A cross-section observational study on the seroprevalence of antibodies to COVID-19 in patients receiving opiate agonist treatment

Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 testing, diagnosis and COVID-19 disease among individuals prescribed opioid-agonist treatment: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

Among people receiving opioid-agonist treatment (OAT), the risk of COVID-19 infection and disease may be higher owing to underlying health problems and vulnerable social circumstances. We aimed to determine whether recent OAT, when compared with past exposure, affected the risk of (i) testing for SARS-CoV-2, (ii) testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, and (iii) being hospitalized or dying with COVID-19 disease.

METHODS

We included individuals prescribed OAT in Scotland from 2015 to 2020. We performed record linkage to SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, vaccination, hospitalization, and mortality data, and followed up from March 2020 to December 2021. We used proportional hazards analysis and multivariate logistic regression to estimate associations between recent OAT prescription (in the previous 2 months), compared with past exposure (off treatment for over a year), and COVID-19 outcomes. Models were adjusted for confounders.

RESULTS

Among 36 093 individuals prescribed OAT, 19 071 (52.9%) were tested for SARS-CoV-2; 2896 (8.3%) tested positive; and 552 (1.5%) were hospitalized or died with COVID-19. Recent OAT, compared with past exposure, was associated with lower odds of testing positive among those tested (aOR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.57-0.69). However, among those testing positive, recent OAT was associated with two-fold higher odds of hospitalization or death (aOR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.60-2.59).

DISCUSSION

We found that recent OAT was associated with lower odds of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but with higher odds of disease once diagnosed. Clinical studies are needed to unravel the role of OAT in these associations. An enhanced effort is warranted to increase vaccine coverage among OAT patients to mitigate the severe consequences of COVID-19.

SARS-CoV-2-Infection in People Addicted to Illegal Drugs - Is There a Protective Effect of Opioid Maintenance Treatment?

INTRODUCTION

People addicted to illegal drugs were discussed as a risk group for SARS-CoV-2 infections, with increased susceptibility and a severe course of infection.

METHODS

In this study, the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infections of drug-dependent persons admitted to inpatient detoxification treatment in five psychiatric hospitals was determined by implementing routine polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-testing at admission (9/2020) up to one year. Main substance-related diagnosis, comorbid respiratory disease, housing situation, and current opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) were documented. An age-matched control group of psychiatric inpatients without dependence from illegal drugs was established.

RESULTS

Data from 1675 patients (male 79.5%; mean age 39.5 years; opioid dependence 81.5% homelessness; 2.4%; chronic respiratory disease 6.3%) were included. Out of 1365 patients dependent on opioids, 50.2% were currently in OMT. Six (3 female; mean age 40.3 years) patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR (0.36%), and none showed symptoms of COVID-19. All six were opioid dependent, 5 currently not in OMT. In the control group, 11 out of 1811 inpatients tested positive (0.61%).

DISCUSSION

The rate of SARS-CoV-2-infections in persons with dependence on illegal drugs was not increased compared to a control group of psychiatric patients. OMT is presumably a protective factor, e. g. in the participating cities, OMT facilities offered an easy access to vaccination programs. In contrast, drug addicts in the USA were severely affected by the pandemic. Differences between countries might partially be explained by social factors such as the higher availability of OMT in Germany and a much lower frequency of homelessness.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine uptake and risks of severe COVID-19 disease among people prescribed opioid agonist therapy in Scotland

BACKGROUND

There is limited evidence quantifying the risk of severe COVID-19 disease among people with opioid dependence. We examined vaccine uptake and severe disease (admission to critical care or death with COVID-19) among individuals prescribed opioid agonist therapy (OAT).

METHOD

A case-control design was used to examine vaccine uptake in those prescribed OAT compared with the general population, and the association between severe disease and OAT. In both analyses, 10 controls from the general population were matched (to each OAT recipient and COVID-19 case, respectively) according to socio-demographic factors. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate rate ratios (RR) for severe disease.

RESULTS

Vaccine uptake was markedly lower in the OAT cohort (dose 1: 67%, dose 2: 53% and dose 3: 31%) compared with matched controls (76%, 72% and 57%, respectively). Those prescribed OAT within the last 5 years, compared with those not prescribed, had increased risk of severe COVID-19 (RR 3.38, 95% CI 2.75 to 4.15), particularly in the fourth wave (RR 6.58, 95% CI 4.20 to 10.32); adjustment for comorbidity and vaccine status attenuated this risk (adjusted RR (aRR) 2.43, 95% CI 1.95 to 3.02; wave 4 aRR 3.78, 95% CI 2.30 to 6.20). Increased risk was also observed for those prescribed OAT previously (>3 months ago) compared with recently (aRR 1.74, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.71).

CONCLUSIONS

The widening gap in vaccine coverage for those prescribed OAT, compared with the general population, is likely to have exacerbated the risk of severe COVID-19 in this population over the pandemic. However, continued OAT use may have provided protection from severe COVID-19 among those with opioid dependence.

Changes in Opioid Agonist Treatment Practice in Germany during the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Have Physicians Done, and What Would They Like to Keep Doing?

INTRODUCTION

Opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is the most common and most effective treatment option for persons with opioid use disorders (OUD). In Germany, the prescription of OAT medications is regulated by the Narcotic Drugs Prescription Ordinance. With the introduction of restrictions to contain the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the German OAT regulations have been amended to ensure a legal continuation of OAT for people with OUD. In this study, we aimed to examine the use of the OAT regulations in practice, the experience made by physicians prescribing OAT medications, and their perspective on OAT regulations.

METHODS

Between September and December 2021, a questionnaire on the current situation and potential changes in the provision of OAT during the COVID-19 pandemic was sent out to 2,416 German physicians prescribing OAT medications. Differences between physicians with and without addiction medicine certification were analyzed.

RESULTS

The response rate of physicians was 22.8%. Their average age was 57.4 (±10.1) years, and 62.3% were male. During the COVID-19 pandemic, take-home periods for stable patients have been extended by 48.2% of physicians, and 52.6% would like to maintain this prescribing practice in the future. Most physicians (71.6%) indicated that patients handled the extended take-home prescriptions predominantly responsibly. A total of 71.8% of the physicians generally did not use video consultation. A corona pandemic-related switch of the OST medication to depot buprenorphine injection did rather not occur, as 71.2% reported no patients treated with depot buprenorphine, and only 2.6% switched first-time or more patients to depot buprenorphine due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

CONCLUSION

The corona situation opened up opportunities for physicians and patients and enabled change processes in OAT. Physicians had positive experiences implementing expanded take-home prescriptions for stable patients. Video contacts rarely took place, suggesting resistance to digital consultation. The number of depot buprenorphine prescriptions has not increased substantially since the pandemic's beginning and has remained at low levels. Further research is needed to assess to what extent the changes in OAT will be maintained over time and whether they will also lead to long-term benefits for OAT patients.