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Sundaramahalingam MA, Amrutha C, Sivashanmugam P, Rajeshbanu J. An encapsulated report on enzyme-assisted transesterification with an allusion to lipase. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:481. [PMID: 34790505 PMCID: PMC8557240 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel is a renewable, sulfur-free, toxic-free, and low carbon fuel which possesses enhanced lubricity. Transesterification is the easiest method employed for the production of biodiesel, in which the oil is transformed into biodiesel. Biocatalyst-mediated transesterification is more advantageous than chemical process because of its non-toxic nature, the requirement of mild reaction conditions, absence of saponification, easy product recovery, and production of high-quality biodiesel. Lipases are found to be the primary enzymes in enzyme-mediated transesterification process. Currently, researchers are using lipases as biocatalyst for transesterification. Lipases are extracted from various sources such as plants, microbes, and animals. Biocatalyst-based biodiesel production is not yet commercialized due to high-cost of purified enzymes and higher reaction time for the production process. However, research works are growing in the area of various cost-effective techniques for immobilizing lipase to improve its reusability. And further reduction in the production cost of lipases can be achieved by genetic engineering techniques. The reduction in reaction time can be achieved through ultrasonic-assisted biocatalytic transesterification. Biodiesel production by enzymatic transesterification is affected by many factors. Various methods have been developed to control these factors and improve biodiesel production. This report summarizes the various sources of lipase, various production strategies for lipase and the lipase-mediated transesterification. It is fully focused on the lipase enzyme and its role in biodiesel production. It also covers the detailed explanation of various influencing factors, which affect the lipase-mediated transesterification along with the limitations and scope of lipase in biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Sundaramahalingam
- Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015 India
| | - C. Amrutha
- Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015 India
| | - P. Sivashanmugam
- Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015 India
| | - J. Rajeshbanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu 610 005 India
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Martins PA, Pacheco TF, de Camargo BR, De Marco JL, Salum TFC. Solid-state fermentation production and characterization of an alkaline lipase from a newly isolated Burkholderia gladioli strain. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:70-79. [PMID: 33941018 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1910959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The newly isolated Burkholderia gladioli BRM58833 strain was shown to secrete an alkaline lipase highly active and stable in organic solvents. Lipase production was optimized through the cultivation of the strain by solid-state fermentation in wheat bran. The lipase extraction conditions were also optimized. The low-cost extract obtained has shown a high hydrolytic activity of 1096.7 ± 39.3 U·gds-1 (units per gram of dry solids) against pNPP and 374.2 ± 20.4 U·gds-1 against triolein. Proteomic analysis revealed the optimized extract is composed of two esterases and three true lipases, showing a preference for long-chain substrates. The highest activity was obtained at 50 °C and pH 9. However, the extract maintained more than 50% of its maximum activity between pH 8.0 and 10.0 and throughout the whole temperature range evaluated (32-70 °C). The enzymes were inhibited by SDS, EDTA, ZnSO4 and FeCl3 and activated by FeSO4, MgCl2 and BaCl2. The lipases conserved their activity when incubated in solvents as acetonitrile, diethyl ether, n-heptane n-hexane, toluene, methanol and t-butanol. The resistance of these lipases to solvents and expressive thermostability when compared to other lipases, reveal their potential both in hydrolysis reactions and in synthesis of esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Alves Martins
- Embrapa Agroenergia, Parque Estação Biológica - PqEB, Brasília-DF, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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El-Ghonemy DH, Ali TH, Hassanein NM, Abdellah EM, Fadel M, Awad GEA, Abdou DAM. Thermo-alkali-stable lipase from a novel Aspergillus niger: statistical optimization, enzyme purification, immobilization and its application in biodiesel production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:225-240. [PMID: 32808876 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1805759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The influences of nutritional components affecting lipase production from the new Aspergillus niger using wheat bran as substrate were studied by employing Plackett-Burman and central composite statistical designs. Out of the 11 medium components tested, sucrose, KH2PO4 and MgSO4 at final concentrations of 3.0, 1.0 and 0.5 g/L, respectively, were reported to contribute positively to enzyme production (20.09 ± 0.98 U/g ds). The enzyme was purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Molecular mass of the purified lipase was 57 kDa as evident on SDS-PAGE. Different methods of immobilization were studied and the highest immobilization yield of 81.7 ± 2.18% was reported with agarose (2%) and the optimum temperature was raised from 45 to 50 °C. Immobilized lipase could retain 80% of its original activity at 60 °C after 1 hr of incubation, and was stable at pH values between neutral and alkaline pH. Lipase-catalyzed transesterification process of fungal oil resulted in a fatty acid methyl ester yield consisting of a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (83.6%), making it appropriate to be used as winter-grade biodiesel. The operational stability studies revealed that the immobilized lipase could keep 70% of its total activity after 5 cycles of the transesterification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina H El-Ghonemy
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Thanaa H Ali
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naziha M Hassanein
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbaseyya, Egypt
| | - Eman M Abdellah
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fadel
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ghada E A Awad
- Chemistry Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Chemistry Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia A M Abdou
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbaseyya, Egypt
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Lipase Production by Solid-State Cultivation of Thermomyces Lanuginosus on By-Products from Cold-Pressing Oil Production. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7070465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that by-products obtained after cold-pressing oil production (flex oil cake, hemp oil cake, hull-less pumpkin oil cake) could be used as substrates for the sustainable and cost-effective production of lipase when cultivating Thermomyces lanuginosus under solid-state conditions (T = 45 °C, t = 9 days). Lipase showed optimum activity at T = 40 °C. The produced lipase extract was purified 17.03-folds with a recovery of 1% after gel chromatography. Three different batch experiments were performed in order to test the possibility of using the lipase in biodiesel production. Experiments were performed with a commercial, unpurified enzyme, and partially purified lipase with sunflower oil and methanol as substrates in a batch reactor at 40 °C. During the experiments, the operational stability of the enzyme was studied. The obtained results clearly showed that produced crude and purified lipase can be used for biodiesel production, but the process needs some additional optimization. As for operation stability, it was noticed that the commercial enzyme was deactivated after 30 h, while produced crude enzyme remained 8.25% of its activity after 368 h.
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Budžaki S, Sundaram S, Tišma M, Hessel V. Cost analysis of oil cake-to-biodiesel production in packed-bed micro-flow reactors with immobilized lipases. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:98-102. [PMID: 30745064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel production depends to a great extent on the use of cheap raw materials, since biodiesel itself is a mass product, not a high-value product. New processing methods, such as micro-flow continuous processing combined with enzymatic catalysis, open doors to the latter. As reported here, the window of opportunity in enzyme-catalyzed biodiesel production is the conversion of waste cooking oil. The main technological challenge for this is to obtain efficient immobilization of the lipase catalyst on beads. The beads can be filled into tubular reactors where designed packed-bed provide porous channels, forming micro-flow. It turns out, that in this way, the immobilization costs become the decisive economic factor. This paper reports a solution to that issue. The use of oil cake enables economic viability, which is not given by any of the commercial polymeric substrates used so far for enzyme immobilization. The costs of immobilization are mirrored in the earnings and cash flow of the new biotechnological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Budžaki
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Smitha Sundaram
- Group Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marina Tišma
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Volker Hessel
- Group Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands; School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.
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Geoffry K, Achur RN. Optimization of novel halophilic lipase production by Fusarium solani strain NFCCL 4084 using palm oil mill effluent. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:327-334. [PMID: 30733742 PMCID: PMC6353730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among different sources of lipases, fungal lipases have continued to attract a wide range of applications. Further, halophilic lipases are highly desirable for biodiesel production due to the need to mitigate environmental pollution caused as result of extensive use of fossil fuels. However, currently, the high production cost limits the industrial application of lipases. In order to address this issue, we have attempted to optimize lipase production by Fusarium solani NFCCL 4084 and using palm oil mill effluent (POME) based medium. The production was optimized using a combinatory approach of Plackett-Burman (PB) design, one factor at a time (OFAT) design and face centred central composite design (FCCCD). The variables (malt extract, (NH4)2SO4, CaCl2, MgSO4, olive oil, peptone, K2HPO4, NaNO3, Tween-80, POME and pH) were analyzed using PB design and the variables with positive contrast coefficient were found to be K2HPO4, NaNO3, Tween-80, POME and pH. The significant variables selected were further analyzed for possible optimum range by using OFAT approach and the findings revealed that K2HPO4, NaNO3, and Tween-80 as the most significant medium components, and thus were further optimized by using FCCCD. The optimum medium yielded a lipase with an activity of 7.8 U/ml, a significant 3.2-fold increase compared to un-optimized medium. The present findings revealed that POME is an alternative and suitable substrate for halophilic lipase production at low cost. Also, it is clearly evident that the combinatory approach employed here proved to be very effective in producing high activity halophilic lipases, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajeshwara N. Achur
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577451 Shimoga, Karnataka, India
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Boratyński F, Szczepańska E, Grudniewska A, Gniłka R, Olejniczak T. Improving of hydrolases biosythesis by solid-state fermentation of Penicillium camemberti on rapeseed cake. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10157. [PMID: 29976981 PMCID: PMC6033886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study show usefulness of rapeseed cake, rich in fats and proteins byproduct generated after oil production, which may be used as a microbial medium for lipase and protease biosynthesis. Of 26 different filamentous fungi screened by solid-state fermentation, Penicillium camemberti AM83 was found to abundantly produce lipase and protease. Various process parameters were then optimized to maximize lipase and protease secretion, including carbon and nitrogen source, C/N ratio, metal ions, temperature, moisture content, initial pH, and inoculum size. Lipase production increased approximately 11.2-fold in solid-state cultures on rapeseed cake supplemented with lactose and calcium chloride, alkalinized to pH 8, hydrated to 80%, and inoculated with 1.2 × 106 spores/mL. Similarly, protease production increased approximately 8.4-fold in optimized cultures inoculated with 3.2 × 108 spores/mL, and grown on rapeseed cake with lactose and ammonium sulfate at pH 9 and moisture content 60%. The results highlight the potential economic value of solid-state fermentation on rapeseed cake to produce industrial hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Boratyński
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland.
| | - Ewa Szczepańska
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grudniewska
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
| | - Radosław Gniłka
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
| | - Teresa Olejniczak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
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Musa H, Han PC, Kasim FH, Gopinath SC, Ahmad MA. Turning oil palm empty fruit bunch waste into substrate for optimal lipase secretion on solid state fermentation by Trichoderma strains. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lizardi-Jiménez MA, Hernández-Martínez R. Solid state fermentation (SSF): diversity of applications to valorize waste and biomass. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:44. [PMID: 28444587 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid state fermentation is currently used in a range of applications including classical applications, such as enzyme or antibiotic production, recently developed products, such as bioactive compounds and organic acids, new trends regarding bioethanol and biodiesel as sources of alternative energy, and biosurfactant molecules with environmental purposes of valorising unexploited biomass. This work summarizes the diversity of applications of solid state fermentation to valorize biomass regarding alternative energy and environmental purposes. The success of applying solid state fermentation to a specific process is affected by the nature of specific microorganisms and substrates. An exhaustive number of microorganisms able to grow in a solid matrix are presented, including fungus such as Aspergillus or Penicillum for antibiotics, Rhizopus for bioactive compounds, Mortierella for biodiesel to bacteria, Bacillus for biosurfactant production, or yeast for bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lizardi-Jiménez
- CONACYT-Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tierra Blanca, Av. Veracruz S/N Esq., Héroes de Puebla, Colonia Pemex, C.P. 95180, Tierra Blanca, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - R Hernández-Martínez
- CONACYT-Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tierra Blanca, Av. Veracruz S/N Esq., Héroes de Puebla, Colonia Pemex, C.P. 95180, Tierra Blanca, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Optimization of biodiesel production from a calcium methoxide catalyst using a statistical model. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-015-0096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Khattak WA, Ullah MW, Ul-Islam M, Khan S, Kim M, Kim Y, Park JK. Developmental strategies and regulation of cell-free enzyme system for ethanol production: a molecular prospective. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9561-78. [PMID: 25359472 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Most biomanufacturing systems developed for the production of biocommodities are based on whole-cell systems. However, with the advent of innovative technologies, the focus has shifted from whole-cell towards cell-free enzyme system. Since more than a century, researchers are using the cell-free extract containing the required enzymes and their respective cofactors in order to study the fundamental aspects of biological systems, particularly fermentation. Although yeast cell-free enzyme system is known since long ago, it is rarely been studied and characterized in detail. In this review, we hope to describe the major pitfalls encountered by whole-cell system and introduce possible solutions to them using cell-free enzyme systems. We have discussed the glycolytic and fermentative pathways and their regulation at both transcription and translational levels. Moreover, several strategies employed for development of cell-free enzyme system have been described with their potential merits and shortcomings associated with these developmental approaches. We also described in detail the various developmental approaches of synthetic cell-free enzyme system such as compartmentalization, metabolic channeling, protein fusion, and co-immobilization strategies. Additionally, we portrayed the novel cell-free enzyme technologies based on encapsulation and immobilization techniques and their development and commercialization. Through this review, we have presented the basics of cell-free enzyme system, the strategies involved in development and operation, and the advantages over conventional processes. Finally, we have addressed some potential directions for the future development and industrialization of cell-free enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Ahmad Khattak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 7020-701, Korea
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Ullah MW, Khattak WA, Ul-Islam M, Khan S, Park JK. Bio-ethanol production through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using an encapsulated reconstituted cell-free enzyme system. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Heterogeneous Solid Acid Catalysts for Esterification of Free Fatty Acids. CATALYSIS SURVEYS FROM ASIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10563-014-9166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lee MS, Jeong G, Jung SJ, Lee KY. The Fuelization Study on the Oil Palm Frond Through Torrefaction. KOREAN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.9713/kcer.2013.51.4.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lee JH, Kim SB, Yoo HY, Lee JH, Park C, Han SO, Kim SW. Kinetic modeling of biodiesel production by mixed immobilized and co-immobilized lipase systems under two pressure conditions. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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