size on the zeta potential of the particles were analyzed systemically. The results showed, at different particle concentrations (expressed in the volume fraction of 10(-5)-10(-3)), that the zeta potential could be adjusted by surfactant AOT over a wide concentration range of 0.001-100 mM. An obvious difference of zeta potential on particle concentration was revealed between the high AOT concentrations (beyond 10 mM) and the low ones (below 1 mM). Meantime, it was found that the relationship of particle size to zeta potential showed a great discrepancy between the dilute particle concentrations (below 10(-4)) and the concentrated ones (beyond 6 × 10(-4)). These findings were consistent with the mechanism of preferential adsorption of the charged micelles in nonpolar solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Cao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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35
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Boettcher JM, Davis-Harrison RL, Clay MC, Nieuwkoop AJ, Ohkubo YZ, Tajkhorshid E, Morrissey JH, Rienstra CM. Atomic view of calcium-induced clustering of phosphatidylserine in mixed lipid bilayers. Biochemistry 2011; 50:2264-73. [PMID: 21294564 PMCID: PMC3069658 DOI: 10.1021/bi1013694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Membranes play key regulatory roles in biological processes, with bilayer composition exerting marked effects on binding affinities and catalytic activities of a number of membrane-associated proteins. In particular, proteins involved in diverse processes such as vesicle fusion, intracellular signaling cascades, and blood coagulation interact specifically with anionic lipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS) in the presence of Ca(2+) ions. While Ca(2+) is suspected to induce PS clustering in mixed phospholipid bilayers, the detailed structural effects of this ion on anionic lipids are not established. In this study, combining magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) measurements of isotopically labeled serine headgroups in mixed lipid bilayers with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of PS lipid bilayers in the presence of different counterions, we provide site-resolved insights into the effects of Ca(2+) on the structure and dynamics of lipid bilayers. Ca(2+)-induced conformational changes of PS in mixed bilayers are observed in both liposomes and Nanodiscs, a nanoscale membrane mimetic of bilayer patches. Site-resolved multidimensional correlation SSNMR spectra of bilayers containing (13)C,(15)N-labeled PS demonstrate that Ca(2+) ions promote two major PS headgroup conformations, which are well resolved in two-dimensional (13)C-(13)C, (15)N-(13)C, and (31)P-(13)C spectra. The results of MD simulations performed on PS lipid bilayers in the presence or absence of Ca(2+) provide an atomic view of the conformational effects underlying the observed spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Boettcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | | | - Mary C. Clay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Andrew J. Nieuwkoop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Y. Zenmei Ohkubo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - James H. Morrissey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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36
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Nakazawa Y, Sagane Y, Kikuchi T, Uchino M, Nagai T, Sato H, Toeda K, Takano K. Purification, Biochemical Characterization, and Cloning of Phospholipase D from Streptomyces racemochromogenes Strain 10-3. Protein J 2010; 29:598-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-010-9292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Suzuri K, Yamamoto Y, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K. Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol catalyzed by phospholipase D in an aqueous system. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:719-23. [PMID: 19169886 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-9929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was synthesized from several phosphatidylcholines (PCs) via phospholipase D (PLD)-catalyzed transphosphatidylation in an aqueous system. The yield of PG were 71 and 68 mol% from soybean PC and egg yolk PC, respectively, under the optimum reaction conditions of 50 micromol PC, 10 mmol glycerol, 3 ml of acetate buffer, 1.6 U PLD, and 30 micromol CaCl(2) at 37 degrees C for 48 h. In case of salmon roe PC with 14.3% eicosapentaenoic acid and 26.8% docosahexaenoic acid, the PG yield increased to 94 mol% by addition of 46 mumol alpha-tocopherol, although the PG yield was only 10% in absence of alpha-tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kounosuke Suzuri
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
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38
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Zhang YN, Lu FP, Chen GQ, Li Y, Wang JL. Expression, purification, and characterization of phosphatidylserine synthase from Escherichia coli K12 in Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:122-126. [PMID: 19072541 DOI: 10.1021/jf802664u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although phosphatidylserine synthase (PSS) from Escherichia coli is an ideal enzyme for phospholipid production, its application in the food industry has been limited because of the low PSS yield. In this study, the pss gene was cloned from E. coli K(12) and expressed in Bacillus subtilis DB104, and the recombinant PSS was characterized subsequently. PSS was purified to 39.59-fold, and the highest activity was detected as 13.62 U/mg. The enzyme was found to be stable in a pH range of 6.5-9.5, with optimal pH values of 8.0 for hydrolysis and 7.0 for transphosphatidylation, respectively. The optimal temperature for PSS activity was 35 degrees C. The enzyme activity could be detected after 1 h of heating at 65 degrees C. Among the detected detergents and metal ions, Triton X-100, Ca(2+), Mn(2+), and Co(2+) could improve PSS activity. The transformation of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylserine under PSS catalyzation was carried out in a biphasic system, which confirmed the actual catalyzing ability of the recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ni Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 300457 Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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39
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Nakazawa Y, Uchino M, Sagane Y, Sato H, Takano K. Isolation and characterization of actinomycetes strains that produce phospholipase D having high transphosphatidylation activity. Microbiol Res 2009; 164:43-8. [PMID: 17307346 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to screen microorganisms that produce phospholipase D (PLD), and we especially focused on the strains having high transphosphatidylation activity. Eighty bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples by a screening method utilizing a preliminary selection medium with phosphatidylcholine (PC) as the sole carbon source. The culture supernatants were then assayed for PLD activity. The finding of dual PLD activities in cultures revealed that the hydrolytic and transphosphatidylation activities were correlated. Consequently, six strains were selected as stably producing PLD enzyme(s) during continuous subcultures. The culture supernatants of selected strains synthesized phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine from PC with high conversion rates. These isolated strains will be made available to carry out phospholipid modification through the efficient transphosphatidylation activity of the PLD that they produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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Yamamoto Y, Hosokawa M, Kurihara H, Miyashita K. Preparation of Phosphatidylated Terpenes via Phospholipase D-Mediated Transphosphatidylation. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-008-1206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Piazza GJ, Marmer WN. Conversion of Phosphatidylcholine to Phosphatidylglycerol with Phospholipase D and Glycerol. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-007-1081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Hossain Z, Konishi M, Hosokawa M, Takahashi K. Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine on butyrate-induced growth inhibition, differentiation and apoptosis in Caco-2 cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2006; 24:159-65. [PMID: 15648055 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are fascinating in terms of important bio-functional compounds. The present work investigated the effect of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) on butyrate-induced growth inhibition, differentiation and apoptosis using Caco-2 cells. Growth inhibition of Caco-2 cells became apparent 24 h after addition of PC while it took 48 h with PS. Alkaline phosphatase activity of Caco-2 cells increased with combined PC or PS and sodium butyrate (NaBT) at 72 h, indicating that PC and PS enhanced cell differentiation in the presence of NaBT. An increased enrichment factor was also found when cells were treated with combinations of PC or PS and NaBT. These results suggest that marine PC and PS can be considered to be potentially useful colon cancer chemotherapy agents with high bio-availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Hossain
- Division of Marine Biosciences, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
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Phospholipases: Occurrence and production in microorganisms, assay for high-throughput screening, and gene discovery from natural and man-made diversity. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-005-1131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Guo Z, Vikbjerg AF, Xu X. Enzymatic modification of phospholipids for functional applications and human nutrition. Biotechnol Adv 2005; 23:203-59. [PMID: 15763405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in biochemistry of phospholipids and evolution of modern bioengineering has brought forth a number of novel concepts and technical advancements in the modification of phospholipids for industrial applications and human nutrition. Highlights cover preparation of novel phospholipid analogs based on the latest understanding of pivotal role of phospholipids in manifold biological processes, exploration of remarkable application potentials of phospholipids in meliorating human health, as well as development of new chemical and biotechnological approaches applied to the modification of phospholipids. This work reviews the natural occurrence and structural characteristics of phospholipids, their updated knowledge on manifold biological and nutritional functions, traditional and novel physical and chemical approaches to modify phospholipids as well as their applications to obtain novel phospholipids, and brief introduction of the efforts focusing on de novo syntheses of phospholipids. Special attention is given to the summary of molecular structural characteristics and catalytic properties of multiple phospholipases, which helps to interpret experimental phenomena and to improve reaction design. This will of course provide fundamental bases also for the development of enzymatic technology to produce structured or modified phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guo
- Food Biotechnology and Engineering Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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45
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Ulbrich-Hofmann R, Lerchner A, Oblozinsky M, Bezakova L. Phospholipase D and its application in biocatalysis. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:535-44. [PMID: 15973486 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-3251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) from plants or microorganisms is used as biocatalyst in the transformation of phospholipids and phospholipid analogs in both laboratory and industrial scale. In recent years the elucidation of the primary structure of many PLDs from several sources, as well as the resolution of the first crystal structure of a microbial PLD, have yielded new insights into the structural basis and the catalytic mechanism of this catalyst. This review summarizes some new results of PLD research in the light of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Ulbrich-Hofmann
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany.
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