Production of Lipase from Geotrichum candidum Using Corn Steep Liquor in Different Bioreactors

Agri-residues and agro-industrial waste substrates bioconversion by fungal cultures to biocatalyst lipase for green chemistry: A review

Huge amounts of agri-residues generated from food crops and processing are discarded in landfills, causing environmental problems. There is an urgent need to manage them with a green technological approach. Agri-residues are rich in nutrients such as proteins, lipids, sugars, minerals etc., and provide an opportunity for bioconversion into value-added products. Considering the importance of lipase as a biocatalyst for various industrial applications and its growing need for economic production, a detailed review of bioconversion of agri-residues and agro-industrial substrate for the production of lipase from fungal species from a technological perspective has been reported for the first time. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram was used for the identification and selection of articles from ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from 2010 to 2023 (July), and 108 peer-reviewed journal articles were included based on the scope of the study. The composition of agri-residues/agro-industrial wastes, fungal species, lipase production, industrial/green chemistry applications, and the economic impact of using agri-residues on lipase costs have been discussed. Bioconversion procedure, process developments, and technology gaps required to be addressed before commercialization have also been discussed. This process expects to decrease the environmental pollution from wastes, and low-cost lipase can help in the growth of the bioeconomy.

Corn Steep Liquor: Green Biological Resources for Bioindustry

Corn steep liquor (CSL) is a by-product of the wet milling process and contains mostly crude proteins, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, reducing sugars, organic acids, enzymes and other nutrients. The concentration of organic matter in the CSL is high and the yield is large. If directly discharged into the integrated wastewater treatment system, the load and cost of wastewater treatment will be greatly increased. On the other hand, most of the organic matter in the CSL is a valuable resource that can be reused and recovered, and has a significant resource potential. How to develop and utilize CSL has become a major problem faced by enterprises and society. In recent years, people have done a lot of research on the comprehensive utilization of CSL. CSL is commonly used as an inexpensive source of nitrogen, carbon or vitamins in the production of glutamate, antibiotics, lactic acid and other biotechnologies. This article reviews the active ingredients of CSL and their analytical methods, as well as its use for microbial culture medium, low-cost animal feed, biosurfactant, and biostimulant.

Sustainable Lipase Production by Diutina rugosa NRRL Y-95 Through a Combined Use of Agro-Industrial Residues as Feedstock

The potential use of alternative culture media towards the development of a sustainable bioprocess to produce lipases by Diutina rugosa is clearly demonstrated. First, a synthetic medium containing glucose, peptone, yeast extract, oleic acid, and ammonium sulfate was proposed, with lipase activity of 143 U/L. Then, alternative culture media formulated with agro-industrial residues, such as molasses, corn steep liquor (CSL), and olive mill waste (OMW), were investigated. An experimental design was conducted, and only CSL concentration was found to have a positive effect in lipase production. The highest lipase activity (561 U/L) was produced on a mixture of molasses (5 g/L), CSL (6 g/L), OMW (0.5% v/v), 0.5 g/L of ammonium sulfate, and 3 g/L of peptone at 24 h of cultivation. Lipase production was also carried out in a 1-L bioreactor leading to a slightly higher lipase activity at 24 h of cultivation. The semi-purified enzyme exhibits an optimum temperature and pH of 40 °C and 7.0, respectively. Finally, the media cost per unit of lipase produced (UPC) was influenced by the medium components, specially by the inducer used. The lowest UPC was obtained when the agro-industrial residues were combined and used at the improved concentrations.

Production of chlorothalonil hydrolytic dehalogenase from agro-industrial wastewater and its application in raw food cleaning

BACKGROUND

To reduce the fermentation cost for industrialization of chlorothalonil hydrolytic dehalogenase (Chd), agro-industrial wastewaters including molasses, corn steep liquor (CSL) and fermentation wastewater were used to substitute for expensive carbon and nitrogen sources and fresh water for lab preparation.

RESULTS

The results showed that molasses and CSL could replace 5% carbon source and 100% organic nitrogen source respectively to maintain the same fermentation level. Re-fermentation from raffinate of ultra-filtered fermentation wastewater could achieve 61.03% of initial Chd activity and reach 96.39% activity when cultured in a mixture of raffinate and 50% of original medium constituent. Typical raw foods were chosen to evaluate the chlorothalonil removal ability of Chd. After Chd treatment for 2 h at room temperature, 97.40 and 75.55% of 30 mg kg^-1 chlorothalonil on cherry tomato and strawberry respectively and 60.29% of 50 mg kg^-1 chlorothalonil on Chinese cabbage were removed. Furthermore, the residual activity of the enzyme remained at 78-82% after treatment, suggesting its potential for reuse.

CONCLUSION

This study proved the cost-feasibility of large-scale production of Chd from agro-industrial wastewater and demonstrated the potential of Chd in raw food cleaning. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.