Classification of Turkish Monocultivar (Ayvalık and Memecik cv.) Virgin Olive Oils from North and South Zones of Aegean Region Based on Their Triacyglycerol Profiles

Purity of Olive Oil Commercially Available in Poland

The aim of this study was to examine olive oils purchased in Poland for their compliance with label declarations and EEC criteria. Statistical analysis was used to compare the olive oils in terms of their content and composition of essential constituents and color parameters. Fifty olive oils (extra virgin, bioextra virgin, cold-pressed, refined, and pomace) from different countries (Spain, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Germany, France, Israel, and the European Union), were purchased commercially in Poland. The contents of triacylglycerols, sterols, and tocopherols, the fatty acid composition, and the color parameters were determined using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Statistical methods were used to divide the olive oils into clusters. Our results show that the composition and color parameters of olive oils available commercially in Poland, excluding pomace olive oils, are similar. It can thus be concluded that, irrespective of the type of olive oil stated on the label, their quality is the same or very similar.

Potential Health Benefits of Olive Oil and Plant Polyphenols

Beneficial effects of natural plant polyphenols on the human body have been evaluated in a number of scientific research projects. Bioactive polyphenols are natural compounds of various chemical structures. Their sources are mostly fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds, roots, bark, leaves of different plants, herbs, whole grain products, processed foods (dark chocolate), as well as tea, coffee, and red wine. Polyphenols are believed to reduce morbidity and/or slow down the development of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases as well as cancer. Biological activity of polyphenols is strongly related to their antioxidant properties. They tend to reduce the pool of reactive oxygen species as well as to neutralize potentially carcinogenic metabolites. A broad spectrum of health-promoting properties of plant polyphenols comprises antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-atherogenic, anti-thrombotic, and anti-mutagenic effects. Scientific studies present the ability of polyphenols to modulate the human immune system by affecting the proliferation of white blood cells, and also the production of cytokines or other factors that participate in the immunological defense. The aim of the review is to focus on polyphenols of olive oil in context of their biological activities.

Olive oil authentication: A comparative analysis of regulatory frameworks with especial emphasis on quality and authenticity indices, and recent analytical techniques developed for their assessment. A review

Over the last decades, olive oil quality and authenticity control has become an issue of great importance to consumers, suppliers, retailers, and regulators in both traditional and emerging olive oil producing countries, mainly due to the increasing worldwide popularity and the trade globalization of this product. Thus, in order to ensure olive oil authentication, various national and international laws and regulations have been adopted, although some of them are actually causing an enormous debate about the risk that they can represent for the harmonization of international olive oil trade standards. Within this context, this review was designed to provide a critical overview and comparative analysis of selected regulatory frameworks for olive oil authentication, with special emphasis on the quality and purity criteria considered by these regulation systems, their thresholds and the analytical methods employed for monitoring them. To complete the general overview, recent analytical advances to overcome drawbacks and limitations of the official methods to evaluate olive oil quality and to determine possible adulterations were reviewed. Furthermore, the latest trends on analytical approaches to assess the olive oil geographical and varietal origin traceability were also examined.

Determination of Volatiles by Odor Activity Value and Phenolics of cv. Ayvalik Early-Harvest Olive Oil

Ayvalik is an important olive cultivar producing high quality oils in Turkey. In the present study, volatile and phenolic compositions of early-harvest extra virgin olive oil (cv. Ayvalik) were determined. The solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) technique was used for the extraction of volatile components. The aromatic extract obtained by SAFE was representative of the olive oil odor. A total of 32 aroma compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes, esters, and an acid, were identified in the olive oil. Aldehydes and alcohols were qualitatively and quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in the oil sample. Of these, six volatile components presented odor activity values (OAVs) greater than one, with (Z)-3-hexenal (green), hexanal (green-sweet) and nonanal (fatty-pungent) being those with the highest OAVs in olive oil. A total of 14 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector and ion spray mass spectrometry. The major phenolic compounds were found as 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, 3,4-DHPEA-EA and p-HPEA-EDA.

One-class classification based authentication of peanut oils by fatty acid profiles

In this study, the authenticity identification model was built by the one-class partial least squares (OCPLS) classifier for peanut oils, which could effectively detect adulterated oils at the adulteration level of more than 4%.

Characterization of volatile components in four vegetable oils by headspace two-dimensional comprehensive chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Edible oil adulteration is the biggest source of food fraud all over the world. Since characteristic aroma is an important quality criterion for edible oils, we analyzed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in four edible vegetable oils (soybean, peanut, rapeseed, and sunflower seed oils) by headspace comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Headspace-GC×GC-TOFMS) in this study. After qualitative and quantitative analysis of VOCs, we used unsupervised (PCA) and supervised (Random forests) multivariate statistical methods to build a classification model for the four edible oils. The results indicated that the four edible oils had their own characteristic VOCs, which could be used as markers to completely classify these four edible oils into four groups.