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Gikandi A, Stock E, DeMatt E, Hirji S, Awtry J, Quin JA, Tolis G, Biswas K, Zenati MA. Performance of left internal thoracic artery-left anterior descending artery anastomosis by residents versus attendings and coronary artery bypass grafting outcomes. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2024; 65:ezae155. [PMID: 38598201 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezae155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Performance of a technically sound left internal thoracic artery to left anterior descending artery (LITA-LAD) anastomosis during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is critically important. We used prospectively collected data from the multicentre, randomized REGROUP (Randomized Endograft Vein Perspective) trial to investigate CABG outcomes based on whether a resident or an attending surgeon performed the LITA-LAD anastomosis. METHODS This was a post hoc subanalysis of the REGROUP trial, which randomized veterans undergoing isolated on-pump CABG to endoscopic versus open vein harvest from 2014 through 2017. The primary end point was major cardiac adverse events, defined as the composite of all-cause deaths, nonfatal myocardial infarctions or repeat revascularizations. RESULTS Among 1,084 patients, 344 (31.8%) LITA-LAD anastomoses were performed by residents and 740 (68.2%), by attending surgeons. Residents (compared to attendings) operated on fewer patients with high tercile SYNTAX scores (22.1% vs 37.4%, P < 0.001), performed fewer multiarterial CABGs (5.2% vs 14.6%, P < 0.001) and performed more anastomoses to distal targets with diameters > 2.0 mm (19.0% vs 10.9%, P < 0.001) and non-calcified landing zones (25.1% vs 21.6%, P < 0.001). During a median observation time of 4.7 years (interquartile range 3.84-5.45), major cardiac adverse events occurred in 77 patients (22.4%) in the group treated by residents and 169 patients (22.8%) in the group treated by attendings (unadjusted HR 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-1.33; P = 0.99). Outcomes persisted on adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS Based on this REGROUP trial subanalysis, under careful supervision and with appropriate patient selection, LITA-LAD anastomoses performed by the residents yielded clinical outcomes similar to those of the attendings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajami Gikandi
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eileen Stock
- VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Perry Point, MD, USA
| | - Ellen DeMatt
- VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Perry Point, MD, USA
| | - Sameer Hirji
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jake Awtry
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Quin
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Tolis
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kousick Biswas
- VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Perry Point, MD, USA
| | - Marco A Zenati
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kalra A, Ruck JM, Akbar AF, Zhou AL, Leng A, Casillan AJ, Ha JS, Merlo CA, Bush EL. Debunking the July Effect in lung transplantation recipients. JTCVS OPEN 2024; 18:376-399. [PMID: 38690438 PMCID: PMC11056481 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective The "July Effect" is a theory that the influx of trainees from July to September negatively impacts patient outcomes. We aimed to study this theoretical phenomenon in lung transplant recipients given the highly technical nature of thoracic procedures. Methods Adult lung transplant hospitalizations were identified within the National Inpatient Sample (2005-2020). Recipients were categorized as academic Q1 (July to September) or Q2-Q4 (October to June). In-hospital mortality, operator-driven complications (pneumothorax, dehiscence including wound dehiscence, bronchial anastomosis, and others, and vocal cord/diaphragm paralysis, all 3 treated as a composite outcome), length of stay, and inflation-adjusted hospitalization charges were compared between both groups. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the association between academic quarter and in-hospital mortality and operator-driven complications. The models were adjusted for recipient demographics and transplant characteristics. Subgroup analysis was performed between academic and nonacademic hospitals. Results Of 30,788 lung transplants, 7838 occurred in Q1 and 22,950 occurred in Q2-Q4. Recipient demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between groups. Dehiscence (n = 922, 4% vs n = 236, 3%), post-transplant cardiac arrest (n = 532, 2% vs n = 113, 1%), and pulmonary embolism (n = 712, 3% vs n = 164, 2%) were more common in Q2-Q4 versus Q1 recipients (all P < .05). Other operator-driven complications, in-hospital mortality, and resource use were similar between groups (P > .05). These inferences remained unchanged in adjusted analyses and on subgroup analyses of academic versus nonacademic hospitals. Conclusions The "July Effect" is not evident in US lung transplantation recipient outcomes during the transplant hospitalization. This suggests that current institutional monitoring systems for trainees across multiple specialties, including surgery, anesthesia, critical care, nursing, and others, are robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kalra
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jessica M. Ruck
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Armaan F. Akbar
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Alice L. Zhou
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Albert Leng
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Alfred J. Casillan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Jinny S. Ha
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Christian A. Merlo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Errol L. Bush
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
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Escorel Neto AC, Sá MP, Van den Eynde J, Rotbi H, Do-Nguyen CC, Olive JK, Cavalcanti LRP, Torregrossa G, Sicouri S, Ramlawi B, Hussein N. Outcomes of cardiac surgical procedures performed by trainees versus consultants: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021:S0022-5223(21)01817-1. [PMID: 35065825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiac surgery is highly demanding and the ideal teaching method to reach competency is widely debated. Some studies have shown that surgical trainees can safely perform full operations with equivocal outcomes compared with their consultant colleagues while under supervision. We aimed to compare outcomes after cardiac surgery with supervised trainee involvement versus consultant-led procedures. METHODS We systematically reviewed databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, Google Scholar) and reference lists of relevant articles for studies that compared outcomes of cardiac surgery performed by trainees versus consultants. Primary end points included: operative mortality, coronary events, neurological/renal complications, reoperation, permanent pacemaker implantation, and sternal complications. Secondary outcomes included cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times and intensive care/in-hospital length of stay. Random effects meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS Thirty-three observational studies that reported on a total of 81,616 patients (trainee: 20,154; consultant: 61,462) were included. There was a difference favoring trainees in terms of operative mortality in the main analysis and in an analysis restricted to propensity score-matched samples, whereas other outcomes were not consistently different in both analyses. Overall cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times were longer in the trainee group but did not translate in longer intensive care unit or hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS In the right conditions, good outcomes are possible in cardiac surgery with trainee involvement. Carefully designed training programs ensuring graduated hands-on operative exposure as primary operator with appropriate supervision is fundamental to maintain high-quality training in the development of excellent cardiac surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Escorel Neto
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE, Recife, Brazil; University of Pernambuco - UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Michel Pompeu Sá
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lankenau Heart Institute, Main Line Health, Wynnewood, Pa; Department of Cardiac Surgery Research, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pa
| | - Jef Van den Eynde
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Unit of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hajar Rotbi
- Faculty of Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chi Chi Do-Nguyen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Jacqueline K Olive
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Luiz Rafael P Cavalcanti
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery of Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco - PROCAPE, Recife, Brazil; University of Pernambuco - UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gianluca Torregrossa
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lankenau Heart Institute, Main Line Health, Wynnewood, Pa
| | - Serge Sicouri
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Research, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pa
| | - Basel Ramlawi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lankenau Heart Institute, Main Line Health, Wynnewood, Pa; Department of Cardiac Surgery Research, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pa
| | - Nabil Hussein
- Department of Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, England, United Kingdom.
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Najafi M, Jahangiry L, Mortazavi SH, Jalali A, Karimi A, Bozorgi A. Outcomes and long-term survival of coronary artery surgery: The controversial role of opium as risk marker. World J Cardiol 2016; 8:676-683. [PMID: 27957254 PMCID: PMC5124726 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i11.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study survival in isolated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients and to evaluate the impact of preoperative chronic opium consumption on long-term outcome.
METHODS Cohort of 566 isolated CABG patients as Tehran Heart Center cardiac output measurement was conducted. Daily evaluation until discharge as well as 4- and 12-mo and 6.5-year follow-up information for survival status were fulfilled for all patients. Long-term 6.5-year overall and opium-stratified survival, adjusted survival curves based on opium consumption as well as possible predictors of all-cause mortality using multiple cox regression were determined by statistical analysis.
RESULTS Six point five-year overall survival was 91.8%; 86.6% in opium consumers and 92.7% in non-opium consumers (P = 0.035). Patients with positive history of opium consumption significantly tended to have lower ejection fraction (EF), higher creatinine level and higher prevalence of myocardial infarction. Multiple predictors of all-cause mortality included age, body mass index, EF, diabetes mellitus and cerebrovascular accident. The hazard ratio (HR) of 2.09 for the risk of mortality in opium addicted patients with a borderline P value (P = 0.052) was calculated in this model. Further adjustment with stratification based on smoking and opium addiction reduced the HR to 1.20 (P = 0.355).
CONCLUSION Simultaneous impact of smoking as a confounding variable in most of the patients prevents from definitive judgment on the role of opium as an independent contributing factor in worse long-term survival of CABG patients in addition to advanced age, low EF, diabetes mellitus and cerebrovascular accident. Meanwhile, our findings do not confirm any cardio protective role for opium to improve outcome in coronary patients with the history of smoking. Further studies are needed to clarify pure effect of opium and warrant the aforementioned findings.
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Equivalent outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery performed by consultant versus trainee surgeons: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 151:647-654.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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