Acaricide activity of the Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) stem bark hydroethanolic extract against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Evaluation of the antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) bark extract in experimental models of inflammation

Edema is one of the obvious indicators of inflammation and a crucial factor to take into account when assessing a substance's capacity to reduce inflammation. We aimed to evaluate the antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory profile of the hydroethanolic barks extract of Ximenia americana (HEXA). The possible antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory effect of EHXA (50, 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg v.o) was evaluated using the paw edema induced by carrageenan, zymosan, dextran, CFA and by different agents inflammatory (serotonin, histamine, arachidonic acid and PGE2), and pleurisy model induced by carrageenan and its action on IL-1β and TNF-α levels was also evaluated. HEXA demonstrated a significant antiedematogenic effect at concentrations of 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg on paw edema induced by carrageenan, zymosan and dextran. However, the concentration of 50 mg/kg as standard, demonstrating the effect in the subchronic model, induced CFA with inhibition of 59.06 %. In models of histamine-induced paw edema, HEXA showed inhibition of - 30 min: 40.49 %, 60 min: 44.70 % and 90 min: 48.98 %; serotonin inhibition - 30 min: 57.09 %, 60 min: 66.04 % and 90 min: 61.79 %; arachidonic acid inhibition - 15 min: 36.54 %, 30 min: 51.10 %, 45 min: 50.32 % and 60 min: 76.17 %; and PGE2 inhibition - 15 min: 67.78 %, 30 min: 62.30 %, 45 min: 54.25 % and 60 min: 47.92 %. HEXA significantly reduced (p < 0.01) leukocyte migration in the pleurisy model and reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels in pleural lavage (p < 0.0001). The results showed that HEXA has the potential to have an antiedematogenic impact in both acute and chronic inflammation processes, with a putative mode of action including the suppression or regulation of inflammatory mediators.

Acaricidal assessment of the fungal extract of Pleurotus ostreatus against Rhipicephalus microplus: Role of in vitro and in silico analysis

The Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom, commonly referred to as the oyster mushroom, is a widely consumed edible mushroom that grows in clusters on dead or dying trees. In addition to its culinary uses, research has found that the mushroom may also have potential medicinal properties. The current study investigated the potential use of a fungal extract from P. ostreatus as a natural acaricide against Rhipicephalus microplus, a major vector of economically significant infections and one of the most significant bovine ectoparasites. The study used the adult immersion test (AIT) and the larvae packet test (LPT) to evaluate the effectiveness of the extract against ticks. To evaluate the reproductive effect of the fungal extract on the reproduction of R. microplus engorged females, the eggs were tested for weight and egg-laying index. The results of the study showed that P. ostreatus extract had a significant acaricidal effect, with a 40 mg/mL concentration causing 89 ± 2.64% mortality in R. microplus larvae compared to the 91.00 ± 3.60% mortality by the positive control at 48 h interval. Whereas in the AIT, the extract inhibited 39.86 ± 4.13% of oviposition. The study also used in silico approach to further examine the binding mechanisms of the compounds in the fungal extract to the target protein R. microplus Triosephosphate isomerase RmTIM, using molecular docking in AutoDock Vina software. Docking scores of -8.3, -7.7 and -6.9 kcal/mol, respectively, showed that rutin, naringin and myricitin had significant interactions with the active site residues of the target protein. Our results suggest that P. ostreatus extract may be a potential alternative to traditional acaricides for controlling R. microplus in livestock.