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Choi J, Jung JC, Jung W. Advances in Carbon Xerogels: Structural Optimization for Enhanced EDLC Performance. Gels 2024; 10:400. [PMID: 38920946 PMCID: PMC11203384 DOI: 10.3390/gels10060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the recent progress on carbon xerogels (CXs) and highlights their development and use as efficient electrodes in organic electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). In addition, this work examines how the adjustment of synthesis parameters, such as pH, polymerization duration, and the reactant-to-catalyst ratio, crucially affects the structure and electrochemical properties of xerogels. The adaptability of xerogels in terms of modification of their porosity and structure plays a vital role in the improvement of EDLC applications as it directly influences the interaction between electrolyte ions and the electrode surface, which is a key factor in determining EDLC performance. The review further discusses the substantial effects of chemical activation with KOH on the improvement of the porous structure and specific surface area, which leads to notable electrochemical enhancements. This structural control facilitates improvement in ion transport and storage, which are essential for efficient EDLC charge-discharge (C-D) cycles. Compared with commercial activated carbons for EDLC electrodes, CXs attract interest for their superior surface area, lower electrical resistance, and stable performance across diverse C-D rates, which underscore their promising potential in EDLC applications. This in-depth review not only summarizes the advancements in CX research but also highlights their potential to expand and improve EDLC applications and demonstrate the critical role of their tunable porosity and structure in the evolution of next-generation energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyun Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Chul Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea;
| | - Wonjong Jung
- Department of Mechanical, Smart, and Industrial Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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Memetova A, Tyagi I, Singh L, Karri RR, Tyagi K, Kumar V, Memetov N, Zelenin A, Tkachev A, Bogoslovskiy V, Shigabaeva G, Galunin E, Mubarak NM, Agarwal S. Nanoporous carbon materials as a sustainable alternative for the remediation of toxic impurities and environmental contaminants: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155943. [PMID: 35577088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to rapidly deteriorating water resources, the world is looking forward to a sustainable alternative for the remediation of noxious pollutants such as heavy metals and organic and gaseous contaminants. To address this global issue of environmental pollution, nanoporous carbon materials (NPCMs) can be used as a one-stop solution. They are widely applied as adsorbents for many toxic impurities and environmental contaminants. The present review provides a detailed overview of the role of different synthesis factors on the porous characteristics of carbon materials, activating agents, reagent-precursor ratio and their potential application in the remediation. Findings revealed that synthetic parameters result in the formation of microporous NPCMs (SBET: >4000 m3/g; VTotal (cm3/g) ≥ 2; VMicro (cm3/g) ≥ 1), micromesoporous (SBET: >2500 m3/g; VTotal (cm3/g) ≥ 1.5; VMicro (cm3/g) ≥ 0.7) and mesoporous (SBET: >2500 m3/g; VTotal (cm3/g) ≥ 1.5; VMicro (cm3/g) ≥ 0.5) NPCMs. Moreover, it was observed that a narrow pore size distribution (0.5-2.0 nm) yields excellent results in the remediation of noxious contaminants. Further, chemical activating agents such as NaOH, KOH, ZnCl2, and H3PO4 were compared. It was observed that activating agents KОН, H3PO4, and ZnCl2 were generally used and played a significant role in the possible large-scale production and commercialization of NPCMs. Thus, it can be interpreted that with a well-planned strategy for the synthesis, NPCMs with a "tuned" porosity for a specific application, in particular, microporosity for the accumulation and adsorption of energetically important gases (CO2, CH4, H2), micro-mesoporosity and mesoporosity for high adsorption capacity for towards metal ions and a large number of dyes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Memetova
- Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106 Sovetskaya St., Tambov 392000, Russian Federation
| | - Inderjeet Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata 700 053, India.
| | - Lipi Singh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi 110042, India
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Kaomud Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata 700 053, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata 700 053, India
| | - Nariman Memetov
- Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106 Sovetskaya St., Tambov 392000, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Zelenin
- Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106 Sovetskaya St., Tambov 392000, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Tkachev
- Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106 Sovetskaya St., Tambov 392000, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Bogoslovskiy
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina Ave., Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Gulnara Shigabaeva
- Department of Organic and Ecological Chemistry, University of Tyumen, 6 Volodarskogo St., Tyumen 625003, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Galunin
- Department of Organic and Ecological Chemistry, University of Tyumen, 6 Volodarskogo St., Tyumen 625003, Russian Federation
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Shilpi Agarwal
- Center for Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Product Characteristics of Sludge Pyrolysis and Adsorption Performance of Metals by Char. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132112125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The microwave heating system was used for sludge pyrolysis. The raw sludge and KOH-immersed sludge were pyrolyzed and their product characteristics were determined. The research results are advantageous to understand the influence of KOH activation on characteristics of pyrolysis products and the adsorption performance of metals in char. In the case of a high temperature and high KOH dose, most of the lost mass from sludge pyrolysis was converted into gaseous products instead of oil. The heat values of liquid oils were 40.86–41.39 MJ kg−1, which has the potential for use as fuels. The use of a higher KOH dose for sludge pyrolysis is beneficial to the porosity development and generates a mesopore structure. The results from adsorption tests indicate that precipitation could be the dominant adsorption mechanism due to the binding between alkaline anion and carbonate and metal ions with a strong chemical affinity. The high KOH dose sludge adsorbent has a remarkable adsorption performance and can be used as adsorbent for the removal of the studied metals.
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Yang F, Lu Y, Li W, Tu W, Li L, Wang X, Yuan A, Pan J. Route‐Optimized Synthesis of Bagasse‐Derived Hierarchical Activated Carbon for Maximizing Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Adsorption Capture Properties. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 Jiangsu P. R. China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu P. R. China
- Jiangsu Agricultural Hormone Engineering Technology Research Center Co. LTD Changzhou 213022 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yutong Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Tu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Lulu Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xuyu Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Jianming Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 Jiangsu P. R. China
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Gao Y, Yue Q, Gao B, Li A. Insight into activated carbon from different kinds of chemical activating agents: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141094. [PMID: 32745853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) is an important material in various fields owing to its low cost, well-developed porosity, and favorable chemical stability. Key factors for the optimal synthesis of AC are the carbon precursors, activation pathways, activating agents, and design of the procedure parameters. So far, no case studies have reviewed the activating agents used during the chemical activation process. Accordingly, the present review provides a summary of recent research, highlighting the development of activating agents during the process of AC. Detailed lists of pore-forming mechanisms by various activating agents, including alkaline, acidic, neutral, and self-activating agents, have been systematically summarized. Furthermore, the effects of activating agents on the experimental procedures have also been established. Finally, a comprehensive discussion about the influences of activating agents on the physical and chemical properties of the resultant AC is included. The objective of this study is to reveal and distinguish the individual roles of different activating agents during AC synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
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Hong J, Kim H, Lee JE, Ko YN, Park KT, Kim YE, Youn MH, Jeong SK, Park J, Lee W. Nitrogen and sulfur dual-doped porous carbon derived from coffee waste and cysteine for electrochemical energy storage. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mohsenpour M, Motahari S, Tajabadi F, Najafi M. Preparation and application of sunlight absorbing ultra-black carbon aerogel/graphene oxide membrane for solar steam generation systems. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41780-41790. [PMID: 35516586 PMCID: PMC9057835 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, sunlight absorbing membranes consisting of ultra-black resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF)-based carbon aerogel (CA) and hydrophilic graphene oxide (GO) suspension were fabricated. To investigate the effect of substrate structure, CA/GO ink was cast onto two different layers including 3D modified copper foam (MCF) and 2D paper sheet. The copper foam (CF) was treated with a new and simple modification method to enhance the hydrophilicity. Finally, the solar steam generation performances of the prepared membranes were evaluated. The optical analyses indicated that 2D and 3D samples respectively reflected ∼4.5% and ∼10%, and transmitted ∼0% of the incident light. The water contact angle measurements revealed a significant change in the wettability of the CF layer representing a contact angle of 139.41° before the modification. Based on the water evaporation rates, the efficiencies of 81.1% and 91.4% (at 1 kW m−2) were achieved for 2D and 3D absorbents, respectively. In addition to eliminating the geometrical restrictions of the monolithic absorbents, the results verified that CA/GO ink-based absorbents were promising materials for solar steam generation systems (SSG) due to the high light absorption, superhydrophilicity and porous structure. The sunlight absorbing membrane consisting of ultra-black resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF)-based carbon aerogel (CA) and graphene oxide (GO) suspension was fabricated. The hydrophilic modified copper foam (MCF) was prepared and used as the substrate.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mohsenpour
- School of Chemical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Siamak Motahari
- School of Chemical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Fariba Tajabadi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials
- Materials and Energy Research Center
- Alborz
- Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- School of Chemical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
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Self-Sacrificial Salt Templating: Simple Auxiliary Control over the Nanoporous Structure of Porous Carbon Monoliths Prepared through the Solvothermal Route. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040255. [PMID: 29671818 PMCID: PMC5923585 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The conventional sol-gel method for preparing porous carbons is tedious and high-cost to prepare porous carbons and the control over the nanoporous architecture by solvents and carbonization is restricted. A simple and novel self-sacrificial salt templating method was first presented to adjust the microporous structure of porous carbon monoliths synthesized via the solvothermal method. Apart from good monolithic appearance, the solvothermal route allowed for ambient drying because it made sure that the polymerization reaction was completed quickly and thoroughly. The intact and crack-free porous carbon monoliths were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen sorption measurements. It was proven that the self-sacrificial salts NH4SCN had been removed during pyrolyzing and so, porous carbon monoliths could be directly obtained after carbonization without the need of washing removal of salts. Most importantly, the microporous specific surface area of the resultant porous carbon monoliths was dramatically increased up to 770 m2/g and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area was up to 1131 m2/g. That was because the salts NH4SCN as self-sacrificial templating helped to form more around 0.6 nm, 0.72 nm and 1.1 nm micropores. The self-sacrificial salt templating is also a suitable and feasible method for controlling the nanoporous structure of other porous materials.
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