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Abstract
Biodiesel was produced via transesterification reaction catalyzed by acids, bases, enzymes or supercritical fluids. The catalysis was homogeneous or heterogeneous and the process could be carried out in batch or using a continuous flow process. Microreactors allowed us to obtain better control of the experimental variables, such as temperature, pressure and flow rate, carrying out the reactions in safe conditions, avoiding exothermic and dangerous processes. The synthetic methodologies in continuous flow, combined with other technologies as microwave irradiation or ultrasounds, led to complete automation of the process with an increase in efficiency, also applicable on an industrial scale.
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2
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Chaudhuri A, Temelli EB, Hop CJW, Sureshkumar VP, van der Schaaf J. Transesterification of Triglycerides in a Rotor–Stator Spinning Disc Reactor: Scale-Up and Solid Handling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chaudhuri
- Sustainable Process Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erdem B. Temelli
- Sustainable Process Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christianus J. W. Hop
- Sustainable Process Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vishnu P. Sureshkumar
- Sustainable Process Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - John van der Schaaf
- Sustainable Process Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Biodiesel production from mixed oils: A sustainable approach towards industrial biofuel production. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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4
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Chen C, Cai D, Qin P, Chen B, Wang Z, Tan T. Bio-plasticizer production by hybrid acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation with full cell catalysis of Candida sp. 99-125. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 257:217-222. [PMID: 29505980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid process that integrated fermentation, pervaporation and esterification was established aiming to improve the economic feasibility of the conventional acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process. Candida sp 99-125 cells were used as full-cell catalyst. The feasibility of batch and fed-batch esterification using the ABE permeate of pervaporation (ranging from 286.9 g/L to 402.9 g/L) as substrate were compared. Valuable butyl oleate was produced along with ethyl oleate. For the batch esterification, due to severe inhibition of substrate to lipase, the yield of butyl oleate and ethyl oleate were only 24.9% and 3.3%, respectively. In contrast, 75% and 11.8% of butyl oleate and ethyl oleate were obtained, respectively, at the end of the fed-batch esterification. The novel integration process provides a promising strategy for in situ upgrading ABE products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjing Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Di Cai
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Peiyong Qin
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Biqiang Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
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5
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Lin JJ, Chen YW. Production of biodiesel by transesterification of Jatropha oil with microwave heating. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Wang Y, Li T, Muzzio FJ, Glasser BJ. Predicting feeder performance based on material flow properties. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Continuous production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil by ultrasonic assist transesterification in supercritical ethanol. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Satriana, Arpi N, Lubis YM, Adisalamun, Supardan MD, Mustapha WAW. Diacylglycerol-enriched oil production using chemical glycerolysis. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satriana
- Department of Agriculture Product Technology; Syiah Kuala University; Darussalam Banda Aceh Indonesia
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Normalina Arpi
- Department of Agriculture Product Technology; Syiah Kuala University; Darussalam Banda Aceh Indonesia
| | - Yanti Meldasari Lubis
- Department of Agriculture Product Technology; Syiah Kuala University; Darussalam Banda Aceh Indonesia
| | - Adisalamun
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Syiah Kuala University; Darussalam Banda Aceh Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Dani Supardan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Syiah Kuala University; Darussalam Banda Aceh Indonesia
| | - Wan Aida Wan Mustapha
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi Selangor DE Malaysia
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9
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Angelovič M, Jablonický J, Tkáč Z, Angelovič M. Oxidative stability of fatty acid alkyl esters: a review. POTRAVINARSTVO 2015. [DOI: 10.5219/500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Optimization of the lipase-catalyzed irreversible transesterification of Pistacia chinensis Bunge seed oil for biodiesel production. Russ Chem Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Luu PD, Truong HT, Luu BV, Pham LN, Imamura K, Takenaka N, Maeda Y. Production of biodiesel from Vietnamese Jatropha curcas oil by a co-solvent method. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 173:309-316. [PMID: 25310867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel fuels (BDFs) was successfully produced from Vietnamese Jatropha curcas oil with high content of free fatty acids (FFAs) in two stages. In the first stage, the esterification process was carried out with the optimal conditions as follows; a methanol-to-FFAs molar ratio of 6:1, 1 wt% H2SO4, at a temperature of 65 °C, and using 30% (wt/wt) acetonitrile as co-solvent. This step reduced the concentration of FFAs in the reaction mixture from 15.93 to 2 wt% in 60 min. In the second stage, the transesterification process generated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with 99% efficiency was performed in 30 min with the optimal conditions as follows; a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, 1 wt% KOH, at a temperature of 40 °C, and 20% (wt/wt) acetone as co-solvent. The produced biodiesel quality meets the standards JIS K2390 and EN 14214 regarding FAME yield, FFAs and water contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Duc Luu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, VNU, 19 Le Thanh Tong St., Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Hoa Thi Truong
- Danang Environmental Technology Center, Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Tran Dai Nghia Road, Ngu Hanh Son District, Danang, Viet Nam.
| | - Boi Van Luu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, VNU, 19 Le Thanh Tong St., Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Lan Ngoc Pham
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, VNU, 19 Le Thanh Tong St., Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Kyoshi Imamura
- Research Organization for University-Community Collaborations, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Norimichi Takenaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Yasuaki Maeda
- Research Organization for University-Community Collaborations, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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12
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Dai JY, Li DY, Zhao YC, Xiu ZL. Statistical Optimization for Biodiesel Production from Soybean Oil in a Microchannel Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4037005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Dai
- School
of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Yuan Li
- School
of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chao Zhao
- Dalian
National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Long Xiu
- School
of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Thanh LT, Okitsu K, Maeda Y, Bandow H. Ultrasound assisted production of fatty acid methyl esters from transesterification of triglycerides with methanol in the presence of KOH catalyst: optimization, mechanism and kinetics. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:467-471. [PMID: 24161255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound assisted transesterification of triglycerides (TG) with methanol in the presence of KOH catalyst was investigated, where the changes in the reactants and products (diglycerides (DG), monoglycerides (MG), fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerin (GL)) concentrations were discussed to understand the reaction mechanism and kinetics under ultrasound irradiation. The optimum reaction condition for the FAME production was the concentration of KOH 1.0 wt.%, molar ratio of TG to methanol of 1:6, and irradiation time of 25 min. The rate constants during the TG transesterification with methanol into GL and FAME were estimated by a curve fitting method with simulated curves to the obtained experimental results. The rate constants of [Formula: see text] were estimated to be 0.21, 0.008, 0.23, 0.005, 0.14 and 0.001 L mol(-1)min(-1), respectively. The rate determining step for the TG transesterification with methanol into GL and FAME was the reaction of MG with methanol into GL and FAME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Tu Thanh
- Research Organization for University-Community Collaborations, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Sciences, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu St., Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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15
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Sivaramakrishnan R, Muthukumar K. Direct transesterification of Oedogonium sp. oil be using immobilized isolated novel Bacillus sp. lipase. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Sulfonic acid functionalized solid acid: an alternative eco-friendly approach for transesterification of non-edible oils with high free fatty acids. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-1041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Martínez Arias EL, Fazzio Martins P, Jardini Munhoz AL, Gutierrez-Rivera L, Maciel Filho R. Continuous Synthesis and in Situ Monitoring of Biodiesel Production in Different Microfluidic Devices. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie300486v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar L. Martínez Arias
- Laboratory of Optimization,
Design, and Advanced Control (LOPCA), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein,
500, 13083-852, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fazzio Martins
- Laboratory of Optimization,
Design, and Advanced Control (LOPCA), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein,
500, 13083-852, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Earth and Exact
Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, 09972-270, Diadema, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - André L. Jardini Munhoz
- Laboratory of Optimization,
Design, and Advanced Control (LOPCA), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein,
500, 13083-852, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Gutierrez-Rivera
- National Institute
for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan
Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rubens Maciel Filho
- Laboratory of Optimization,
Design, and Advanced Control (LOPCA), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein,
500, 13083-852, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Catalytic Technologies for Biodiesel Fuel Production and Utilization of Glycerol: A Review. Catalysts 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/catal2010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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19
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Anikeev V, Stepanov D, Yermakova A. Thermodynamics of Phase and Chemical Equilibrium in the Processes of Biodiesel Fuel Synthesis in Subcritical and Supercritical Methanol. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie202379u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Stepanov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Novosibirsk,
Russia
| | - Anna Yermakova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Novosibirsk,
Russia
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20
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Abstract
Reducing dependence of any country on imported crude oil is of critical importance for long-term security and continued economic growth. Supplementing petroleum consumption with renewable biomass resources is a first step towards this goal. The realignment of the chemical industry from one of petrochemical refining to a bio-refinery concept is, given time, feasible has become a national goal of many oil-importing countries. However, clearly defined goals are necessary for construction of a biorefinery and the increasing the use of biomass-derived feedstocks in industrial chemical production and it is important to keep the goal in perspective. In this context, the increased use of biofuels should be viewed as one of a range of possible measures for achieving self sufficiency in energy, rather than a panacea (Crocker and Crofcheck, 2006).
A biorefinery is the means by which biomass can be converted to other products - in the current context the other products are biofuels which have the potential to replace certain petroleum-derived fuels.
One aspect of designing a refinery for any feedstocks is the composition of the feedstocks. For example a heavy oil refinery would differ somewhat from a conventional refinery and a refinery for tar sand bitumen would be significantly different to both. Similarly, and because the chemical and physical composition of biomass is variable, there is no obvious simple design panacea for a biorefinery. The variation in the properties of biomass feedstocks dictates that different process options will be necessary in the near-term for converting biomass to biofuels.
This chapter presents the different biomass feedstocks that might be used in a biorefinery and offers descriptions of the various conversion options.
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Richard R, Li Y, Dubreuil B, Thiebaud-Roux S, Prat L. On-line monitoring of the transesterification reaction between triglycerides and ethanol using near infrared spectroscopy combined with gas chromatography. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:6702-6709. [PMID: 21514822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many analytical procedures have been developed to determine the composition of reaction mixtures during transesterification of vegetable oils with alcohols. However, despite their accuracy, these methods are time consuming and cannot be easily used for on-line monitoring. In this work, a fast analytical method was developed to on-line monitor the transesterification reaction of high oleic sunflower oil with ethanol using Near InfraRed spectroscopy and a multivariate approach. The reactions were monitored through sequential scans of the reaction medium with a probe in a one-liter batch reactor without collecting and preparing samples. To calibrate the NIR analytical method, gas chromatography-flame ionization detection was used as a reference method. The method was validated by studying the kinetics of the EtONa-catalyzed transesterification reaction. Activation energy (51.0 kJ/mol) was also determined by considering a pseudo second order kinetics model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Richard
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, LCA (Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle), ENSIACET, 4 allée Emile Monso, F-31030 Toulouse, France
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22
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Su E, Du L, Gong X, Wang P. Lipase-Catalyzed Irreversible Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas L. Seed Oil to Fatty Acid Esters: An Optimization Study. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Dukare MB, Awasthi DS, Sapkal DV, Sapkal DR. Two Step Process for Biodiesel Production Using Non-Edible Oils. Chem Ind 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2010.547762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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24
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Komers K, Skopal F, Cegan A. Continuous biodiesel production in a cascade of flow ideally stirred reactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:3772-3775. [PMID: 20093008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The continuous methanolysis of rapeseed oil catalyzed by KOH in a cascade of 4 flow stirred reactors at a steady state of 60 degrees C was studied. By comparing of the determined steady state concentrations of rapeseed oil, biodiesel and KOH in the reactors (under various initial concentrations of these components and feeding) with the assumed kinetic model the rate constants of the relevant differential rate equations for rapeseed oil consumption and biodiesel production were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Komers
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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25
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Kolaczkowski S, Asli U, Davidson M. A new heterogeneous ZnL2 catalyst on a structured support for biodiesel production. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Kashid MN, Kiwi-Minsker L. Microstructured Reactors for Multiphase Reactions: State of the Art. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie8017912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhvanand N. Kashid
- Group of Catalytic Reaction Engineering (GGRC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-SB-ISIC-GGRC, station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lioubov Kiwi-Minsker
- Group of Catalytic Reaction Engineering (GGRC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-SB-ISIC-GGRC, station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Rodrigues S, Mazzone LCA, Santos FFP, Cruz MGA, Fernandes FAN. Optimization of the production of ethyl esters by ultrasound assisted reaction of soybean oil and ethanol. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66322009000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Fjerbaek L, Christensen KV, Norddahl B. A review of the current state of biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1298-315. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Behzadi S, Farid MM. Production of biodiesel using a continuous gas-liquid reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:683-689. [PMID: 18672363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel continuous reactor process has been developed for the production of biodiesel from fats and oils. The key feature of the process is its ability to operate continuously with a high reaction rate, potentially requiring less post reaction cleaning and product/reactant separation than currently established processes. This was achieved by atomising the heated oil/fat and then spraying it into a reaction chamber filled with methanol vapor in a counter current flow arrangement. This allows the continuous separation of product and the excess methanol stream in the reactor. The overall conversion based on a single cycle of this process has been between 50% and 96% of the feed stock materials. Conversions of 94-96% were achieved while operating with 5-7 g of sodium methoxide/L of methanol at methanol flow rate of 17.2 L/h and oil flow rate of 10 L/h. Additional variations in the reactant stoichiometry (i.e. reactant flow rates), catalyst type/concentration, and reaction temperature on the overall product conversion were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Behzadi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019 Auckland, New Zealand
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31
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Jachuck R, Pherwani G, Gorton SM. Green engineering: continuous production of biodiesel using an alkaline catalyst in an intensified narrow channel reactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:642-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b807390m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Sivasamy A, Cheah KY, Fornasiero P, Kemausuor F, Zinoviev S, Miertus S. Catalytic applications in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils. CHEMSUSCHEM 2009; 2:278-300. [PMID: 19360707 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200800253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The predicted shortage of fossil fuels and related environmental concerns have recently attracted significant attention to scientific and technological issues concerning the conversion of biomass into fuels. First-generation biodiesel, obtained from vegetable oils and animal fats by transesterification, relies on commercial technology and rich scientific background, though continuous progress in this field offers opportunities for improvement. This review focuses on new catalytic systems for the transesterification of oils to the corresponding ethyl/methyl esters of fatty acids. It also addresses some innovative/emerging technologies for the production of biodiesel, such as the catalytic hydrocracking of vegetable oils to hydrocarbons. The special role of the catalyst as a key to efficient technology is outlined, together with the other important factors that affect the yield and quality of the product, including feedstock-related properties and various system conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Sivasamy
- Area of Pure and Applied Chemistry, International Centre for Science and High Technology-United Nations Industrial Development Organization (ICS-UNIDO), Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
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Noureddini H, Bandlamudi SRP, Guthrie EA. A Novel Method for the Production of Biodiesel from the Whole Stillage-Extracted Corn Oil. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-008-1318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lucena IL, Silva GF, Fernandes FAN. Biodiesel Production by Esterification of Oleic Acid with Methanol Using a Water Adsorption Apparatus. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800547h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabelly L. Lucena
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 709, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, and Tecnologias Bioenergéticas Ltda., Avenida Santos Dumont, 2088/701, 60150-160 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Giovanilton F. Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 709, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, and Tecnologias Bioenergéticas Ltda., Avenida Santos Dumont, 2088/701, 60150-160 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fabiano A. N. Fernandes
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Universitário do Pici, Bloco 709, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, and Tecnologias Bioenergéticas Ltda., Avenida Santos Dumont, 2088/701, 60150-160 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Leevijit T, Tongurai C, Prateepchaikul G, Wisutmethangoon W. Performance test of a 6-stage continuous reactor for palm methyl ester production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:214-21. [PMID: 17258453 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Effects of residence time (3-12 min), stirrer speed (0-800 rpm), and NaOH concentration (0.25-1.0 wt% of oil) on the production performance of the designed 6-stage continuous reactor (2.272 l) for transesterification of palm oil were investigated at molar ratio of methanol to oil of 6:1 and temperature of 60 degrees C. Higher stirrer speed increased the reaction rate up to an appropriate speed but excessive stirrer speed decreased the reaction rate. Inappropriate stirrer speed runs dramatically decreased the production capacity of the reactor. Higher NaOH concentration significantly increased reaction rate and production capacity of the reactor. The reactor had a residence time distribution equivalent to 5.98 ideal CSTRs in series and a production performance equivalent to a plug flow reactor. At NaOH of 1.0 wt% of oil, the reactor could produce saleable biodiesel within residence time of 6 min in which a production capacity was 17.3 l/h and a power consumption of stirrer was 0.6 kW/m(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Leevijit
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology, Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand.
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36
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Su EZ, Zhang MJ, Zhang JG, Gao JF, Wei DZ. Lipase-catalyzed irreversible transesterification of vegetable oils for fatty acid methyl esters production with dimethyl carbonate as the acyl acceptor. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Stavarache C, Vinatoru M, Maeda Y, Bandow H. Ultrasonically driven continuous process for vegetable oil transesterification. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2007; 14:413-7. [PMID: 17223376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A bench scale continuous process for the manufacture of biodiesel from neat vegetable oils under high power low frequency ultrasonic irradiation was investigated. The experimental studies explored variations in alcohol-oil stoichiometry and type of oil. Important parameters such as residence time and reaction volume were considered. The highest conversion was achieved when short residence time was employed. The transesterification under ultrasonic irradiation is mainly influenced by the residence time in the reactor and alcohol-oil molar ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Stavarache
- Costin D. Nenitzescu Institute of Organic Chemistry, 060023 Bucharest, P.O. Box 35-108, Romania
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38
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Glycerolysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters: 2. Simulation and Experiments in Continuous Reactors. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-006-1010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mbaraka IK, McGuire KJ, Shanks BH. Acidic Mesoporous Silica for the Catalytic Conversion of Fatty Acids in Beef Tallow. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0601089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isa K. Mbaraka
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Kyle J. McGuire
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Brent H. Shanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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41
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Biodiesel from Transesterification of Cottonseed Oil by Heterogeneous catalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(06)81556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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42
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Stavarache C, Vinatoru M, Nishimura R, Maeda Y. Fatty acids methyl esters from vegetable oil by means of ultrasonic energy. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2005; 12:367-372. [PMID: 15590311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The transesterification of vegetable oil with short-chain alcohols, in the presence of base-catalyst, by means of low frequency ultrasound (28 and 40 kHz) in order to obtain biodiesel fuel was studied. By using ultrasounds the reaction time is much shorter (10-40 min) than for mechanical stirring. The quantity of required catalyst is 2 or 3 times lower. The molar ratio of alcohol/oil used is only 6:1. Normal chain alcohols react fast, while secondary and tertiary alcohols show some or no conversion after 60 min of reaction. Surprisingly, 40 kHz ultrasounds are much more effective in the reduction of the reaction time (10-20 min). Twenty eight kilohertz give slightly better yields (98-99%), but longer reaction time, while higher frequencies are not useful at all for the transesterification of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Stavarache
- Costin D. Nenitzescu Institute of Organic Chemistry, 71141 Bucharest, P.O. Box 15-254, Romania
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43
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Chiu CW, Goff MJ, Suppes GJ. Distribution of methanol and catalysts between biodiesel and glycerin phases. AIChE J 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Vicente G, Martínez M, Aracil J. Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2004; 92:297-305. [PMID: 14766164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2002] [Revised: 08/06/2003] [Accepted: 08/31/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The most common catalysts for biodiesel production are homogeneous basic catalysts. In the present paper, a comparison is made of different basic catalysts (sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide) for methanolysis of sunflower oil. All the reactions were carried out under the same experimental conditions in a batch stirred reactor and the subsequent separation and purification stages in a decanter. The analytical methods included gas chromatography and the determination of fat and oil conventional parameters. The biodiesel purity was near 100 wt.% for all catalysts. However, near 100 wt.% biodiesel yields were only obtained with the methoxide catalysts. According to the material balance of the process, yield losses were due to triglyceride saponification and methyl ester dissolution in glycerol. Obtained biodiesel met the measured specifications, except for the iodine value, according to the German and EU draft standards. Although all the transesterification reactions were quite rapid and the biodiesel layers achieved nearly 100% methyl ester concentrations, the reactions using sodium hydroxide turned out the fastest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Vicente
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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