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Lee Y, Vance DE, Batey DS. The Unique Challenges of Older Informal Caregivers Living With HIV in the U.S. Deep South: A Qualitative Study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2024; 35:409-421. [PMID: 39137418 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT As people with HIV live longer and healthier, it has become more likely that they will assume a caregiver role for their families and/or friends. Yet, there is a significant gap in the literature that older caregivers with HIV (OCWH) have not received attention from practitioners and researchers. To fill the gap, our qualitative study was conducted with OCWH ( N = 19) to explore various themes such as adjustment to caregiving, caregiving responsibilities, HIV and other health issues, support systems, caregiving outcomes, needs assessment, cognitive health, and the impact of COVID-19. Results indicated that each OCWH faced their own unique challenges (e.g., severity of health conditions, intense caregiving responsibilities, caregiving situation, lack of social support/transportation/financial means), but they expressed positive and fulfilling caregiving outcomes. Understanding the lived experiences of OCWH is requisite to develop holistic service programs to meet their caregiving needs while supporting their HIV health and co-occurring health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yookyong Lee
- Yookyong Lee, PhD, MSW, is an Associate Professor, Department of Social Work, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. David E. Vance, PhD, MGS, is a Professor, School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. D. Scott Batey, PhD, MSW, is an Associate Professor, School of Social Work at Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Assfaw AD, Reinschmidt KM, Teasdale TA, Stephens L, Kleszynski KL, Dwyer K. Capturing the perspectives of African American informal dementia caregivers: a phenomenological study. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2024; 29:579-596. [PMID: 38937933 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2024.2367986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Dementia can be overwhelming to families and their caregivers. Informal caregiving is a widespread mode of providing dementia care in African American communities, yet impact of caregiving on informal or family caregivers in African American communities is burdensome. This study aimed to describe the lived experiences of informal caregivers of African American People Living with Dementia (PLWD) to understand their perceptions of dementia and dementia care, caregiver support needs, and service needs. Interpretive phenomenological qualitative inquiry guided this study to understand caregivers' experiences and needs. Ten family caregivers of African American PLWD in the community participated in this study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and a diary study approach to document and interpret caregivers' experiences. The data analysis was based on procedures of content analysis. Four major themes emerged from the in-depth interviews: caregiver burden, familism, lack of information and community-based resources, and desire and need for culturally appropriate community-based resources. Triangulated diary entry data complemented the in-depth interviews with similar themes. This study highlights how African American informal caregivers of PLWD face various caregiving needs and challenges in dementia care including lack of culturally appropriate community resources and information. The study illustrates that African American cultural beliefs of familism are significant aspects of their caregiving experience and their coping strategies. These study results provide a useful foundation for various stakeholders to develop culturally targeted interventions and programs to support African American informal caregivers and their family members with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araya Dimtsu Assfaw
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kerstin M Reinschmidt
- Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Thomas A Teasdale
- Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Lancer Stephens
- Hudson College of Public Health & Oklahoma Shared Clinical and Translational Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Keith L Kleszynski
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kathleen Dwyer
- Fran and Earl Ziegler College of Nursing, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Brewster G, Yang I, Pelkmans J, Higgins M, Waldrop D, Dunbar SB, Yeager KA. Factors related to cognitive performance among black caregivers of persons living with a chronic illness: An exploratory study. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 59:159-169. [PMID: 39013234 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated factors associated with cognitive performance among Black caregivers of persons living with two chronic conditions: dementia or cancer. Fifty-six Black caregivers of people living with dementia or cancer were recruited from clinic and community sources. Variables measured included: depression, anxiety, stress, sleep, fatigue, and caregiver burden. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Descriptive statistics and non-parametric analyses were conducted to identify factors related to MoCA scores. Caregivers were 58.3 years of age and predominantly female. The average MoCA score was 25.23. Gender and education, along with positive appraisal of caregiving were significantly associated with cognitive performance. Several other factors approached significance including cohabitation with the care recipient, fatigue, and stress due to perceived individual and institutional racism. Our findings suggest several factors that warrant further investigation for understanding the relationship between caregiving and cognitive performance in Black caregivers of people living with cancer or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenna Brewster
- Emory University, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Irene Yang
- Emory University, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Jordan Pelkmans
- Emory University, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Melinda Higgins
- Emory University, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Drenna Waldrop
- Emory University, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sandra B Dunbar
- Emory University, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katherine A Yeager
- Emory University, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Siminoff LA, Wilson-Genderson M, Chwistek M, Thomson M. The cancer caregiving burden trajectory over time: varying experiences of perceived versus objectively measured burden. Oncologist 2024; 29:629-637. [PMID: 38652165 PMCID: PMC11224987 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyae069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to comprehensively understand the burden experienced by caregivers (CGs) providing home-based, end-of-life care to patients with cancer. We examined the relationship between objective and subjective burden including whether and how burden changes over time. METHODS A case series of terminal cancer patient-caregiver dyads (n = 223) were recruited from oncology clinics and followed for 12 months or until patient death. Data were collected every other week and in-person from CGs in their homes using quantitative surveys, diaries, and monthly structured observations. RESULTS Bivariate correlations revealed a significant association between subjective burden and activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), high-intensity tasks, and time spent on ADLs; these correlations varied over time. Models examining the slope of subjective burden revealed little systematic change; spouse caregiver and patient functional limitations were positively, and Black caregiver was negatively associated with subjective burden. Generally, the slopes for measures of objective burden were significant and positive. Models showed subjective burden was positively associated with most measures of objective burden both within caregiver (concurrent measures were positively associated) and between CGs (those with higher subjective also had higher objective). CONCLUSIONS Cancer caregiving is dynamic; CGs must adjust to the progression of the patient's disease. We found an association between subjective and objective burden both within and between CGs. Black CGs were more likely to report lower subjective burden compared to their White counterparts. More detailed investigation of the sociocultural components that affect caregiver experience of burden is needed to better understand how and where to best intervene with targeted supportive care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Siminoff
- College of Public Health, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maureen Wilson-Genderson
- College of Public Health, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marcin Chwistek
- Fox Chase Cancer Center/Temple University Health, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maria Thomson
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, School of Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Qian Y, Matthews DD, Fisher EB, Muessig KE, Song L, Kent EE. Associations Among Family Caregivers' Perceptions of Loneliness, Choice, and Purpose: a Comparative Analysis Between Non-Hispanic Black Caregivers and Non-Hispanic White Caregivers in a Population-Based Sample. Int J Behav Med 2024; 31:399-413. [PMID: 38261233 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-023-10246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loneliness is a frequent experience among family members engaging in caregiving responsibilities and may vary across racial and ethnic groups. This study aimed to examine (a) the difference in loneliness between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White caregivers, (b) the associations between loneliness and perceptions of choice and purpose in caregiving, and (c) whether those associations with loneliness differ by caregivers' race. METHOD Descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic regression were conducted in a population-based sample of 1000 caregivers (Black caregivers, n = 199; White caregivers, n = 801) from the 2020 Caregiving in the U.S. STUDY The survey design was properly addressed. Key variables included loneliness (level of feeling alone about being a caregiver), choice (whether or not reporting a choice in taking on the caregiver responsibility), sense of purpose (level of purpose/meaning in life from caregiving), and race (Black/White). Models adjusted for caregiving characteristics (e.g., hour of caregiving) and sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., age and education). RESULTS Black caregivers had lower odds of reporting a higher level vs. a lower level of loneliness than White caregivers (aOR = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.47, 0.96). Reporting having no choice was associated with higher odds of a higher level of loneliness (aOR, 0.77, 95%CI = 0.67, 0.88). Higher sense of purpose scores were associated with lower odds of a higher level of loneliness (aOR = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.71, 0.93). No significant moderation effects of race were found. CONCLUSION Black caregivers reported lower loneliness scores than White caregivers. Reporting no choice and lower sense of purpose were associated with higher loneliness in both racial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Qian
- Center for Equity in Aging, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Derrick D Matthews
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Edwin B Fisher
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Peers for Progress, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Lixin Song
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Erin E Kent
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Choi JY, Lee SH, Yu S. Exploring Factors Influencing Caregiver Burden: A Systematic Review of Family Caregivers of Older Adults with Chronic Illness in Local Communities. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1002. [PMID: 38786412 PMCID: PMC11121359 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically review and analyze factors contributing to caregiver burden among family caregivers of older adults with chronic illnesses in local communities. Specific objectives included exploring the characteristics of older adults with chronic illness and caregiver burden through an extensive literature review and identifying factors influencing caregiver burden in this population. Using Korean (RISS, KISS, and KoreaMed) and international (EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library) databases, this study employed systematic search methods to identify relevant literature. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were systematically applied in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, focusing on studies that addressed caregiver burden among family caregivers of older adults with chronic illnesses in local communities. Following the database search, 15,962 articles were identified. After eliminating duplicates and applying the selection criteria, 18 studies were included in this review. These studies, representing various countries, contribute to a diverse dataset covering caregiver and care-recipient characteristics, including age, sex, chronic conditions, and various caregiver burden assessment tools. This systematic review provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence caregiver burden among family caregivers of older adults with chronic illness in local communities. These findings emphasize the need for integrated nursing interventions and community efforts to address the welfare concerns of this population and support their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Choi
- Graduate School of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seon Heui Lee
- Department of Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Yu
- College of Nursing, CHA University, 120, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea
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Poteat T, Hall P, Adams MA, Gautam DS, Ashenden R, Horn J. Caregiving Among Older Black Same-Gender-Loving Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From Qualitative Research. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2024; 64:gnad103. [PMID: 37480588 PMCID: PMC10943494 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Few data on caregiving during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic use an intersectional lens to attend to how multiple social categories, such as gender, age, race, and sexual orientation, shape caregiving experiences. This analysis sought to explore caregiving experiences of aging Black same-gender-loving women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen focus groups were conducted with 4-8 participants each (N = 102) from across the United States. Audio-recorded discussions lasted for approximately 90 min and were transcribed verbatim. Two analysts coded transcripts for discussions related to caregiving and used content analysis to identify themes. RESULTS Participants engaged in caregiving for children, parents, family, friends, and neighbors. They provided physical, economical, instrumental, and/or secondary caregiving; and sometimes received care themselves. The pandemic heavily affected their stress level and mental health as well as their intimate partner relationships. Discussions mostly offered descriptions of increased caregiving difficulty caused by the pandemic. However, a few participants identified ways the pandemic made caregiving easier; changed caregiving without making it easier or harder; or thwarted their ability to provide care. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Older Black same-gender-loving women described some pandemic caregiving experiences that diverged from the existing literature, demonstrating the importance of considering how gender, race, age, and sexual orientation affect caregiving experiences during a pandemic fraught with health inequities. Ensuring the multiply marginalized caregivers have access to the practical and emotional support they need is critical for advancing health equity and preparing for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia Poteat
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Healthcare in Adult Populations, Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Porsha Hall
- ZAMI NOBLA: National Organization on Black Lesbians on Aging, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary Anne Adams
- ZAMI NOBLA: National Organization on Black Lesbians on Aging, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dipa Sharma Gautam
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robynn Ashenden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Horn
- Family Caregiver Support Center, Pikes Peak Area Agency on Aging, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
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Hastert TA, Kyko JM, Ruterbusch JJ, Robinson JRM, Kamen CS, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Nair M, Thompson HS, Schwartz AG. Caregiver costs and financial burden in caregivers of African American cancer survivors. J Cancer Surviv 2024; 18:565-574. [PMID: 36274101 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-022-01271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE People with cancer commonly rely on loved ones as informal caregivers during and after treatment. Costs related to caregiving and their association with caregiver financial burden are not well understood. METHODS Results include data from 964 caregivers of African American cancer survivors in the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors (ROCS) cohort. Caregiving costs include those related to medications, logistics (e.g., transportation), and medical bills. Financial burden measures included caregiver financial resources, strain, and difficulty paying caregiving costs. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of associations between costs and high financial burden were calculated using modified Poisson models controlling for caregiver characteristics. RESULTS Caregivers included spouses (36%), non-married partners (8%), family members (48%), and friends (9%). Nearly two-thirds (64%) of caregivers reported costs related to caregiving. Logistical costs were the most common (58%), followed by medication costs (35%) and medical bills (17%). High financial hardship was reported by 38% of caregivers. Prevalence of high financial hardship was 52% (95% CI: 24%, 86%) higher among caregivers who reported any versus no caregiver costs. Associations between caregiver costs and high financial burden were evident for costs related to medications (PR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.58), logistics (PR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.29, 1.92), and medical bills (PR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.92). CONCLUSIONS Most caregivers experienced costs related to caregiving, and these costs were associated with higher prevalence of high caregiver financial burden. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Informal caregivers experience financial hardship related to cancer along with cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Hastert
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Jaclyn M Kyko
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Julie J Ruterbusch
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Jamaica R M Robinson
- Center for Research On End-of-Life Care, Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles S Kamen
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer L Beebe-Dimmer
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Mrudula Nair
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Hayley S Thompson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Genderson MW, Thomson MD, Siminoff LA. Where you begin is not necessarily where you end: the mental and physical health trajectories of cancer caregivers over time. Support Care Cancer 2024; 32:233. [PMID: 38499880 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-024-08437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer caregiving, a critical component in the cancer-care model, has deleterious effects on the caregiver's physical and mental health. The degree to which these negative effects are uniformly experienced by caregivers is unclear; effects may be exacerbated at the end of life when caregiving is intensified. Not all caregivers have the support of an additional involved support person (secondary caregiver). The impact of the secondary caregiver's absence on the primary caregiver's well-being is understudied. METHODS Terminal cancer patient-caregiver dyads (n = 223) were recruited from oncology clinics and followed for six months or until patient death. Longitudinal latent growth models were used to characterize the heterogeneity of caregiver physical health and depressive symptoms; characteristics associated with these trajectories are examined. RESULTS Caregivers were majority female (74%), white (55%) and patient spouses (60%). Two physical health (moderate, stable; initially good, declining) and two depressive symptom (moderate, stable; high, increasing) trajectories were identified. Declining physical health was more likely among caregivers who were healthiest at baseline, had higher levels of education, lower subjective burden, fewer depressive symptoms, cared for patients with fewer functional limitations and reported fewer caregiving tasks rendered by a secondary caregiver. Those with increasing depressive symptoms were more likely to be white, patient's wife, have higher subjective caregiver burden, lower physical health, and care for a patient with greater functional limitations. CONCLUSIONS Decreasing physical health was evident among caregivers who were initially healthier and reported less assistance from secondary caregivers. Increasing depression was seen in white, female spouses with higher subjective burden. Sample heterogeneity revealed hidden groups unexpectedly at risk in the primary cancer caregiver role to which the oncology care team should be alert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Wilson Genderson
- College of Public Health, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, 1700 N Broad St, 4th fl Suite 417, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Maria D Thomson
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 830 East Main Street Richmond, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Laura A Siminoff
- College of Public Health, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, 1700 N Broad St, 4th fl Suite 417, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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Dang S, Looijmans A, Lamura G, Hagedoorn M. Perceived life balance among young adult students: a comparison between caregivers and non-caregivers. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:18. [PMID: 38185676 PMCID: PMC10773020 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adult caregivers (YACs) are individuals aged 18-25 years who provide care to a loved one (parent, sibling) with frailty, disability, or illness. As young adults, the transition period between adolescence and adulthood can be more challenging for YACs than their peers without care responsibilities (non-YACs), as they have to integrate caregiving with other life areas (education, relationships). This study compared the perceived life balance and the psychological functioning (i.e., burnout, negative and positive affect, and life satisfaction) between YACs and non-YACs. METHOD An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 74 YACs (85.1% females, 22.0 ± 2.1 years) and 246 non-YACs (76.0% females, 21.8 ± 2.0 years) studying in the Netherlands. The survey assessed demographic characteristics, caregiving characteristics (to be filled out only by the YACs), life balance, and psychological functioning. We used Chi-square tests for categorical variables and independent T-tests for continuous variables to examine possible differences in demographic characteristics between YACs and non-YACs. In addition, we used independent T-tests to compare the perceived life balance and psychological functioning between YACs and non-YACs. RESULTS YACs and non-YACs were similar on all the demographic characteristics, except for living status; fewer YACs (44.6%) than non-YACs (59.3%) lived on their own, with or without other students/friends (χ2 = 16.3, p = 0.01). YACs perceived slightly less balance in life than non-YACs (d = -.29, p = .03). Both groups did not differ in experiencing burnout, affect, and life satisfaction (all p > .05). They experienced high levels of burnout and moderate levels of life satisfaction. DISCUSSION Although YACs perceived a little less balance in life than non-YACs, this was not reflected in their psychological functioning. Healthcare professionals and school counselors may need to recognise the critical phase of all young adults and provide the support that could, for example, help them reduce burnout and enhance their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Dang
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne Looijmans
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Lamura
- INRCA IRCCS - National Institute of Health and Science On Aging, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mariët Hagedoorn
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wilson-Genderson M, Thomson MD, Siminoff LA. Where you begin is not necessarily where you end: the mental and physical health trajectories of cancer caregivers over time. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3513142. [PMID: 37986993 PMCID: PMC10659542 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3513142/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Cancer caregiving, a critical component in the cancer-care model, has deleterious effects on the caregiver's physical and mental health. The degree to which these negative effects are uniformly experienced by caregivers is unclear. The impact of the secondary caregiver's absence on the primary caregivers' well-being is understudied. Methods Terminal cancer patient-caregiver dyads (n = 223) were recruited from oncology clinics and followed for six months or until patient death. Longitudinal latent growth models were used to characterize the heterogeneity of caregiver physical health and depressive symptoms; characteristics associated with these trajectories are examined. Results Caregivers were majority female (74%), white (55%) and patient spouses (60%). Two physical health (moderate, stable; initially good, declining) and two depressive symptom (moderate, stable; high, increasing) trajectories were identified. Declining physical health was more likely among caregivers who were healthiest at baseline, had higher levels of education, lower subjective burden, fewer depressive symptoms, cared for patients with fewer functional limitations and reported fewer caregiving tasks rendered by a secondary caregiver. Those with increasing depressive symptoms were more likely to be white, patient's wife, have higher subjective caregiver burden, lower physical health, and care for a patient with greater functional limitations. Conclusions Decreasing physical health was evident among caregivers who were initially healthier and reported less assistance from secondary caregivers. Increasing depression was seen in white, female spouses with higher subjective burden. Sample heterogeneity revealed hidden groups unexpectedly at risk in the primary cancer caregiver role to which the oncology care team should be alert.
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Acquati C, Head KJ, Rand KL, Alwine JS, Short DN, Cohee AA, Champion VL, Draucker CB. Psychosocial Experiences, Challenges, and Recommendations for Care Delivery among Partners of Breast Cancer Survivors: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2786. [PMID: 36833489 PMCID: PMC9956235 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For women diagnosed with breast cancer, partners are consistently identified as the primary support person. Despite growing consensus about the psychosocial experience and unmet needs of cancer caregivers, limited evidence exists about strategies to offer partner-centered care across the cancer continuum. This study describes challenges endured by partners of breast cancer survivors (BCS), strategies implemented to manage these experiences, and recommendations for healthcare providers to inform targeted psychosocial care. Using convenience sampling, 22 partners of female BCS were recruited and completed semi-structured interviews. Conventional content analysis was used to code and synthesize findings. Participants described undergoing five experiences in their role as romantic partners: (a) assuming the role of caregiver, (b) becoming healthcare advocates for BCS, (c) connecting emotionally with the partner, (d) managing their own painful emotions, and (e) connecting with others for support. Experience-specific coping strategies and recommendations were identified. Romantic partners face multiple transitions across the cancer care continuum, which warrant investigation to sustain their well-being and active participation in illness management. Psychosocial interventions for this group will benefit from flexible implementation and attention to care delivery, mental health, and supportive/social needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Acquati
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Katharine J. Head
- Department of Communication Studies, School of Liberal Arts, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kevin L. Rand
- School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea A. Cohee
- School of Nursing, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Victoria L. Champion
- School of Nursing, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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13
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Shoults CC, Rutherford MW, Kemp AS, Addicott MA, Brown A, Greene CJ, Hayes CJ, Gan JM, Larson-Prior LJ, Bona JP. Analysis of Caregiver Burden Expressed in Social Media Discussions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1933. [PMID: 36767297 PMCID: PMC9915402 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Almost 40% of US adults provide informal caregiving, yet research gaps remain around what burdens affect informal caregivers. This study uses a novel social media site, Reddit, to mine and better understand what online communities focus on as their caregiving burdens. These forums were accessed using an application programming interface, a machine learning classifier was developed to remove low information posts, and topic modeling was applied to the corpus. An expert panel summarized the forums' themes into ten categories. The largest theme extracted from Reddit's forums discussed the personal emotional toll of being a caregiver. This was followed by logistic issues while caregiving and caring for parents who have cancer. Smaller themes included approaches to end-of-life care, physical equipment needs when caregiving, and the use of wearables or technology to help monitor care recipients. The platform often discusses caregiving for parents which may reflect the age of Reddit's users. This study confirms that Reddit forums are used for caregivers to discuss the burdens associated with their role and the types of stress that can result from informal caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C. Shoults
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Michael W. Rutherford
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Aaron S. Kemp
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Merideth A. Addicott
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Aliza Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Carolyn J. Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Corey J. Hayes
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- VA HSR&D COIN Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Gan
- Department of Medical Humanities and Bioethics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Linda J. Larson-Prior
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Bona
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Dang S, Looijmans A, Ferraris G, Lamura G, Hagedoorn M. Exploring the Needs of Spousal, Adult Child, and Adult Sibling Informal Caregivers: A Mixed-Method Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:832974. [PMID: 35401295 PMCID: PMC8992373 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.832974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Informal caregivers (ICGs) provide care to their family or friends in case of an illness, disability, or frailty. The caregiving situation of informal caregivers may vary based on the relationship they have with the care recipient (CR), e.g., being a spouse or being an adult child. It might be that these different ICGs also have different needs. This study aims to explore and compare the needs of different groups of ICGs based on the relationship they have with their CR. We conducted a systematic review, performing a search in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. We included studies with qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-method study designs. We analyzed the data using the thematic analysis method. We included 22 articles (18 qualitative; 4 quantitative). The included articles reported the needs of ICGs taking care of a spouse (spousal ICGs), parent (adult child ICG), or sibling aged 18 years or above (adult sibling ICGs). We did not include other relationships due to the limited number of articles on these relationships. The most prominent needs reported by the spousal, adult child, and adult sibling ICGs were the need for information and need for support. The three groups differed in their needs as well. Adult child and adult sibling ICGs indicated a need to be acknowledged by the people around them for their role of carer, while they also needed to be seen as an individual having their own personal needs. Moreover, spousal ICGs indicated a unique need of redefining their role and relationship with their CR. Overall, the findings indicate that along with experiencing common needs, the investigated groups have unique needs as well. Knowing the needs of different groups of ICGs can help develop tailored solutions to improve the quality of life of the ICGs and their CR. Systematic Review Registration: [www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42020188560].
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Dang
- Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Looijmans
- Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Giulia Ferraris
- Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Lamura
- Centre for Socio-Economic Research on Ageing, INRCA IRCCS, National Institute of Health and Science on Ageing, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mariët Hagedoorn
- Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
Informal caregivers invest a significant amount of time and effort to provide cancer patients with physical, psychological, information, and social support. These challenging tasks can harm their own health and well-being, while a series of social-ecological factors may also influence the outcomes of cancer caregiving. Several instruments have been developed to help clinicians and researchers understand the multi-dimensional needs and concerns of caregivers. A growing body of evidence indicates that supportive interventions including psychoeducation, skills training, and therapeutic counseling can help improve the burden, information needs, coping strategies, physical functioning, psychological well-being, and quality of life of caregivers. However, there is difficulty in translating research evidence into practice. For instance, some supportive interventions tested in clinical trial settings are regarded as inconsistent with the actual needs of caregivers. Other significant considerations are the lack of well-trained interdisciplinary teams for supportive care provision and insufficient funding. Future research should include indicators that can attract decision-makers and funders, such as improving the efficient utilization of health care services and satisfaction of caregivers. It is also important for researchers to work closely with key stakeholders, to facilitate evidence dissemination and implementation, to benefit caregivers and the patient.
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16
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Alsirafy SA, Nagy R, Hassan AD, Fawzy R, Abdelhafeez AAM, Husein MO, Almashiakhi MA, Alabdullateef SH, Alghamdi SA, Elyamany AM. Caregiver burden among family caregivers of incurable cancer patients in two eastern Mediterranean countries. BMC Palliat Care 2021; 20:163. [PMID: 34663283 PMCID: PMC8522156 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-021-00857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although family caregivers (FCs) play an important role in the care provided to incurable cancer patients in our region, little is known about the burden they experience. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of caregiver burden (CB) among FCs of incurable cancer patients in two Eastern Mediterranean countries and to identify factors that may be associated with significant CB. Methods The study included 218 FCs, 165 from Egypt and 53 from Saudi Arabia. The 22-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-22) was used to assess caregiver burden CB. Significant CB was defined as a ZBI-22 score ≥ 21. The assistance with basic ADLs was classified into 3 levels according to FCs’ assistance with early/middle/late-loss basic ADLs. The relationship between CB and the assistance with ADLs and other factors was studied. Results The mean (SD) ZBI-22 score among FCs was 23.4 (9.3) and the majority (128/218, 59%) had significant CB. Eighty-nine percent of FCs assisted with at least one basic ADL. Assistance with late-loss basic ADLs, best supportive care treatment plan and poorer performance status were associated with higher CB (p < 0.0001, =0.018 and = 0.005). However, in logistic regression analysis, only assistance with late-loss ADLs was independently associated with significant CB (OR = 3.4 [95%CI:1.2–9.7], p = 0.024). Conclusion A substantial proportion of FCs of incurable cancer patients in our region experience significant CB. Family caregivers assisting with late-loss basic ADLs are at risk of significant CB and should be routinely screened for CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy A Alsirafy
- Palliative Care Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Palliative Medicine Unit, Kasr Al-Ainy Center of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Radfan Nagy
- Oncology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy Center of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amneh D Hassan
- Palliative Care Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radwa Fawzy
- Oncology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy Center of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Ahmad A M Abdelhafeez
- Oncology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy Center of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marahim O Husein
- Oncology Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saad H Alabdullateef
- Palliative Care Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed A Alghamdi
- Oncology Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf M Elyamany
- Oncology Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Medical Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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17
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Simon MS, Raychaudhuri S, Hamel LM, Penner LA, Schwartz KL, Harper FWK, Thompson HS, Booza JC, Cote M, Schwartz AG, Eggly S. A Review of Research on Disparities in the Care of Black and White Patients With Cancer in Detroit. Front Oncol 2021; 11:690390. [PMID: 34336677 PMCID: PMC8320812 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.690390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Racial disparities in cancer incidence and outcomes are well-documented in the US, with Black people having higher incidence rates and worse outcomes than White people. In this review, we present a summary of almost 30 years of research conducted by investigators at the Karmanos Cancer Institute's (KCI's) Population Studies and Disparities Research (PSDR) Program focusing on Black-White disparities in cancer incidence, care, and outcomes. The studies in the review focus on individuals diagnosed with cancer from the Detroit Metropolitan area, but also includes individuals included in national databases. Using an organizational framework of three generations of studies on racial disparities, this review describes racial disparities by primary cancer site, disparities associated with the presence or absence of comorbid medical conditions, disparities in treatment, and disparities in physician-patient communication, all of which contribute to poorer outcomes for Black cancer patients. While socio-demographic and clinical differences account for some of the noted disparities, further work is needed to unravel the influence of systemic effects of racism against Black people, which is argued to be the major contributor to disparate outcomes between Black and White patients with cancer. This review highlights evidence-based strategies that have the potential to help mitigate disparities, improve care for vulnerable populations, and build an equitable healthcare system. Lessons learned can also inform a more equitable response to other health conditions and crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Simon
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sreejata Raychaudhuri
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Ascension Providence Hospital/Michigan State University College of Human Medicine (MSUCHM), Southfield, MI, United States
| | - Lauren M. Hamel
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Louis A. Penner
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Kendra L. Schwartz
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Felicity W. K. Harper
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Hayley S. Thompson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jason C. Booza
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Academic and Student Programs, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michele Cote
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ann G. Schwartz
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Susan Eggly
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
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18
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Unsar S, Erol O, Ozdemir O. Caregiving burden, depression, and anxiety in family caregivers of patients with cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2021; 50:101882. [PMID: 33421929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the caregiving burden, depression and anxiety of family caregivers of Turkish patients with cancer and the affecting factors. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between January-May 2018 with one hundred and fifty-eight caregivers and one hundred and fifty-eight patients with cancer who were treated at a university hospital in Edirne, Turkey. Data were collected with a questionnaire form, Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) Scale and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS This study found that 51.3% of the patients with cancer were male, 70.3% of the caregivers were female and more than half of them (57.0%) were the spouses of the patients. The mean ZBI score of the caregivers was 24.62 ± 14.19. There was a positive relationship between the ZBI scores and HADS scores of family caregivers (p < 0.05). As the caregiving burden of caregivers increased, their anxiety and depression levels were increased too. It was found that as the caregiving duration of family caregivers increased, the caregiving burden increased, and caregivers' anxiety depression scores got worse (p < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, the duration of caregiving per day/hours, ECOG score and the age of the caregiver independently affected the caregiving burden (p < 0.05). As the functional status of the patient with cancer got worse, caregiving burden increased. Caregiving burden was found to be higher in those who were younger, female and giving care for longer times per day (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study found that as the caregiving burden and caregivers' daily patient care duration increased, the level of anxiety and depression increased too. Caregivers of patients with cancer should take appropriate psychological intervention to decrease their distress. In addition, we thought that healthcare professionals must consider the factors affecting the caregiving burden which affect the patient care directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Unsar
- Trakya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, Balkan Campus, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Ozgul Erol
- Trakya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, Balkan Campus, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Ozdemir
- Kırklareli University, School of Health, Health Management Department, Kırklareli, Turkey.
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