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Draz ME, Edrees FH, Mohamed HM, Hammad SF, Saad AS. Quality-by-design ecofriendly potentiometric sensor for rapid monitoring of hydroxychloroquine purity in the presence of toxic impurities. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6869. [PMID: 38519474 PMCID: PMC10960021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is prescribed to treat malaria and certain autoimmune diseases. Recent studies questioned its efficiency in relieving COVID-19 symptoms and improving clinical outcomes. This work presents a quality-by-design approach to develop, optimize, and validate a potentiometric sensor for the selective analysis of HCQ in the presence of its toxic impurities (key starting materials), namely 4,7-Dichloroquinoline (DCQ) and hydroxynovaldiamine (HND). The study employed a custom experimental design of 16 sensors with different ion exchangers, plasticizers, and ionophores. We observed the Nernstian slopes, correlation coefficients, quantification limit, response time, and selectivity coefficient for DCQ and HND. The computer software constructed a prediction model for each response. The predicted responses strongly correlate to the experimental ones, indicating model fitness. The optimized sensor achieved 93.8% desirability. It proved a slope of 30.57 mV/decade, a correlation coefficient of 0.9931, a quantification limit of 1.07 × 10-6 M, a detection limit of 2.18 × 10-7 M, and a fast response of 6.5 s within the pH range of 2.5-8.5. The sensor was successfully used to determine HCQ purity in its raw material. The sensor represents a potential tool for rapid, sensitive, and selective monitoring of HCQ purity during industrial production from its starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed E Draz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Fadwa H Edrees
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Heba M Mohamed
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Sherif F Hammad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, PharmD Program, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Saad
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, PharmD Program, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
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2
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Alsmadi MM, Jaradat MM, Obaidat RM, Alnaief M, Tayyem R, Idkaidek N. The In Vitro, In Vivo, and PBPK Evaluation of a Novel Lung-Targeted Cardiac-Safe Hydroxychloroquine Inhalation Aerogel. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:172. [PMID: 37566183 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was repurposed for COVID-19 treatment. Subtherapeutic HCQ lung levels and cardiac toxicity of oral HCQ were overcome by intratracheal (IT) administration of lower HCQ doses. The crosslinker-free supercritical fluid technology (SFT) produces aerogels and impregnates them with drugs in their amorphous form with efficient controlled release. Mechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling can predict the lung's epithelial lining fluid (ELF) drug levels. This study aimed to develop a novel HCQ SFT formulation for IT administration to achieve maximal ELF levels and minimal cardiac toxicity. HCQ SFT formulation was prepared and evaluated for physicochemical, in vitro release, pharmacokinetics, and cardiac toxicity. Finally, the rat HCQ ELF concentrations were predicted using PBPK modeling. HCQ was amorphous after loading into the chitosan-alginate nanoporous microparticles (22.7±7.6 μm). The formulation showed a zero-order release, with only 40% released over 30 min compared to 94% for raw HCQ. The formulation had a tapped density of 0.28 g/cm3 and a loading efficiency of 35.3±1.3%. The IT administration of SFT HCQ at 1 mg/kg resulted in 23.7-fold higher bioavailability, fourfold longer MRT, and eightfold faster absorption but lower CK-MB and LDH levels than oral raw HCQ at 4 mg/kg. The PBPK model predicted 6 h of therapeutic ELF levels for IT SFT HCQ and a 100-fold higher ELF-to-heart concentration ratio than oral HCQ. Our findings support the feasibility of lung-targeted and more effective SFT HCQ IT administration for COVID-19 compared to oral HCQ with less cardiac toxicity. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo'tasem M Alsmadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
- Nanotechnology Institute, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Mays M Jaradat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Rana M Obaidat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alnaief
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
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Silva MNT, Alves DAC, Richter EM, Munoz RAA, Nossol E. A simple, fast, portable and selective system using carbon nanotubes films and a 3D-printed device for monitoring hydroxychloroquine in environmental samples. Talanta 2023; 265:124810. [PMID: 37364384 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an electrochemical method was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an ineffective candidate drug for COVID-19 treatment however widely consumed during the pandemic, in aqueous samples using a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) film produced through the interfacial method on the indium tin oxide electrode (ITO). According to Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectroscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, the interfacial method produces homogeneous thin films of carbon nanotubes on the substrate surface, which keep connected to the surface forming a three-dimensional microporous structure. The electrochemical behavior and oxidation kinetics of HCQ were also investigated in the MWCNT film. The sensor showed a 7 times higher oxidation current for (69.88 μA) for HCQ than the ITO electrode (9.33 μA) due to the electrocatalytic properties MWCNTs. The ITO-modified electrode was assembled on a portable 3D-printed batch-injection cell for the amperometric detection of HCQ. The oxidation peak current of HCQ is linearly proportional to the concentrations of HCQ ranging from 1.0 to 100.0 μmol L-1, with a limit of detection of 0.27 μmol L-1. Water samples (river and tap water) were spiked with HCQ, without the need for dispendious pretreatment (except filtration), and analyzed by the portable system, revealing the detection of HCQ with the recovery of 92.0%-99.8%, which suggested the great potential for real environmental monitoring application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murillo N T Silva
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego A C Alves
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Munoz
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Edson Nossol
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Chemistry, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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4
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Abdellatif AAH, Ahmed F, Mohammed AM, Alsharidah M, Al-Subaiyel A, Samman WA, Alhaddad AA, Al-Mijalli SH, Amin MA, Barakat H, Osman SK. Recent Advances in the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin-Capped Gold Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3247-3281. [PMID: 37337575 PMCID: PMC10277008 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s405964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The real problem in pharmaceutical preparation is drugs' poor aqueous solubility, low permeability through biological membranes, and short biological t1/2. Conventional drug delivery systems are not able to overcome these problems. However, cyclodextrins (CDs) and their derivatives can solve these challenges. This article aims to summarize and review the history, properties, and different applications of cyclodextrins, especially the ability of inclusion complex formation. It also refers to the effects of cyclodextrin on drug solubility, bioavailability, and stability. Moreover, it focuses on preparing and applying gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as novel drug delivery systems. It also studies the uses and effects of cyclodextrins in this field as novel drug carriers and targeting devices. The system formulated from AuNPs linked with CD molecules combines the advantages of both CD and AuNPs. Cyclodextrins benefit in increasing aqueous drug solubility, loading capacity, stability, and size control of gold NPs. Also, AuNPs are applied as diagnostic and therapeutic agents because of their unique chemical properties. Plus, AuNPs possess several advantages such as ease of detection, targeted and selective drug delivery, greater surface area, high loading efficiency, and higher stability than microparticles. In the present article, we tried to present the potential pharmaceutical applications of CD-derived AuNPs in biomedical applications including antibacterial, anticancer, gene-drug delivery, and various targeted drug delivery applications. Also, the article highlighted the role of CDs in the preparation and improvement of catalytic enzymes, the formation of self-assembling molecular print boards, the fabrication of supramolecular functionalized electrodes, and biosensors formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A H Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Fatma Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Mansour Alsharidah
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Al-Subaiyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad A Samman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha A Alhaddad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samiah Hamad Al-Mijalli
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Hassan Barakat
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Egypt
| | - Shaaban K Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
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Barreto FC, da Silva MKL, Cesarino I. Copper Nanoparticles and Reduced Graphene Oxide as an Electrode Modifier for the Development of an Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Chloroquine Phosphate Determination. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091436. [PMID: 37176981 PMCID: PMC10180146 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the use of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as an electrode modifier for the determination of chloroquine phosphate (CQP). The synthetized rGO-CuNPs composite was morphologically characterized using scanning electron microscopy and electrochemically characterized using cyclic voltammetry. The parameters were optimized and the developed electrochemical sensor was applied in the determination of CQP using square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The analytical range for the determination of CQP was 0.5 to 110 μmol L-1 (one of the highest linear ranges for CQP considering electrochemical sensors), with limits of detection and quantification of 0.23 and 0.78 μmol L-1, respectively. Finally, the glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with rGO-CuNPs was used for quantification of CQP in tap water; a study was carried out with interferents using SWV and obtained great results. The use of rGO-CuNP material as an electrode modifier was thus shown to be a good alternative for the development of low-cost devices for CQP analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Contini Barreto
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Kássio Leme da Silva
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivana Cesarino
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
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Matrouf M, Loudiki A, Alaoui OT, Laghrib F, Farahi A, Bakasse M, Saqrane S, Lahrich S, El Mhammedi MA. Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide by Ethyl Acetate and Its Utilization in Determining Hydroxychloroquine in Wastewater and Pharmaceutical Samples. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Matrouf
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal Laboratory of Materials Science Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary faculty 25 000 Khouribga Morocco
| | - Abdelwahed Loudiki
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal Laboratory of Materials Science Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary faculty 25 000 Khouribga Morocco
- Chouaib Doukkali University Organic Micropollutants Analysis Team Faculty of Sciences Morocco
| | - Ouafa Tahiri Alaoui
- Moulay Ismail University Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Materials and Environment Sciences and Technologies Faculty Errachidia Morocco
| | - Fathellah Laghrib
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal Laboratory of Materials Science Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary faculty 25 000 Khouribga Morocco
- Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic Molecular Materials, and Environment, City of Innovation Immouzer Road, Box 2626 Fes Morocco
| | - Abdelfettah Farahi
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal Laboratory of Materials Science Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary faculty 25 000 Khouribga Morocco
| | - Mina Bakasse
- Chouaib Doukkali University Organic Micropollutants Analysis Team Faculty of Sciences Morocco
| | - Sana Saqrane
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal Laboratory of Materials Science Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary faculty 25 000 Khouribga Morocco
| | - Sara Lahrich
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal Laboratory of Materials Science Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary faculty 25 000 Khouribga Morocco
| | - Moulay Abderrahim El Mhammedi
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal Laboratory of Materials Science Mathematics and Environment, Polydisciplinary faculty 25 000 Khouribga Morocco
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Pushpanjali PA, Manjunatha JG, Hareesha N, Girish T, Al-Kahtani AA, Tighezza AM, Ataollahi N. Electrocatalytic Determination of Hydroxychloroquine Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Modified Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode. Top Catal 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35075339 PMCID: PMC8769944 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective, sensitive, easy, and fast voltammetric techniques were developed for the analysis of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). These analysis were carried out at sodium dodecyl sulphate modified carbon nanotube paste electrode (SDSMCNTPE) using an aqueous 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution as supporting electrolyte. The field emission-scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used for material characterization. A minute quantity of the SDS surfactant was sufficient to convey an outstanding electrocatalytic action to the electrochemical oxidation nature of HCQ. The HCQ molecule parades only electrochemical oxidation (irreversible) with the transfer of two electrons. The detection of HCQ was carried out through CV method at SDSMCNTPE and bare carbon nanotube paste electrode (BCNTPE). The corresponding analytical curve offered a decent linear nature in the considered HCQ concentration range (10-40 µM) and the detection limit was found to be 0.85 µM. The significant peak to peak split-up was observed between HCQ and interferents with a decent sensitivity and stability. The SDSMCNTPE to be an approachable electrode for the usage in the examination of HCQ independently and in the presence of paracetamol (PC) and ascorbic acid (AA). Thus, they were used to determine HCQ in pharmaceutical formulations and the results that showed good agreement with comparative methods. Furthermore, a mechanism for HCQ electro-oxidation was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Pushpanjali
- Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College, Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka India
| | - J. G. Manjunatha
- Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College, Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka India
| | - N. Hareesha
- Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College, Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka India
| | - T. Girish
- Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College, Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri, Karnataka India
| | - Abdullah A. Al-Kahtani
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Mohamed Tighezza
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Narges Ataollahi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Green Composite Sensor for Monitoring Hydroxychloroquine in Different Water Matrix. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174990. [PMID: 34501080 PMCID: PMC8434169 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a derivative of 4-aminoquinolone, is prescribed as an antimalarial prevention drug and to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Recently, Coronavirus (COVID-19) treatment was authorized by national and international medical organizations by chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in certain hospitalized patients. However, it is considered as an unproven hypothesis for treating COVID-19 which even itself must be investigated. Consequently, the high risk of natural water contamination due to the large production and utilization of HCQ is a key issue to overcome urgently. In fact, in Brazil, the COVID-19 kit (hydroxychloroquine and/or ivermectin) has been indicated as pre-treatment, and consequently, several people have used these drugs, for longer periods, converting them in emerging water pollutants when these are excreted and released to aquatic environments. For this reason, the development of tools for monitoring HCQ concentration in water and the treatment of polluted effluents is needed to minimize its hazardous effects. Then, in this study, an electrochemical measuring device for its environmental application on HCQ control was developed. A raw cork–graphite electrochemical sensor was prepared and a simple differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) method was used for the quantitative determination of HCQ. Results indicated that the electrochemical device exhibited a clear current response, allowing one to quantify the analyte in the 5–65 µM range. The effectiveness of the electrochemical sensor was tested in different water matrices (in synthetic and real) and lower HCQ concentrations were detected. When comparing electrochemical determinations and spectrophotometric measurements, no significant differences were observed (mean accuracy 3.0%), highlighting the potential use of this sensor in different environmental applications.
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