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Saxena P, Kumar A, Muzammil M, Bojjagani S, Patel DK, Kumari A, Khan AH, Kisku GC. Spatio-temporal distribution and source contributions of the ambient pollutants in Lucknow city, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:693. [PMID: 38963455 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Clean air is imperative to the survival of all life forms on the planet. However, recent times have witnessed enormous escalation in urban pollution levels. It is therefore, incumbent upon us to decipher measures to deal with it. In perspective, the present study was carried out to assess PM10 and PM2.5 loading, metallic constituents, gaseous pollutants, source contributions, health impact and noise level of nine-locations, grouped as residential, commercial, and industrial in Lucknow city for 2019-21. Mean concentrations during pre-monsoon for PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 were: 138.2 ± 35.2, 69.1 ± 13.6, 8.5 ± 3.3 and 32.3 ± 7.4 µg/m3, respectively, whereas post-monsoon concentrations were 143.0 ± 33.3, 74.6 ± 14.5, 12.5 ± 2.1, and 35.5 ± 6.3 µg/m3, respectively. Exceedance percentage of pre-monsoon PM10 over National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) was 38.2% while that for post-monsoon was 43.0%; whereas corresponding values for PM2.5 were 15.2% and 24.3%. Post-monsoon season showed higher particulate loading owing to wintertime inversion and high humidity conditions. Order of elements associated with PM2.5 is Co < Cd < Cr < Ni < V < Be < Mo < Mn < Ti < Cu < Pb < Se < Sr < Li < B < As < Ba < Mg < Al < Zn < Ca < Fe < K < Na and that with PM10 is Co < Cd < Ni < Cr < V < Ti < Be < Mo < Cu < Pb < Se < Sr < Li < B < As < Mn < Ba < Mg < Al < Fe < Zn < K < Na < Ca. WHO AIRQ + ascertained 1654, 144 and 1100 attributable cases per 0.1 million of population to PM10 exposure in 2019-21. Source apportionment was carried out using USEPA-PMF and resolved 6 sources with highest percent contributions including road dust re-entrainment, biomass burning and vehicular emission. It is observed that residents of Lucknow city regularly face exposure to particulate pollutants and associated constituents making it imperative to develop pollution abetment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Saxena
- Environmental Monitoring Division, FEST, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Environmental Monitoring Division, FEST, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohd Muzammil
- Environmental Monitoring Division, FEST, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sreekanth Bojjagani
- Environmental Monitoring Division, FEST, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Analytical Chemistry Division, ASSIST, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alka Kumari
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Altaf Husain Khan
- Environmental Monitoring Division, FEST, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Kisku
- Environmental Monitoring Division, FEST, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Drikvandi M, Goudarzi M, Molavinia S, Baboli Z, Goudarzi G. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on air quality index: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1687-1700. [PMID: 37454284 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2234841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
During the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many countries implemented lockdown policies to control its transmission. These restrictions provided an opportunity to rest and recover the environment. This systematic review (SR) aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on the Air Quality Index (AQI) in countries worldwide. ScienceDirect and PubMed were searched using relevant keywords to identify studies published until March 2020. Overall, 20 studies were included in the SR based on the eligibility criteria. The results show that COVID-19-related lockdown policies positively affect AQI by restricting air-polluting activities, such as transportation, industry, and construction. However, it is important to note that these policies are ineffective in controlling sources of natural air pollution and local dust. The findings of this study emphasize the need for policymakers to approve legislation limiting the sources of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrsa Drikvandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahdis Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Molavinia
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Baboli
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Ravindiran G, Rajamanickam S, Kanagarathinam K, Hayder G, Janardhan G, Arunkumar P, Arunachalam S, AlObaid AA, Warad I, Muniasamy SK. Impact of air pollutants on climate change and prediction of air quality index using machine learning models. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117354. [PMID: 37821071 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of air pollution in Chennai metropolitan city, a southern Indian coastal city was examined to predict the Air Quality Index (AQI). Regular monitoring and prediction of the Air Quality Index (AQI) are critical for combating air pollution. The current study created machine learning models such as XGBoost, Random Forest, BaggingRegressor, and LGBMRegressor for the prediction of the AQI using the historical data available from 2017 to 2022. According to historical data, the AQI is highest in January, with a mean value of 104.6 g/gm, and the lowest in August, with a mean AQI value of 63.87 g/gm. Particulate matter, gaseous pollutants, and meteorological parameters were used to predict AQI, and the heat map generated showed that of all the parameters, PM2.5 has the greatest impact on AQI, with a value of 0.91. The log transformation method is used to normalize datasets and determine skewness and kurtosis. The XGBoost model demonstrated strong performance, achieving an R2 (correlation coefficient) of 0.9935, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.02, a mean square error (MSE) of 0.001, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.04. In comparison, the LightGBM model's prediction was less effective, as it attained an R2 of 0.9748. According to the study, the AQI in Chennai has been increasing over the last two years, and if the same conditions persist, the city's air pollution will worsen in the future. Furthermore, accurate future air quality level predictions can be made using historical data and advanced machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokulan Ravindiran
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000, Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, 500090, Telangana, India.
| | - Sivarethinamohan Rajamanickam
- Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies (Constituent of Symbiosis International Deemed University), Bengaluru, 560 100, Karnataka, India.
| | - Karthick Kanagarathinam
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, 532 127, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Gasim Hayder
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000, Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000, Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Gorti Janardhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, 532 127, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Priya Arunkumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641 407, India.
| | - Sivakumar Arunachalam
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai, India.
| | - Abeer A AlObaid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box- 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ismail Warad
- Department of Chemistry, AN- Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestine; Research Centre, Manchester Salt & Catalysis, Unit C, 88-90, Chorlton Rd, M154AN, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Senthil Kumar Muniasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, Chengalpattu, 603308, Tamilnadu, India.
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Chandra S, Chakraborty P. Air-water exchange and risk assessment of phthalic acid esters during the early phase of COVID-19 pandemic in tropical riverine catchments of India. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140013. [PMID: 37657701 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Given the increased load of waste plastic in the solid waste stream after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigated the fate of selected plastic additives along open burning dumps, industrial and residential transects in tropical riverine catchments of India. Polyurethane foam disk passive air samples, surface water and community stored water (CSW) samples were collected along the Adyar River (AR), Cooum River (CR) and canals in Chennai and Daman Ganga River (DG) in Vapi. Among the quantified phthalic acid esters (PAEs), a widely used plastic additive, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), was ubiquitous across all the transects. More open drains and leaching of littered single-use plastic items can be the reason for significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of PAEs in CR over other rivers with a dominance of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). Prevalence of open burning of dumped plastic waste was the possible primary emission source of PAEs in these riverine catchments. Excluding highly soluble dimethyl phthalate (DMP), air-water exchange processes reflected the secondary emission of all the PAEs from the surface water along the open burning sites. Despite the cleansing effect of the oceanic air mass from the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean, the average atmospheric PAE level was two-fold higher in Chennai than Vapi. Even though Vapi is a coastal city along the Arabian Sea, it was impacted by inland air masses during the sampling event. Open burning dumpsites showed a five-fold increase in atmospheric priority PAEs in Chennai city after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. DnBP was the major contributor to estrogenicity in CSW and DG, and also posed maximum risk for fishes in the open burning transect of these tropical rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Chandra
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate Change (REACH), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Ravindiran G, Hayder G, Kanagarathinam K, Alagumalai A, Sonne C. Air quality prediction by machine learning models: A predictive study on the indian coastal city of Visakhapatnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139518. [PMID: 37454985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Clean air is critical component for health and survival of human and wildlife, as atmospheric pollution is associated with a number of significant diseases including cancer. However, due to rapid industrialization and population growth, activities such as transportation, household, agricultural, and industrial processes contribute to air pollution. As a result, air pollution has become a significant problem in many cities, especially in emerging countries like India. To maintain ambient air quality, regular monitoring and forecasting of air pollution is necessary. For that purpose, machine learning has emerged as a promising technique for predicting the Air Quality Index (AQI) compared to conventional methods. Here we apply the AQI to the city of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, focusing on 12 contaminants and 10 meteorological parameters from July 2017 to September 2022. For this purpose, we employed several machine learning models, including LightGBM, Random Forest, Catboost, Adaboost, and XGBoost. The results show that the Catboost model outperformed other models with an R2 correlation coefficient of 0.9998, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.60, a mean square error (MSE) of 0.58, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.76. The Adaboost model had the least effective prediction with an R2 correlation coefficient of 0.9753. In summary, machine learning is a promising technique for predicting AQI with Catboost being the best-performing model for AQI prediction. Moreover, by leveraging historical data and machine learning algorithms enables accurate predictions of future urban air quality levels on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokulan Ravindiran
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor Darul Ehsan, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, 500090, Telangana, India.
| | - Gasim Hayder
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor Darul Ehsan, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Selangor Darul Ehsan, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia.
| | - Karthick Kanagarathinam
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, 532 127, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Avinash Alagumalai
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Ecoscience, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India.
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Kikon N, Kumar D, Ahmed SA. Quantitative assessment of land surface temperature and vegetation indices on a kilometer grid scale. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:107236-107258. [PMID: 37160519 PMCID: PMC10169178 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to expanding populations and thriving economies, studies into the built environment's thermal characteristics have increased. This research tracks and predicts how land use and land cover (LULC) changes may affect ground temperatures, urban heat islands, and city thermal fields (UTFVI). The current study examines land surface temperature (LST), urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI), normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land use land cover (LULC) on a kilometer scale. According to the comparative study, the mean LST decreases by 3 °C and the NDVI increases considerably. Correlation analysis showed that LST and NDVI are inversely connected, while LST and NDBI are positively correlated. NDVI and NDBI have a strong negative association, while LST and UTFVI have a positive correlation. Urban planners and environmentalists can study the LST's effects on land surface parameters in different environmental contexts during the lockout period. The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, in which the land surface qualities of an urban region cause a change in the urban thermal environment, forms and intensifies over an urban area. The minimum and maximum LST in grid number 1 in 2009 was 20.30 °C and 29.91 °C, respectively, with a mean LST of 25.1 °C. There was a decline in the minimum and maximum LST in grid number 1 in 2020 with a minimum and maximum LST of 17.31 °C and 25.35 °C, respectively, with a mean LST of 21.33 °C. There was a 3.8 °C drop in the LST of this grid. The minimum and maximum NDVI were also - 0.16 and 0.59, respectively, with an average NDVI value of 0.21. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate and foresee the impact of LULC change on the thermal environment and examines the connection between LULC shifts with subsequent changes in land surface temperature (LST) along with the UHI phenomenon. Maps of the UTFVI reveal positive UHI phenomena, with the highest UTFVI zones occurring over the developed area and none over the adjacent rural territory. During the summer months, the urban area with the strongest UTFVI zone grows noticeably larger than it does during the winter months during the forecasted years. Future policymakers and city planners can mitigate the effects of heat stress and create more sustainable urban environments by evaluating the expected distribution maps of LULC, LST, UHI, and UTFVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noyingbeni Kikon
- Amity Institute of Geoinformatics & Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125 (Gautam Buddha Nagar), Noida, 201313 Uttar Pradesh India
- Present Address: Emergency Response & Communication Cell, Nagaland State Disaster Management Authority (NSDMA), Home Department, Nagaland Civil Secretariat, Government of Nagaland, Nagaland 797001 Kohima, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Amity Institute of Geoinformatics & Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125 (Gautam Buddha Nagar), Noida, 201313 Uttar Pradesh India
- Center of Excellence in Weather and Climate Analytics, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany (UAlbany), State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY 12226 USA
| | - Syed Ashfaq Ahmed
- Department of Applied Geology, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577 45 Karnataka India
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Amiri F, Jamali AA, Gharibvand LK. Tracing air pollution changes (CO, NO2, SO2, and HCHO) using GEE and Sentinel 5P images in Ahvaz, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1259. [PMID: 37777996 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The first case of COVID-19 in Iran was reported on February 25, 2020, leading in the implementation of a government-mandated lockdown as the virus gradually spread to different cities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality in Ahvaz city by utilizing Sentinel 5 images and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Specifically, the concentrations of air pollutants, including CO, NO2, SO2, and HCHO, during the COVID-19 pandemic from May 10 to June 01, 2021, were examined. Also, they were compared to the same period in 2019. Additionally, the influence of meteorological parameters, such as wind speed and precipitation, on pollutant concentrations during the pandemic and in the pre-pandemic year of 2019 were investigated. The results revealed a significant decrease in the concentrations of NO2 (13.7%), CO (6.1%), SO2 (28%), and HCHO (9.5%) in Ahvaz during the study period in 2021 compared to the same period in 2019. Statistical analyses indicated no significant changes in wind speed and precipitation between the COVID-19 pandemic and the pre-pandemic period in 2019. Therefore, the impact of these parameters on the observed changes in pollutant concentrations can be disregarded. It is clear that the COVID-19 epidemic and the subsequent lockdown measures, including traffic restrictions and business closures, played a crucial role in significantly reducing air pollutant concentrations in Ahvaz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amiri
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Masjed-Soleiman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed-Soleiman, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Jamali
- Department of GIS-RS and Watershed Management, Meybod Branch, Islamic Azad University, Meybod, Yazd, Iran.
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B JP, S R, P MP, A J, K V, Das MK, K S, N S, Ezhilan J, Agarwal R, P R V, Choudhary AH, C B M, Malviya A, Gopi A, V K C, Joseph S, Goyal KK, John JF, Bansal S, S H, Nagula P, Joseph J, Bagawat A, Seth S, Shah U, Goel PK, Asokan PK, Sethi KK, Sharma S, Banerji LGA, Sikdar S, Agarwala M, Chandra S, Bharti B, Ashraf SM, Srivastava S, Kesavamoorthy B, Bali HK, Sarma D, Jain RK, Dani SI, Natesh BH, Chakraborty RN, Gupta V, Khanna NN, Mukhopadhyay D, Mandal S, Majumder B, L S, Girish MP, Das D, Devasia T, Vajifdar B, Bhatia T, Abdullah Z, Sharma S, Kumar S, Lincy M, Naik N, Kahali D, Sinha DP, Dastidar DG, Wander GS, Yadav R, Tewari S, Bhandari S, Chandra Rath P, Bang VH, Roy D, Banerjee P, Shanmugasundaram S, Zachariah G. Impact of COVID-19 on heart failure hospitalization and outcome in India - A cardiological society of India study (CSI-HF in COVID 19 times study - "The COVID C-HF study"). Indian Heart J 2023; 75:370-375. [PMID: 37652199 PMCID: PMC10568052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The presentation and outcomes of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) during COVID times (June 2020 to Dec 2020) were compared with the historical control during the same period in 2019. METHODS Data of 4806 consecutive patients of acute HF admitted in 22 centres in the country were collected during this period. The admission patterns, aetiology, outcomes, prescription of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) and interventions were analysed in this retrospective study. RESULTS Admissions for acute heart failure during the pandemic period in 2020 decreased by 20% compared to the corresponding six-month period in 2019, with numbers dropping from 2675 to 2131. However, no difference in the epidemiology was seen. The mean age of presentation in 2019 was 61.75 (±13.7) years, and 59.97 (±14.6) years in 2020. There was a significant decrease in the mean age of presentation (p = 0.001). Also. the proportion of male patients decreased significantly from 68.67% to 65.84% (p = 0.037). The in-hospital mortality for acute heart failure did not differ significantly between 2019 and 2020 (4.19% and 4.,97%) respectively (p = 0.19). The proportion of patients with HFrEF did not change in 2020 compared to 2019 (76.82% vs 75.74%, respectively). The average duration of hospital stay was 6.5 days. CONCLUSION The outcomes of ADHF patients admitted during the Covid pandemic did not differ significantly. The length of hospital stay remained the same. The study highlighted the sub-optimal use of GDMT, though slightly improving over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayagopal P B
- Lakshmi Hospital, Chittur Road, Palakkad, Kerala, India.
| | - Ramakrishnan S
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohanan P P
- West Fort Hi-Tech Hospital, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Jabir A
- Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Venugopal K
- Pushpagiri Medical College, Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
| | - M K Das
- Birla Heart Research Centre and the Calcutta Medical Research Institute (CMRI), Kolkata, India
| | - Santhosh K
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Syam N
- District Hospital, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - J Ezhilan
- Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Meena C B
- SMS Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Arun Gopi
- Metromed International Cardiac Centre, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | | | - Stigi Joseph
- Little Flower Hospital & Research Centre, Angamaly, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | - John F John
- Baby Memorial Hospital, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Sandeep Bansal
- Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandeep Seth
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - P K Asokan
- Fathima Hospital, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - K K Sethi
- Delhi Heart & Lung Institute, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S M Ashraf
- Sahakarana Hridayalaya, Pariyaram Medical College, Kannur, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - B H Natesh
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Vivek Gupta
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Subroto Mandal
- Ubuntu Heart & Super Speciality Hospital, Ubbuntu, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Sridhar L
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Tom Devasia
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhavesh Vajifdar
- Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Zia Abdullah
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sudeep Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mathew Lincy
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Dhiman Kahali
- M Birla Heart Research Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Satyendra Tewari
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | - Debabrata Roy
- N H Rabindranatha Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Yang Z, Zhang W, Villarini G. Impact of coronavirus-driven reduction in aerosols on precipitation in the western United States. ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2023; 288:106732. [PMID: 37007932 PMCID: PMC10050195 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Among the many impacts of COVID-19, the pandemic led to improved air quality conditions in the countries under quarantine due to the shutdown of industries, drastically reduced traffic, and lockdowns. Meanwhile, the western United States, particularly the coastal areas from Washington to California, received much less precipitation than normal during early 2020. Is it possible that this reduction in precipitation was driven by the reduced aerosols due to the coronavirus? Here we show that the reduction in aerosols resulted in higher temperatures (up to ∼0.5 °C) and generally lower snow amounts but cannot explain the observed low precipitation amounts over this region. In addition to an assessment of the effects of the coronavirus-related reduction in aerosols on precipitation across the western United States, our findings also provide basic information on the potential impacts different mitigation efforts aimed at reducing anthropogenic aerosols would have on the regional climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Yang
- Fondazione Centro euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici - CMCC, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, UT, USA
| | - Gabriele Villarini
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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10
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Navasakthi S, Pandey A, Bhari JS, Sharma A. Significant variation in air quality in South Indian cities during COVID-19 lockdown and unlock phases. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:772. [PMID: 37253943 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With the spread of COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, the Government of India had imposed lockdown in the month of March 2020 to curb the spread of the virus furthermore. This shutdown led to closure of various institutions, organizations, and industries, and restriction on public movement was also inflicted which paved way to better air quality due to reduction in various industrial and vehicular emissions. To brace this, the present study was carried out to statistically analyze the changes in air quality from pre-lockdown period to unlock 6.0 in South Indian cities, namely, Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, and Hyderabad, by assessing the variation in concentration of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 during pre-lockdown, lockdown, and unlock phases. Pollutant concentration data was obtained for the selected timeframe (01 March 2020-30 November 2020) from CPCB, and line graph was plotted which had shown visible variation in the concentration of pollutants in cities taken into consideration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the mean differences in the concentration of pollutants during eleven timeframes, and the results indicated a significant difference (F (10,264) = 3.389, p < 0.001). A significant decrease in the levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 during the lockdown phases was asserted by Tukey HSD results in Bangalore, Coimbatore, and Hyderabad stations, whereas PM10 and NO2 significantly increased during lockdown period in Chennai station. In order to understand the cause of variation in the concentration of pollutants and to find the association of pollutants with meteorological parameters, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the relationship between PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 concentrations, temperature, rainfall, and wind speed for a span of 15 months, i.e., from January 2020 to March 2021. At a significant level of 99.9%, 99%, and 95%, a significant correlation among the pollutants, rainfall had a major impact on the pollutant concentration in Bangalore, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, and Chennai followed by wind speed and temperature. No significant influence of temperature on the concentration of pollutants was observed in Bangalore station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Navasakthi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Anuvesh Pandey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashita Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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11
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Hossain MT, Hossain A, Meem SM, Monir MF, Ullah Miah MS, Bin Sarwar T. Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Air Quality in Bangladesh: Analysis and AQI Forecasting with Support Vector Regression. 2023 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR EMERGING TECHNOLOGY (INCET) 2023. [DOI: 10.1109/incet57972.2023.10169997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Afra Hossain
- Independent University, Bangladesh,Department of CSE,Dhaka,Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Fahad Monir
- Independent University, Bangladesh,Department of CSC,Dhaka,Bangladesh
| | - Md Saef Ullah Miah
- American International University-Bangladesh,Department of Computer Science, FST,Dhaka,Bangladesh
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12
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Borowska-Stefańska M, Dulebenets MA, Kowalski M, Turoboś F, Wiśniewski S. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Daily Mobility of the Elderly Living in Small Cities in Lodz Province. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095752. [PMID: 37174269 PMCID: PMC10178618 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The article presents a study into the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on the daily mobility of those over 60 residing in small towns in the Lodz Province. The study determines the impact on the trip destination, trip frequency, preferred means of transport, distance and duration of trips, and length of the target activity. To achieve these objectives, a survey was conducted using the CATI technique (Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing), which comprised 500 residents of small towns in the Lodz Province aged 60+, who were divided into three classes of small towns (by population size). In order to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the daily mobility of those over 60, the tools the authors decided to use descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing. Overall, the pandemic was found to have had only a minor impact on the changes in transport behavior of those over 60 in small towns. Only 9% of respondents declared any effect on their daily mobility. The impact mainly involved a reduction in travel time and frequency, primarily among the oldest residents. Since a low level of daily mobility leads to low social activity, especially for the elderly-with a consequent sense of loneliness or even depression-towns should take measures to improve the already poor situation, one that has been further exacerbated by the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxim A Dulebenets
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University (FAMU-FSU), Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Michał Kowalski
- Institute of the Built Environment and Spatial Policy, University of Lodz, 90-142 Lodz, Poland
| | - Filip Turoboś
- Institute of Mathematics, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Szymon Wiśniewski
- Institute of the Built Environment and Spatial Policy, University of Lodz, 90-142 Lodz, Poland
- Research Center for European Spatial Policy and Local Development, University of Lodz, 90-142 Lodz, Poland
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13
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Yeasin M, Paul RK, Das S, Deka D, Karak T. Change in the air due to the coronavirus outbreak in four major cities of India: What do the statistics say? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 10:100325. [PMID: 37274946 PMCID: PMC10226293 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The onset of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) has impacted all sectors of society. To avoid the rapid spread of this virus, the Government of India imposed a nationwide lockdown in four phases. Lockdown, due to COVID-19 pandemic, resulted a decline in pollution in India in general and in dense cities in particular. Data on key air quality indicators were collected, imputed, and compiled for the period 1st August 2018 to 31st May 2020 for India's four megacities, namely Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and machine learning technique e.g. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the inclusion of lockdown dummy in both the models have been applied to examine the impact of anthropogenic activity on air quality parameters. The number of indicators having significant lockdown dummy are six (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, CO, benzene, and AQI), five (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, SO2 and benzene), five (PM10, NOx, CO, benzene and AQI) and three (PM2.5, PM10, and AQI) for Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Hyderabad respectively. It was also observed that the prediction accuracy significantly improved when a lockdown dummy was incorporated. The highest reduction in Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is found for CO in Hyderabad (28.98%) followed by the NOx in Delhi (28.55%). Overall, it can be concluded that there is a significant decline in the value of air quality parameters in the lockdown period as compared to the same time phase in the previous year. Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic will help to achieve significant improvement in ambient air quality while keeping economic growth in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yeasin
- ICAR Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Ranjit Kumar Paul
- ICAR Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sampa Das
- Dibrugarh Polytechnic, Lahowal, Dibrugarh 786010, Assam, India
| | - Diganta Deka
- Upper Assam Advisory Centre, Tea Research Association, Dikom, Dibrugarh, Assam 786101, India
| | - Tanmoy Karak
- Upper Assam Advisory Centre, Tea Research Association, Dikom, Dibrugarh, Assam 786101, India
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Nagaland University, Nagaland 797106, India
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14
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Priya S, Iqbal J. Assessment of NO 2 concentrations over industrial state Jharkhand, at the time frame of pre, concurrent, and post-COVID-19 lockdown along with the meteorological behaviour: an overview from satellite and ground approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:68591-68608. [PMID: 37126175 PMCID: PMC10150349 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Burning of fossil fuels in the form of coal or gasoline in thermal power plants, industries, and automobiles is a prime source of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a major air pollutant causing health problems. In this paper, spatio-temporal unevenness of NO2 concentrations via both spaceborne Sentinel-5P and ground-based in situ data have been studied for the period of 2017-2021. Annual and seasonal distribution of TROPOMI-NO2 depict consistency over the Jharkhand region, highlighting six hotspot regions. As compared to 2019, a notable dip of 11% in the spatial annual average TROPOMI-NO2 was achieved in 2020, which were elevated again by 22% in 2021 as the lockdown gradually goes out of the picture. Among eight ground-monitoring stations, Tata and Golmuri stations always displayed a higher level of TROPOMI-NO2 ranges up to 15.2 ×1015molecules.cm-2 and 16.9 ×1015molecules.cm-2 respectively, as being located in the highly industrialised district of Jamshedpur. A big percentage reduction of up to 30% in TROPOMI-NO2 has been reported in Jharia and Bastacola stations in Dhanbad in the lockdown phase of 2020 compared to 2019. Good agreement between TROPOMI-NO2 and surface-NO2 has been achieved with R = 0.8 and R = 0.71 during winter and post-monsoon respectively. Among four meteorological parameters, TROPOMI-NO2 was majorly found to be influenced by precipitation, having R = 0.6-0.8 for almost all stations. More advanced satellite algorithms and ground-based data may be used to estimate NO2 in places where monitoring facilities are limited and thus can help in air pollution control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Priya
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215 India
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215 India
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15
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Li D, Lasenby J. Investigating impacts of COVID-19 on urban mobility and emissions. CITIES (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 135:104246. [PMID: 36811025 PMCID: PMC9935275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2023.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted human activities in a way never documented in modern history. The prevention policies and measures have abruptly changed well-established urban mobility patterns. In this context, we exploit different sources of urban mobility data to gain insights into the effects of restrictive policies on the daily mobility and exhaust emissions in pandemic and post-pandemic periods. Manhattan, the most densely populated borough in New York City, is chosen as the study area. We collect data generated by taxis, sharing bikes, and road detectors between 2019 and 2021, and estimate exhaust emissions using the COPERT (Computer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport) model. A comparative analysis is conducted to identify important changes in urban mobility and emission patterns, with a particular focus on the lockdown period in 2020 and its counterparts in 2019 and 2021. The results of the paper fuel the discussion on urban resilience and policy-making in a post pandemic world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Li
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
- Department of Engineering, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Joan Lasenby
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
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16
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Vaishya A, Raj SS, Singh A, Sivakumar S, Ojha N, Sharma SK, Ravikrishna R, Gunthe SS. Black carbon over tropical Indian coast during the COVID-19 lockdown: inconspicuous role of coastal meteorology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:44773-44781. [PMID: 36701057 PMCID: PMC9878492 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosols critically impact the climate and hydrological cycle. The impact of anthropogenic emissions and coastal meteorology on BC dynamics, however, remains unclear over tropical India, a globally identified hotspot. In this regard, we have performed in situ measurements of BC over a megacity (Chennai, 12° 59' 26.5″ N, 80° 13' 51.8″ E) on the eastern coast of India during January-June 2020, comprising the period of COVID-19-induced strict lockdown. Our measurements revealed an unprecedented reduction in BC concentration by an order of magnitude as reported by other studies for various other pollutants. This was despite having stronger precipitation during pre-lockdown and lesser precipitation washout during the lockdown. Our analyses, taking mesoscale dynamics into account, unravels stronger BC depletion in the continental air than marine air. Additionally, the BC source regime also shifted from a fossil-fuel dominance to a biomass burning dominance as a result of lockdown, indicating relative reduction in fossil fuel combustion. Considering the rarity of such a low concentration of BC in a tropical megacity environment, our observations and findings under near-natural or background levels of BC may be invaluable to validate model simulations dealing with BC dynamics and its climatic impacts in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Vaishya
- School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India
- Global Centre for Environment and Energy, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Subha S Raj
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Aishwarya Singh
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Center for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Swetha Sivakumar
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Narendra Ojha
- Physical Research Laboratory, Space and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Som Kumar Sharma
- Physical Research Laboratory, Space and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Raghunathan Ravikrishna
- Center for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sachin S Gunthe
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
- Center for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
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17
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Wang Y, Ge Q. The positive impact of the Omicron pandemic lockdown on air quality and human health in cities around Shanghai. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-26. [PMID: 37362999 PMCID: PMC9975847 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-03071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The Omicron pandemic broke out in Shanghai in March 2022, and some infected people spread to some cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. To achieve the dynamic zero-COVID target as soon as possible, Shanghai and nine cities that were heavily affected by Shanghai implemented the lockdown measures. This paper aims to quantify the impact of the lockdown on air quality and human health. A difference-in-difference (DID) model was first used to measure the impact of the lockdown on air quality in these ten cities. Based on the results of the DID model, we estimated the PM2.5-related health and economic benefits using the concentration-response function and the value of statistical life method. Results showed that the lockdown has reduced the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO by 9.87 μg/m3, 17.31 μg/m3, 0.75 μg/m3, 9.03 μg/m3, and 0.07 mg/m3, respectively. The number of avoided premature deaths due to PM2.5 reduction was estimated to be 35,342. The resulting economic benefits totaled 18.86 billion US dollars. We investigated the reasons for the air quality improvement in these ten cities and found the "3 + 11" policy has had a great impact on air quality. Compared with the first COVID-19 lockdown in early 2020, the effect of the lockdown in 2022 was smaller. These findings demonstrated that reductions in anthropogenic emissions would achieve substantial air quality improvement and health benefits. This paper re-emphasized continuous efforts to improve air quality are essential to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 334 Jungong Rd, Shanghai, 200093 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Ge
- College of Business, Yancheng Teachers University, 2 South Hope Avenue, Yancheng, 224051 People’s Republic of China
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18
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Chauhan A, Gupta SK, Liou YA. Rising surface ozone due to anthropogenic activities and its impact on COVID-19 related deaths in Delhi, India. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14975. [PMID: 37035357 PMCID: PMC10060016 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidity and global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have left several vital questions in the research community requiring coordinated investigation and unique perspectives to explore the relationship between the spread of disease and air quality. Previous studies have focused mainly on the relation of particulate matter concentration with COVID-19-related mortalities. In contrast, surficial ozone has not been given much attention as surface ozone is a primary air pollutant and directly impacts the respiratory system of humans. Hence, we analyzed the relationship between surface ozone pollution and COVID-19-related mortalities. In this study, we have analyzed the variability of various atmospheric pollutants (particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), and Ozone) in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India during 2020-2021 using station data and investigated the relationship of the air-quality parameters with the COVID-19 related deaths. In northern parts of India, the concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), and Ozone remain high during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons due to dust loading and crop residue burning (after winter wheat in April & summer rice in November). The westerly wind brings the polluted airmass from western and northwestern parts to Delhi and National Capital Region during April-June and October-November, and meteorological conditions help raise the concentration of these pollutants. Due to long solar hours and high CO concentrations, the ozone concentration is higher from April to June and September. While comparing major air quality parameters with COVID-19-related deaths, we found a good relationship between surface ozone and COVID-19 mortality in Delhi. We also observed a time lag relationship between ozone concentration and mortality in Delhi, so the exposure to Ozone in a large population of Delhi may have augmented the rise of COVID-19-related deaths. The analysis suggested that ozone has a significant relationship with COVID-19 related mortality in Delhi in comparison to other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshansha Chauhan
- Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sharad Kumar Gupta
- Advanced Geospatial Application Group, Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana, India
| | - Yuei-An Liou
- Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Corresponding author.
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19
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R L, Bano S, More D, Ambulkar R, Mondal T, Maurya P, Bs M. On the transition of major pollutant and O 3 production regime during Covid-19 lockdowns. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 328:116907. [PMID: 36508979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lockdowns enforced amid the pandemic facilitated the evaluation of the impact of emission reductions on air quality and the production regime of O3 under NOx reduction. Analysis of space-time variation of various pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NOx, CO, O3 and VOC or TNMHC) through the lockdown phases at eight typical stations (Urban/Metro, Rural/high vegetation and coastal) is carried out. It reveals how the major pollutant (PM10 or PM2.5 or O3, or CO) differs from station to station as lockdowns progress depending on geography, land-use pattern and efficacy of lockdown implementation. Among the stations analyzed, Delhi (Chandnichowk), the most polluted (PM10 = 203 μgm-3; O3 = 17.4 ppbv) in pre-lockdown, experienced maximum reduction during the first phase of lockdown in PM2.5 (-47%), NO2 (-40%), CO (-37%) while O3 remained almost the same (2% reduction) to pre-lockdown levels. The least polluted Mahabaleshwar (PM10 = 45 μgm-3; O3 = 54 ppbv) witnessed relatively less reduction in PM2.5 (-2.9%), NO2 (-4.7%), CO (-49%) while O3 increased by 36% to pre-lockdown levels. In rural stations with lots of greenery, O3 is the major pollutant attributed to biogenic VOC emissions from vegetation besides lower NO levels. In other stations, PM2.5 or PM10 is the primary pollutant. At Chennai, Jabalpur, Mahabaleshwar and Goa, the deciding factor of Air Quality Index (AQI) remained unchanged, with reduced values. Particulate matter, PM10 decided AQI for three stations (dust as control component), and PM2.5 decided the same for two but within acceptable limits for stations. Improvement of AQI through control of dust would prove beneficial for Chennai and Patiala; anthropogenic emission control would work for Chandani chowk, Goa and Patiala; emission control of CO is required for Mahabaleshwar and Thiruvanathapuram. Under low VOC/NOx ratio conditions, O3 varies with the ratio, NO/NO2, with a negative (positive) slope indicating VOC-sensitive (NOx-sensitive) regime. Peak O3 isopleths as a function of NOx and VOC depicting distinct patterns suggest that O3 variation is entirely non-linear for a given NOx or VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha R
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
| | - Shahana Bano
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
| | - Dolly More
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | - Murthy Bs
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India.
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20
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Saha S, Sharma S, Chhabra A, Kumar P, Kondapalli NK, Kamat D, Lal S. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Ahmedabad, Western Indian Region: Impact of COVID-19 Nationwide Lockdown. PURE AND APPLIED GEOPHYSICS 2023; 180:1113-1119. [PMID: 36820241 PMCID: PMC9931163 DOI: 10.1007/s00024-023-03230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The government of India imposed a nationwide lockdown to tackle the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020. This period witnessed record low anthropogenic activity, which had severe socio-economic impacts but also had orthogonal effects on the ambient air quality of the atmosphere. This study focuses on the variations in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over a western Indian urban region in the light of COVID-19. Continuous backscatter recorded by a ceilometer, stationed at Ahmedabad, was used in this study to monitor the ABL during the national lockdown (NLD) in 2020 and state restrictions in 2021, and compared with the control year of 2019. In parallel, improvement in air quality during the NLD was observed by the SAFAR air quality station at Ahmedabad, with decreased particulate matter concentrations. The ground-based observations were substantiated by the ERA5 reanalysis dataset. A decline in the ABL height was recorded during the NLD, which showed improvement in 2021 but which was shy of the ABL in 2019. This was correlated with rain events during the observational period, recorded by an automatic weather station.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Som Sharma
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Shyam Lal
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
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21
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Dubey A, Rasool A. Impact on Air Quality Index of India Due to Lockdown. PROCEDIA COMPUTER SCIENCE 2023; 218:969-978. [PMID: 36743785 PMCID: PMC9886323 DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For the very first time, on 22-March-2020 the Indian government forced the only known method at that time to prevent the outburst of the COVID-19 pandemic which was restricting the social movements, and this led to imposing lockdown for a few days which was further extended for a few months. As the impact of lockdown, the major causes of air pollution were ceased which resulted in cleaner blue skies and hence improving the air quality standards. This paper presents an analysis of air quality particulate matter (PM)2.5, PM10, Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Air quality index (AQI). The analysis indicates that the PM10 AQI value drops impulsively from (40-45%), compared before the lockdown period, followed by NO2 (27-35%), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) (2-10%), PM2.5 (35-40%), but the Ozone (O3) rises (12-25%). To regulate air quality, many steps were taken at national and regional levels, but no effective outcome was received yet. Such short-duration lockdowns are against economic growth but led to some curative effects on AQI. So, this paper concludes that even a short period lockdown can result in significant improvement in Air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Dubey
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal and 462003, India
| | - Akhtar Rasool
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal and 462003, India
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22
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Chakrabortty R, Pal SC, Ghosh M, Arabameri A, Saha A, Roy P, Pradhan B, Mondal A, Ngo PTT, Chowdhuri I, Yunus AP, Sahana M, Malik S, Das B. Weather indicators and improving air quality in association with COVID-19 pandemic in India. Soft comput 2023; 27:3367-3388. [PMID: 34276248 PMCID: PMC8276232 DOI: 10.1007/s00500-021-06012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic enforced nationwide lockdown, which has restricted human activities from March 24 to May 3, 2020, resulted in an improved air quality across India. The present research investigates the connection between COVID-19 pandemic-imposed lockdown and its relation to the present air quality in India; besides, relationship between climate variables and daily new affected cases of Coronavirus and mortality in India during the this period has also been examined. The selected seven air quality pollutant parameters (PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, SO2, NH3, and O3) at 223 monitoring stations and temperature recorded in New Delhi were used to investigate the spatial pattern of air quality throughout the lockdown. The results showed that the air quality has improved across the country and average temperature and maximum temperature were connected to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. This outcomes indicates that there is no such relation between climatic parameters and outbreak and its associated mortality. This study will assist the policy maker, researcher, urban planner, and health expert to make suitable strategies against the spreading of COVID-19 in India and abroad. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00500-021-06012-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Chakrabortty
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal India
| | - Subodh Chandra Pal
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal India
| | - Manoranjan Ghosh
- Centre for Rural Development and Sustainable Innovative Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal India
| | - Alireza Arabameri
- Department of Geomorphology, Tarbiat Modares University, 14117-13116 Tehran, Iran
| | - Asish Saha
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal India
| | - Paramita Roy
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal India
| | - Biswajeet Pradhan
- Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia ,Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University, Choongmu-gwan, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006 Korea ,Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80234, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia ,Earth Observation Center, Institute of Climate Change, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ayan Mondal
- Ecology and Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal India
| | - Phuong Thao Thi Ngo
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000 Vietnam
| | - Indrajit Chowdhuri
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal India
| | - Ali P. Yunus
- Centre for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, 305-8506 Japan
| | - Mehebub Sahana
- School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Sadhan Malik
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal India
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23
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Singh R, Singh V, Gautam AS, Gautam S, Sharma M, Soni PS, Singh K, Gautam A. Temporal and Spatial Variations of Satellite-Based Aerosol Optical Depths, Angstrom Exponent, Single Scattering Albedo, and Ultraviolet-Aerosol Index over Five Polluted and Less-Polluted Cities of Northern India: Impact of Urbanization and Climate Change. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023; 7:131-149. [PMCID: PMC9648442 DOI: 10.1007/s41810-022-00168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that factors such as population growth, urbanization's quick speed, economic growth, and industrialization all have a role in the atmosphere's rising aerosol concentration. In the current work, we assessed and discussed the findings of a thorough analysis of the temporal and spatial variations of satellite-based aerosol optical parameters such as Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Angstrom Exponent (AE), Single Scattering Albedo (SSA), and Ultraviolet-Aerosol Index (UV-AI), and their concentration have been investigated in this study over five polluted and less-polluted cities of northern India during the last decade 2011–2020. The temporal variation of aerosol optical parameters for AOD ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 with decadal mean 0.86 ± 0.36 for Patna region shows high value with a decadal increasing trend over the study area due to rise in aerosols combustion of fossil fuels, huge vehicles traffic, and biomass over the past ten years. The temporal variation of AE ranging from 0.3 to 1.8 with decadal mean 1.72 ± 0.11 for Agra region shows high value as compared to other study areas, which indicates a comparatively higher level of fine-mode aerosols at Agra. The temporal variation of SSA ranging from 0.8 to 0.9 with decadal mean 0.92 ± 0.02 for SSA shows no discernible decadal pattern at any of the locations. The temporal variation of UV-AI ranging from -1.01 to 2.36 with decadal mean 0.59 ± 0.06 for UV-AI demonstrates a rising tendency, with a noticeable rise in Ludhiana, which suggests relative dominance of absorbing dust aerosols over Ludhiana. Further, to understand the impact of emerging activities, analyses were done in seasonality. For this aerosol climatology was derived for different seasons, i.e., Winter, Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon, and Post-Monsoon. High aerosol was observed in Winter for the study areas Patna, Delhi, and Agra which indicated the particles major dominance of burning aerosol from biomass; and the worst in Monsoon and Post-Monsoon for the Tehri Garhwal and Ludhiana study areas which indicated most of the aerosol concentration is removed by rainfall. After that, we analyzed the correlation among all the parameters to better understand the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of aerosols over the selected region. The value of r for AOD (550 nm) for regions 2 and 1(0.80) shows a strong positive correlation and moderately positive for the regions 3 and 1 (0.64), mostly as a result of mineral dust carried from arid western regions. The value of r for AE (412/470 nm) for region 3 and (0.40) shows a moderately positive correlation, which is the resultant of the dominance of fine-mode aerosol and negative for the regions 5 and 1 (− 0.06). The value of r for SSA (500 nm) for regions 2 and 1 (0.63) shows a moderately positive correlation, which explains the rise in big aerosol particles, which scatters sun energy more efficiently, and the value of r for UV-AI for regions 1 and 2 shows a strong positive correlation (0.77) and moderately positive for the regions 3 and 1 (0.46) which indicates the absorbing aerosols present over the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolly Singh
- Department of Physics Agra College, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, Agra, 282004 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Physics Agra College, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, Agra, 282004 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Alok Sagar Gautam
- Department of Physics, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Garhwal, India
| | - Sneha Gautam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641117 India
| | - Manish Sharma
- School of Science and Engineering, Himgiri Zee University, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand India
| | - Pushpendra Singh Soni
- Department of Physics Agra College, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, Agra, 282004 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Karan Singh
- Department of Physics, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Garhwal, India
| | - Alka Gautam
- Department of Physics Agra College, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra, Agra, 282004 Uttar Pradesh India
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24
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Sarkar N, Gupta R, Keserwani PK, Govil MC. Air Quality Index prediction using an effective hybrid deep learning model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120404. [PMID: 36240962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmentalism has become an intrinsic part of everyday life. One of the greatest challenge to the environment's long-term existence is the air pollution. Delhi, the capital of India, has experienced decreasing of air quality for several years. The poor air quality has a significant impact on the lives of individuals. Air Quality Index (AQI) prediction can help to its beneficiaries in taking safeguards about their health before moving to any polluted area. In this study, a variety of data forecasting approaches is evaluated to predict the AQI value for Particulate Matter (PM2.5) μm at a particular area of Delhi and several error-prone strategies such as R-Squared (R2), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) methods are catalogued. In the proposed approach two deep learning models like Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) are combined to predict the AQI of the environment. Several stand alone machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models such as LSTM, Linear-Regression (LR), GRU, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are also trained on the same dataset to compare their performances with the proposed hybrid (LSTM-GRU) model and it is found that the proposed hybrid model shows supremacy in the performance with the MAE value 36.11 and R2 value 0.84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairita Sarkar
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Sikkim, South Sikkim, Ravangla, Sikkim, India.
| | - Rajan Gupta
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Sikkim, South Sikkim, Ravangla, Sikkim, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar Keserwani
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Sikkim, South Sikkim, Ravangla, Sikkim, India.
| | - Mahesh Chandra Govil
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Sikkim, South Sikkim, Ravangla, Sikkim, India.
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25
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Asif M, Mahajan P. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown and meteorology on the air quality of Srinagar city: A temperate climatic region in Kashmir Himalayas. HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ADVANCES 2022; 4:100025. [PMID: 37520075 PMCID: PMC9474402 DOI: 10.1016/j.heha.2022.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The deadly transmission of the coronavirus forced all countries to implement lockdowns to restrict the transmission of this highly infectious disease. As a result of these lockdowns and restrictions, many urban centers have seen a positive impact on air quality with a significant reduction in air pollution. Therefore, in this study, the impact of COVID-19 lockdown vis-a-vis meteorological parameters on the ambient air quality of Srinagar city was examined. In this regard, we have evaluated the temporal variation of six different key air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and NH3) along with meteorological parameters (relative humidity, rainfall, temperature, wind speed, and wind direction). The duration of the study was divided into three periods: Before Lockdown(BLD), Lockdown (LD), and Partial Lockdown(PLD). Daily average data for all the parameters was accessed from one of the real-time continuous monitoring stations of the central pollution control board (CPCB) at Rajbagh Srinagar. Some air pollutants have decreased, according to the results, while others have increased. The air quality index (AQI) decreases overall by 6.15 percent compared to before lockdown, and it never exceeds the "moderate" category. The AQI was in the following order for both lockdown and pre-lockdown periods: satisfactory > moderate > good. However, for partial lockdown, it was moderate > satisfactory > good. It was observed that the maximum decrease was seen in the concentration of NO2, NH3 with 75.11% and 69.18%. A modest decrease was observed in PM10 at 3.8%. While SO2 and O3 had an upward trend of 85.82% and 48.74%, The NO2 to SO2 ratio reveals that the emissions of NO2 have substantially decreased due to the complete restriction of transport systems. From principal component analysis for all three study periods, PM10 and PM2.5 were combined into a single component, inferring their shared behavior and source of origin. SO2 and O3 demonstrated identical behavior during the lockdown and partial lockdown periods of study. According to the findings of the study, it is beneficial for the government, environmentalists, and policymakers to impose rigorous lockdown measures, particularly during extreme air pollution events, in order to reduce the damage caused by automotive and industrial emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asif
- Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Pranav Mahajan
- Punjab School of Economics Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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26
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Mondal A, Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Girach I, Ojha N. Frequency distribution of pollutant concentrations over Indian megacities impacted by the COVID-19 lockdown. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85676-85687. [PMID: 34674132 PMCID: PMC8529380 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The megacities experience poor air quality frequently due to stronger anthropogenic emissions. India had one of the longest lockdowns in 2020 to curb the spread of COVID-19, leading to reductions in the emissions from anthropogenic activities. In this article, the frequency distributions of different pollutants have been analysed over two densely populated megacities: Delhi (28.70° N; 77.10° E) and Kolkata (22.57° N; 88.36° E). In Delhi, the percentage of days with PM2.5 levels exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) between 25 March and 17 June dropped from 98% in 2019 to 61% in 2020. The lockdown phase 1 brought down the PM10 (particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) levels below the daily NAAQS limit over Delhi and Kolkata. However, PM10 exceeded the limit of 100 μgm-3 during phases 2-5 of lockdown over Delhi due to lower temperature, weaker winds, increased relative humidity and commencement of limited traffic movement. The PM2.5 levels exhibit a regressive trend in the highest range from the year 2019 to 2020 in Delhi. The daily mean value for PM2.5 concentrations dropped from 85-90 μgm-3 to 40-45 μgm-3 bin, whereas the PM10 levels witnessed a reduction from 160-180 μgm-3 to 100-120 μgm-3 bin due to the lockdown. Kolkata also experienced a shift in the peak of PM10 distribution from 80-100 μgm-3 in 2019 to 20-40 μgm-3 during the lockdown. The PM2.5 levels in peak frequency distribution were recorded in the 35-40 μgm-3 bin in 2019 which dropped to 15-20 μgm-3 in 2020. In line with particulate matter, other primary gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO, SO2, NH3) also showed decline. However, changes in O3 showed mixed trends with enhancements in some of the phases and reductions in other phases. In contrast to daily mean O3, 8-h maximum O3 showed a reduction over Delhi during lockdown phases except for phase 3. Interestingly, the time of daily maximum was observed to be delayed by ~ 2 h over Delhi (from 1300 to 1500 h) and ~ 1 h over Kolkata (from 1300 to 1400 h) almost coinciding with the time of maximum temperature, highlighting the role of meteorology versus precursors. Emission reductions weakened the chemical sink of O3 leading to enhancement (120%; 11 ppbv) in night-time O3 over Delhi during phases 1-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mondal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Imran Girach
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 022, India
| | - Narendra Ojha
- Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, India
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27
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Saxena P, Kumar A, Mahanta SSK, Sreekanth B, Patel DK, Kumari A, Khan AH, Kisku GC. Chemical characterization of PM 10 and PM 2.5 combusted firecracker particles during Diwali of Lucknow City, India: air-quality deterioration and health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:88269-88287. [PMID: 35831653 PMCID: PMC9281250 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban air pollution is a growing menace leading to human discomfort, increased hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality. This study deals with deteriorated air quality due to firecracker bursting during Diwali in Lucknow. Inhalable particulates and gaseous pollutants were monitored during Diwali 2020 using air samplers. Elements, ions, and surface morphology of particles were analyzed using ICP-MS, ion chromatograph, and SEM-EDX, respectively. PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 were 558, 352, 44, and 86 μg/m3 during Diwali night and 233, 101, 17, and 40 μg/m3 on pre-Diwali night while 241, 122, 24, and 43 μg/m3 on Diwali day. Concentrations surged for PM10: 139% and 132%, PM2.5: 249% and 189%, SO2: 159% and 83%, and NO2: 115% and 100% on Diwali night compared to pre-Diwali night and corresponding Diwali day, respectively. Al, K, Ba, and B showed dominance in PM10 whereas Zn, Al, Ba, and K in PM2.5 on Diwali night. The order of metal abundance in PM2.5 was Cd < Co < Ag < As < Cr < Ni < Cu < Bi < Pb < Mn < Sr < Fe < B < Zn < Al < Ba < K. Cations NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and anions F-, Cl-, NO3-, Br-, NO2-, SO4-2, PO43- showed a 2-8 fold increase on Diwali night relative to pre-Diwali night. Average metal concentrations varied by 2.2, 1.6, and 0.09 times on Diwali than pre-Diwali in residential, commercial, and industrial areas, respectively. PM10 concentration increased by 458% and 1140% while PM2.5, 487%, and 2247% than respective NAAQS and WHO standards. Tiny firecracker particles vary in toxicity as compared to vehicular emissions and have enhanced bioavailability leading to severe threat in terms of LRI, COPD, and atherosclerosis for city dwellers. It is imperative to recognize the present status of ambient air quality and implement regulatory strategies for emission reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Saxena
- Environmental Monitoring Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Environmental Monitoring Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - S S Kalikinkar Mahanta
- Environmental Monitoring Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - Bojjagani Sreekanth
- Environmental Monitoring Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
| | - Alka Kumari
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India
| | - Altaf Husain Khan
- Environmental Monitoring Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Kisku
- Environmental Monitoring Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India.
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28
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Arora T, Chirla SR, Singla N, Gupta L. Product Packaging by E-commerce Platforms: Impact of COVID-19 and Proposal for Circular Model to Reduce the Demand of Virgin Packaging. CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 3:1-19. [PMID: 36466115 PMCID: PMC9685062 DOI: 10.1007/s43615-022-00231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
E-commerce packaging waste is a matter of concern, especially with the increasing popularity of online shopping due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This leads to the generation of a massive amount of e-commerce packaging waste as well as resource utilisation and CO2 emissions that go into the production of packaging. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on consumer trends in the e-commerce industry, quantitatively analyse the carbon emissions of packaging used, and present a circular model to reduce the demand for virgin packaging. Using a convenience sampling method, an online questionnaire was administered to 285 respondents to gather data on changes in shopping practices due to the COVID-19 pandemic, consumer awareness levels and observations on packaging materials, and practices employed by e-commerce companies. It was found that the number of orders placed per month increased after the onset of the pandemic and that most households dispose of packaging with household wastes as opposed to reusing or recycling. Primary data (study participants packaging waste production) in combination with secondary data (emission factors) was further used to calculate emissions due to mixed packaging waste, which came out to be 2,705.94 kg CO2e per metric tonne of waste produced. In addition, the paper presents a practical solution to reducing virgin packaging material production, as well as modifications in packaging used to ensure efficient working of the packaging reuse model when implemented by the e-commerce companies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43615-022-00231-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Arora
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, 110042 Delhi, India
| | - Sarvani Reddy Chirla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, 110042 Delhi, India
| | - Nimisha Singla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, 110042 Delhi, India
| | - Lovleen Gupta
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, 110042 Delhi, India
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29
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Purwanto P, Astuti IS, Rohman F, Utomo KSB, Aldianto YE. Assessment of the dynamics of urban surface temperatures and air pollution related to COVID-19 in a densely populated City environment in East Java. ECOL INFORM 2022; 71:101809. [PMID: 36097581 PMCID: PMC9454192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic that has hit the whole world has caused losses in various aspects. Several countries have implemented lockdowns to curb the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that caused death. However, for developing countries such as Indonesia, it is not suitable for lockdown because it considers the economic recession. Instead, the Large-scale Social Restrictions (LSSR) regulation is applied, the same as the partial lockdown. Thus, it is hypothesized that implementing LSSR that limits anthropogenic activities can reduce heat emissions and air pollution. Utilization of remote sensing data such as Terra-MODIS LST and Sentinel-5P images to investigate short-term trends (i.e., comparison between baseline year and COVID-19 year) in surface temperature, Surface Urban Heat Islands Intensity (SUHII), and air pollution such as NO2, CO, and O3 in Malang City and Surabaya City, East Java Province. Spatial downscaling of LST using the Random Forest Regression technique was also carried out to transform the spatial resolution of the Terra-MODIS LST image to make it feasible on a city scale. Raster re-gridding was also implemented to refine the Sentinel-5P spatial resolution. The accuracy of LST spatial downscaling results is quite satisfactory in both cities. Surface temperatures in both cities slightly decreased (below 1 °C) during LSSR was applied (P < 0.05). SUHII in both cities experienced a slight increase in both cities during LSSR. NO2 gas was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in Malang City (∼38%) and Surabaya City (∼28%) during LSSR phase due to reduced vehicle traffic and restrictions on anthropogenic activities. However, CO and O3 gases did not indicate anomaly during LSSR. Moreover, this study provides insight into the correlation between SUHII change and the distribution of air pollution in both cities during the pandemic year. Air temperature and wind speed are also added as meteorological factors to examine their effect on air pollution. The proposed models of spatial downscaling LST and re-gridding satellite-based air pollution can help decision-makers control local air quality in the long and short term in the future. In addition, this model can also be applied to other ecological research, especially the input variables for ecological spatial modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purwanto Purwanto
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, No. 5 Semarang Road, Malang 65145, Indonesia,Corresponding author
| | - Ike Sari Astuti
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, No. 5 Semarang Road, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Fatchur Rohman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, No. 5 Semarang Road, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Kresno Sastro Bangun Utomo
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, No. 5 Semarang Road, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Yulius Eka Aldianto
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, No. 5 Semarang Road, Malang 65145, Indonesia
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30
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Association Between Air Pollution, Climate Change, and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Recent Scientific Evidence. HEALTH SCOPE 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope-122412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: Recent studies indicated the possible relationship between climate change, environmental pollution, and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study reviewed the effects of air pollution, climate parameters, and lockdown on the number of cases and deaths related to COVID-19. Methods: The present review was performed to determine the effects of weather and air pollution on the number of cases and deaths related to COVID-19 during the lockdown. Articles were collected by searching the existing online databases, such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, with no limitations on publication dates. Afterwards, this review focused on outdoor air pollution, including PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and O3, and weather conditions affecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/COVID-19. Results: Most reviewed investigations in the present study showed that exposure to air pollutants, particularly PM2.5 and NO2, is positively related to COVID-19 patients and mortality. Moreover, these studies showed that air pollution could be essential in transmitting COVID-19. Local meteorology plays a vital role in coronavirus spread and mortality. Temperature and humidity variables are negatively correlated with virus transmission. The evidence demonstrated that air pollution could lead to COVID-19 transmission. These results support decision-makers in curbing potential new outbreaks. Conclusions: Overall, in environmental perspective-based COVID-19 studies, efforts should be accelerated regarding effective policies for reducing human emissions, bringing about air pollution and weather change. Therefore, using clean and renewable energy sources will increase public health and environmental quality by improving global air quality.
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Jayachandran S, Dumala A. Recurrent neural network based sentiment analysis of social media data during corona pandemic under national lockdown. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-221883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Corona virus pandemic has affected the normal course of life. People all over the world take the social media to express their opinions and general emotions regarding this phenomenon. In a relatively short period of time, tweets about the new Corona virus increased by an amount never before seen on the social networking site Twitter. In this research work, Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Data to Identify the Feelings of Indians during Corona Pandemic under National Lockdown using recurrent neural network is proposed. The proposed method is analyzed using four steps: that is Data collection, data preparation, Building sentiment analysis model and Visualization of the results. For Data collection, the twitter dataset are collected from social networking platform twitter by application programming interface. For Data preparation, the input data set are pre-processed for removing URL links, removing unnecessary spaces, removing punctuations and numbers. After data cleaning or preprocessing entire particular characters and non-US characters from Standard Code for Information Interchange, apart from hash tag, are extracted as refined tweet text. In addition, entire behaviors less than three alphabets are not assumed at analysis of tweets, lastly, tokenization and derivation was carried out by Porter Stemmer to perform opinion mining. To authenticate the method, categorized the tweets linked to COVID-19 national lockdown. For categorization, recurrent neural method is used. RNN classify the sentiment classification as positive, negative and neutral sentiment scores. The efficiency of the proposed RNN based Sentimental analysis classification of COVID-19 is assessed various performances by evaluation metrics, like sensitivity, precision, recall, f-measure, specificity and accuracy. The proposed method attains 24.51%, 25.35%, 31.45% and 24.53% high accuracy, 43.51%, 52.35%, 21.45% and 28.53% high sensitivity than the existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Jayachandran
- Department of Computer Applications, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Anveshini Dumala
- Department of Information Technology, Vignan’s Nirula Institute of Technology and Science for Women, Guntur, India
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Srivastava N, Kumar M. Comprehensive study of aerosols properties over various terrain types. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:924. [PMID: 36260142 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols are a crucial part of the climate system. Numerous factors, including aerosols, govern Earth's radiation balance. Different aerosols have distinct radiational effects on the earth system, and thus the slight change in their composition may lead to a drastic change in their radiative effects. Aerosols' chemical and physical properties also depend on generation processes, generation source, and geographical location. Significant spatio-temporal inconsistency is noticed in the distribution of aerosols. It makes it much difficult task to assess their radiative properties. We attempted to explore aerosol's optical properties and wavelength dependence over different locations. We have used AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) data over various stations (Kanpur, Jaipur, Gandhi College, Pune) with varying terrain properties in the Indian continent. We have studied the variation of different optical parameters: aerosol optical depth (AOD), single scattering albedo (SSA), and Angstrom exponent (α), and their wavelength dependence. This study indicated that Jaipur is the cleanest site, with dust aerosols as a primary aerosol. Though over Pune also aerosol concentration was relatively low but the anthropogenic aerosols contributed primarily over this site. Over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) sites, dust aerosols dominated the pre-monsoon season, while anthropogenic aerosols dominated the post-monsoon and winter seasons. The scatter plot of AOD with α gives the details of different aerosols (desert dust, continental aerosols, mixed aerosol, biomass burning aerosols, and sulfate aerosols) in the different seasons and places. This study provides an overview of aerosol properties, dominant aerosols in the aerosol system, and their seasonal and spectral variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India.
| | - Mousam Kumar
- Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
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Biswas T, Pal SC, Saha A. Strict lockdown measures reduced PM 2.5 concentrations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kolkata, India. SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2022; 8:180. [PMID: 36278114 PMCID: PMC9576136 DOI: 10.1007/s40899-022-00763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 situation is a critical state throughout the world that most countries have been forced to implement partial to total lockdown to control the COVID-19 disease outbreak. And displays the natural power to rejuvenate herself without the interference of human beings. So, the top-level emergency response including full quarantine actions are significant measures against the COVID-19 and resulted in a notable reduction in PM2.5 in the atmosphere. India was severely attacked by COVID-19, and as a result, the Government of India has imposed a nationwide lockdown from 24th March (2020) to 30th May (2020) in different phases. The COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown had a significant negative impact on India's socioeconomic structure but had a positive impact on environmental sustainability in terms of improved air quality due to the 68 days of the shutdown of India's industrial, commercial, construction, and transportation systems. The current study looked at the spatio-temporal changes in PM2.5 concentrations at different air quality monitoring stations (AQMS) in Kolkata during the COVID-19 period. The study revealed that the average concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) was slightly high (139.82) in the pre-lockdown period which was rapidly reduced to 37.77 (72.99% reduction) during the lockdown period and it was further increased (137.11) in post-lockdown period. The study also shows that the average concentration of PM2.5 was 66.83 in 2018, which slightly increased to 70.43 (5.39%) in 2019 and dramatically decreased to 37.77 (46.37%) in the year 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown. The study clearly shows that air quality improves during lockdown periods in Kolkata, but it is not a permanent solution rather than temporary. Therefore, it is necessary to make the proper policies and strategies by policymakers and government authorities, and environmental scientists to maintain such good air quality by controlling several measures of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Biswas
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Subodh Chandra Pal
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Asish Saha
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
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Singh J, Payra S, Mishra MK, Verma S. An analysis of particulate pollution using urban aerosol pollution island intensity over Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:874. [PMID: 36227379 PMCID: PMC9557043 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accent of the present study is determination of Urban Aerosol Pollution Island (UAPI) intensity and spatial variability in particulate matter concentration (PM10 and PM2.5) over Delhi. For analysis, the hourly concentration dataset of PM2.5 and PM10 from January 2019 to December 2020 was obtained from ten air quality monitoring stations of Delhi. Additionally, UAPI Index has been calculated to assess the intensity of particulate pollution. The daily, monthly, and annual variations in the trends of PM10, PM2.5, and UAPI index along with related meteorological parameters have been analyzed. Particulate pollution peaked majorly during two seasons, i.e., summer and winter. The highest concentration of PM10 was observed to be 426.77 µg/m3 while that of PM2.5 was observed to be 301.91 µg/m3 in January 2019 for traffic-affected regions. During winters, higher PM2.5 concentration was observed which can be ascribed to increased local emissions and enhanced secondary particle formations. While the increase in PM10 concentrations led to an increment in pollution episodes during summers over most of the sites in Delhi. The UAPI index was found to be declining in 2020 over traffic affected regions (77.92 and 27.22 for 2019 and 2020, respectively) as well as in the background regions (64.91 and 19.80 for 2019 and 2020, respectively) of Delhi. Low traffic intensity and reduced pollutant emission could have been responsible for the reduction of UAPI intensity in the year 2020. The result indicates that lockdown implemented to control the COVID-19 outbreak led to an unexpected decrease in the PM10 pollution over Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi Singh
- Department of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221105, India
| | - Swagata Payra
- Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi - 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Space Application Centre, Indian Satellite Research Organisation (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sunita Verma
- Department of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221105, India.
- DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, India.
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Gao M, Yang H, Xiao Q, Goh M. COVID-19 lockdowns and air quality: Evidence from grey spatiotemporal forecasts. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING SCIENCES 2022; 83:101228. [PMID: 35034989 PMCID: PMC8750743 DOI: 10.1016/j.seps.2022.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel grey spatiotemporal model and quantitatively analyzes the spillover and momentum effects of the COVID-19 lockdown policy on the concentration of PM2.5 (particulate matter of diameter less than 2.5 μm) in Wuhan during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown from 23 January to 8 April 2020 inclusive, and the post-pandemic period from 9 April 2020 to 17 October 2020 inclusive. The results suggest that the stringent lockdowns lead to a reduction in PM2.5 emissions arising from a momentum effect (9.57-18.67%) and a spillover effect (7.07-27.60%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyun Gao
- School of Business Administration, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
- NUS Business School and The Logistics Institute-Asia Pacific, National University of Singapore, S(117592), Singapore
| | - Honglin Yang
- School of Business Administration, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Qinzi Xiao
- School of Business Administration, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
- Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark Goh
- NUS Business School and The Logistics Institute-Asia Pacific, National University of Singapore, S(117592), Singapore
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Nigam R, Tripathi G, Priya T, Luis AJ, Vaz E, Kumar S, Shakya A, Damásio B, Kotha M. Did Covid-19 lockdown positively affect the urban environment and UN- Sustainable Development Goals? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274621. [PMID: 36149918 PMCID: PMC9506620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work quantifies the impact of pre-, during- and post-lockdown periods of 2020 and 2019 imposed due to COVID-19, with regards to a set of satellite-based environmental parameters (greenness using Normalized Difference Vegetation and water indices, land surface temperature, night-time light, and energy consumption) in five alpha cities (Kuala Lumpur, Mexico, greater Mumbai, Sao Paulo, Toronto). We have inferenced our results with an extensive questionnaire-based survey of expert opinions about the environment-related UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Results showed considerable variation due to the lockdown on environment-related SDGs. The growth in the urban environmental variables during lockdown phase 2020 relative to a similar period in 2019 varied from 13.92% for Toronto to 13.76% for greater Mumbai to 21.55% for Kuala Lumpur; it dropped to -10.56% for Mexico and -1.23% for Sao Paulo city. The total lockdown was more effective in revitalizing the urban environment than partial lockdown. Our results also indicated that Greater Mumbai and Toronto, which were under a total lockdown, had observed positive influence on cumulative urban environment. While in other cities (Mexico City, Sao Paulo) where partial lockdown was implemented, cumulative lockdown effects were found to be in deficit for a similar period in 2019, mainly due to partial restrictions on transportation and shopping activities. The only exception was Kuala Lumpur which observed surplus growth while having partial lockdown because the restrictions were only partial during the festival of Ramadan. Cumulatively, COVID-19 lockdown has contributed significantly towards actions to reduce degradation of natural habitat (fulfilling SDG-15, target 15.5), increment in available water content in Sao Paulo urban area(SDG-6, target 6.6), reduction in NTL resulting in reducied per capita energy consumption (SDG-13, target 13.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Nigam
- School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences (SEOAS), Goa University, Taleigao, Goa, India
| | - Gaurav Tripathi
- Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Tannu Priya
- Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Alvarinho J. Luis
- Polar Remote Sensing Section, National Centre of Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Science, Govt. of India, Headland Sada, Goa, India
| | - Eric Vaz
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shashikant Kumar
- Department of Architecture, Parul University, Limda, Gujarat, India
| | - Achala Shakya
- Department of Computer Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Derhradun, India
| | - Bruno Damásio
- NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mahender Kotha
- School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences (SEOAS), Goa University, Taleigao, Goa, India
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Rangel-Alvarado R, Pal D, Ariya P. PM 2.5 decadal data in cold vs. mild climate airports: COVID-19 era and a call for sustainable air quality policy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58133-58148. [PMID: 35364791 PMCID: PMC8975444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Airports are identified hotspots for air pollution, notably for fine particles (PM2.5) that are pivotal in aerosol-cloud interaction processes of climate change and human health. We herein studied the field observation and statistical analysis of 10-year data of PM2.5 and selected emitted co-pollutants (CO, NOx, and O3), in the vicinity of three major Canadian airports, with moderate to cold climates. The decadal data analysis indicated that in colder climate airports, pollutants like PM2.5 and CO accumulate disproportionally to their emissions in fall and winter, in comparison to airports in milder climates. Decadal daily averages and standard errors of PM2.5 concentrations were as follows: Vancouver, 5.31 ± 0.017; Toronto, 6.71 ± 0.199; and Montreal, 7.52 ± 0.023 μg/m3. The smallest and the coldest airport with the least flights/passengers had the highest PM2.5 concentration. QQQ-ICP-MS/MS and HR-S/TEM analysis of aerosols near Montreal Airport indicated a wide range of emerging contaminants (Cd, Mo, Co, As, Ni, Cr, and Pb) ranging from 0.90 to 622 μg/L, which were also observed in the atmosphere. During the lockdown, a pronounced decrease in the concentrations of PM2.5 and submicron particles, including nanoparticles, in residential areas close to airports was observed, conforming with the recommended workplace health thresholds (~ 2 × 104 cm-3), while before the lockdown, condensable particles were up to ~ 1 × 105 cm-3. Targeted reduction of PM2.5 emission is recommended for cold climate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devendra Pal
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Parisa Ariya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
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Ruidas D, Pal SC. Potential hotspot modeling and monitoring of PM 2.5 concentration for sustainable environmental health in Maharashtra, India. SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2022; 8:98. [PMID: 35789862 PMCID: PMC9244079 DOI: 10.1007/s40899-022-00682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Modern human civilization has suffered from the disastrous impact of COVID-19, but it teaches us the lesson that the environment can restore its stability without human activity. The Government of India (GOI) has launched many strategies to prevent the situation of COVID-19, including a lockdown that has a great impact on the environment. The present study focuses on the analysis of Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) concentration levels in pre-locking, lockdown, and unlocking phases across ten major cities of Maharashtra (MH) that were the COVID hotspot of India during the COVID-19 outbreak; phase-wise and year-wise (2018-2020) hotspot analysis, box diagram and line graph methods were used to assess spatial variation in PM2.5 across MH cities. Our study showed that the PM2.5 concentration level was severe at pre-lockdown stage (January-March) and it decreased dramatically at the lockdown stage, later it also increased in its previous position at the unlocking stages, i.e., PM2.5 decreased dramatically (59%) during the lockdown period compared to the pre-lockdown period due to the shutdown of outdoor activities. It returns to its previous position due to the unlocking situation and increases (70%) compared to the lockdown period which illustrated the ups and downs of PM2.5 and ensures the position of different cities in the Air Quality Index (AQI) categories at different times. In the pre-lockdown phase, maximum PM2.5 concentration was in Navi Mumbai (NAV) (358) and Mumbai (MUM) (338), and Pune (PUN) (335) and Nashik NAS (325) subsequently, whereas at the last of the lockdown phase, it becomes Chandrapur (CHN) (82), Nagpur (NAG) (76), and Solapur (SOL) (45) subsequently. Hence, the restoration of the environment during the lockdown phase was temporary rather than permanent. Therefore, our findings propose that several effective policies of government such as relocation of polluting industries, short-term lockdown, odd-even vehicle number, installation of air purifier, and government strict initiatives are needed in making a sustainable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Ruidas
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Subodh Chandra Pal
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104 India
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Lovrić M, Antunović M, Šunić I, Vuković M, Kecorius S, Kröll M, Bešlić I, Godec R, Pehnec G, Geiger BC, Grange SK, Šimić I. Machine Learning and Meteorological Normalization for Assessment of Particulate Matter Changes during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Zagreb, Croatia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6937. [PMID: 35682517 PMCID: PMC9180289 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the authors investigated changes in mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) during the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown. Daily samples of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 fractions were measured at an urban background sampling site in Zagreb, Croatia from 2009 to late 2020. For the purpose of meteorological normalization, the mass concentrations were fed alongside meteorological and temporal data to Random Forest (RF) and LightGBM (LGB) models tuned by Bayesian optimization. The models' predictions were subsequently de-weathered by meteorological normalization using repeated random resampling of all predictive variables except the trend variable. Three pollution periods in 2020 were examined in detail: January and February, as pre-lockdown, the month of April as the lockdown period, as well as June and July as the "new normal". An evaluation using normalized mass concentrations of particulate matter and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. The results showed that no significant differences were observed for PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 in April 2020-compared to the same period in 2018 and 2019. No significant changes were observed for the "new normal" as well. The results thus indicate that a reduction in mobility during COVID-19 lockdown in Zagreb, Croatia, did not significantly affect particulate matter concentration in the long-term..
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lovrić
- Know-Center, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.K.); (B.C.G.)
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Gajeva 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | | | - Iva Šunić
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Gajeva 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Matej Vuković
- Pro2Future GmbH, Inffeldgasse 25F, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Simonas Kecorius
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Mark Kröll
- Know-Center, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.K.); (B.C.G.)
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.); (R.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Ranka Godec
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.); (R.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.); (R.G.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Stuart K. Grange
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Iva Šimić
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.); (R.G.); (G.P.)
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40
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Ghanim MS, Muley D, Kharbeche M. ANN-Based traffic volume prediction models in response to COVID-19 imposed measures. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2022; 81:103830. [PMID: 35291578 PMCID: PMC8906893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Many countries around the globe have imposed several response measures to suppress the rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic since the beginning of 2020. These measures have impacted routine daily activities, along with their impact on economy, education, social and recreational activities, and domestic and international travels. Intuitively, the different imposed policies and measures have indirect impacts on urban traffic mobility. As a result of those imposed measures and policies, urban traffic flows have changed. However, those impacts are neither measured nor quantified. Therefore, estimating the impact of these combined yet different policies and measures on urban traffic flows is a challenging task. This paper demonstrates the development of an artificial neural networks (ANN) model which correlates the impact of the imposed response measure and other factors on urban traffic flows. The results show that the adopted ANN model is capable of mapping the complex relationship between traffic flows and the response measures with a high level of accuracy and good performance. The predicted values are closed to the observed ones. They are clustered around the regression line, with a coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) of 0.9761. Furthermore, the developed model can be generalized to determine the anticipated demand levels resulted from imposing any of the response measures in the post-pandemic era. This model can be used to manage traffic during mega-events. It can be also utilized for disaster or emergency situations, where traffic flow estimates are highly required for operational and planning purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepti Muley
- Qatar Transportation and Traffic Safety Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Kharbeche
- Qatar Transportation and Traffic Safety Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Patil GR, Dhore R, Bhavathrathan BK, Pawar DS, Sahu P, Mulani A. Consumer responses towards essential purchases during COVID-19 pan-India lockdown. RESEARCH IN TRANSPORTATION BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT 2022; 43:100768. [PMID: 38013949 PMCID: PMC9173572 DOI: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Humanity experienced one of the worst crises in recent history due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The spread of the disease and the lockdown announced by the government of India created an emergency, disrupting the supply of essential commodities and creating panic and anxiety among the people. This paper aims at capturing the behavior of consumers purchasing essential commodities before and during the lockdown using an online questionnaire. Responses from 730 households covering 20 states in India were used. The data analysis revealed that consumers made a lesser number of trips during lockdown but purchased excess commodities considering the future uncertainties. The local family grocery stores, called kirana shops served well during the pandemic. During the lockdown, consumers made shorter trips by vehicles and walked extensively. Income was found to influence purchase behavior. The disruptions at the organized retail stores for in-store as well as online purchases were identified using factor analysis. Out of the three factors identified each for in-store and online purchases, perceived risk and vendor distrust had major influence respectively. The findings of this study give pointers to many infrastructure and policy initiatives that target tackling such emergencies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal R Patil
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rutuja Dhore
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - B K Bhavathrathan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kozhippara P. O, Palakkad 678557, Kerala, India
| | - Digvijay S Pawar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy District 502285, Telangana, India
| | - Prasanta Sahu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Asim Mulani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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42
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Do We Need More Urban Green Space to Alleviate PM2.5 Pollution? A Case Study in Wuhan, China. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Urban green space can help to reduce PM2.5 concentration by absorption and deposition processes. However, few studies have focused on the historical influence of green space on PM2.5 at a fine grid scale. Taking the central city of Wuhan as an example, this study has analyzed the spatiotemporal trend and the relationship between green space and PM2.5 in the last two decades. The results have shown that: (1) PM2.5 concentration reached a maximum value (139 μg/m3) in 2010 and decreased thereafter. Moran’s I index values of PM2.5 were in a downward trend, which indicates a sparser distribution; (2) from 2000 to 2019, the total area of green space decreased by 25.83%. The reduction in larger patches, increment in land cover diversity, and less connectivity led to fragmented spatial patterns of green space; and (3) the regression results showed that large patches of green space significantly correlated with PM2.5 concentration. The land use/cover diversity negatively correlated with the PM2.5 concentration in the ordinary linear regression. In conclusion, preserving large native natural habitats can be a supplemental measure to enlarge the air purification function of the green space. For cities in the process of PM2.5 reduction, enhancing the landscape patterns of green space provides a win-win solution to handle air pollution and raise human well-being.
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43
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Soni AR, Amrit K, Shinde AM. COVID-19 and transportation of India: influence on infection risk and greenhouse gas emissions. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 25:1-16. [PMID: 35571995 PMCID: PMC9080977 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-022-02311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 have significant impact on travel behaviour and greenhouse gases (GHG), especially for the most affected city in India, Mumbai metropolitan region (MMR). The present study attempts to explore the risk on different modes of transportation and GHG emissions (based on change in travel behavior) during peak/non-peak hours in a day by an online/offline survey for commuters in Indian metropolitan cities like MMR, Delhi and Bengaluru. In MMR, the probability of infection in car estimated to be 0.88 and 0.29 during peak and non-peak hour, respectively, considering all windows open. The risk of infection in public transportation system such as in bus (0.307), train (0.521), and metro (0.26) observed to be lower than in private vehicles. Furthermore, impact of COVID-19 on GHG emissions have also been explored considering three scenarios. The GHG emissions have been estimated for base (3.83-16.87 tonne), lockdown (0.22-0.48 tonne) and unlocking (2.13-9.30 tonne) scenarios. It has been observed that emissions are highest during base scenario and lowest during lockdown situation. This study will be a breakthrough in understanding the impact of pandemic on environment and transportation. The study shall help transport planners and decision makers to operate public transport during pandemic like situation such that the modal share of public transportation is always highest. It shall also help in regulating the GHG emissions causing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumar Amrit
- Energy & Resource Management Division, CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India
| | - Amar Mohan Shinde
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Karnataka India
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44
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Boluwade A, M. A, Ruheili A. Modeling the contribution of Nitrogen Dioxide, Vertical pressure velocity and PM2.5 to COVID-19 fatalities. STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT : RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022; 36:3487-3498. [PMID: 35573160 PMCID: PMC9078208 DOI: 10.1007/s00477-022-02205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus was reported in China in December 2019. The severity and lethality of this disease have been linked to poor air quality indicators such as tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and dust surface mass concentration particulate matter (PM2.5) as possible contributors. The Arab League has 22 member countries and is home to almost 420 million people. The primary objective of this study is to assess the relationship between NO2, PM2.5 and vertical pressure velocity (hereafter: OMEGA) (extracted from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) database), socio-economic factors (the population and geographic area of each member country) and COVID-19 deaths using Bayesian model averaging. The total plausible models (25) were estimated. The results show that the posterior inclusion probability (PIP), which indicates the probability that a particular indicator is included in the best model, was 0.69, 0.94, 0.68, 0.47, and 0.61 for OMEGA, PM2.5, NO2, geographical area, and population, respectively, meaning that these variables are important contributors in predicting COVID-19 fatalities in the Arab League states. This study shows that atmospheric satellite measurements from MERRA-2 datasets are capable of being used to quantify trace gases in pandemic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaba Boluwade
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Amna M.
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Al Ruheili
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Marine Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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45
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Evaluating the risk factor of novel public health disaster “Omicron” variant: an Indian prospective. MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 8:5793-5798. [PMID: 35469271 PMCID: PMC9022065 DOI: 10.1007/s40808-022-01395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 epidemic is destroying world health and gradually increasing the mortality rate. The economy was also affected due to the spreading of the newly developed virus. The named COVID-19 progressively develops and affecting in the human body. The new Delta variant Omicron is first noticed in South Africa. After that many cases are recorded worldwide and finally India has recorded the first case of Omicron on 24 November 2021 from Karnataka. This study is to identify the Omicron variant affected states and UTs in India. The graphical results indicate the geographical location-wise spreading of the Omicron virus in India. The destibution of confirmed and death cases indicate the speed of spreading this health disaster in India. After that total of 781 cases were registered and 241 people were discharged from this. Mostly affected states and UTs are Delhi, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Kerala, and Rajasthan, where Tripura, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam, and Sikkim have not any Omicron recorded. Delhi (238), Maharashtra (167), Gujarat (73), and Kerala (65), where Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Manipur, and Ladakh have recorded one case each. The correlation between total cases and discharge is very high and the R2 value is strong positive (0.80). This situation is indicating that Omicron is gripped by public health. If we don’t maintain the social distancing and WHO notified guidelines, this condition may more harmful for human livelihood and increase the health emergency very soon.
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46
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Wei L, Lu Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Wang W, Wu C, Zhao X, Rahimi S, Xia W, Jiang Y. Black carbon-climate interactions regulate dust burdens over India revealed during COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1839. [PMID: 35383203 PMCID: PMC8983761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
India as a hotspot for air pollution has heavy black carbon (BC) and dust (DU) loadings. BC has been identified to significantly impact the Indian climate. However, whether BC-climate interactions regulate Indian DU during the premonsoon season is unclear. Here, using long-term Reanalysis data, we show that Indian DU is positively correlated to northern Indian BC while negatively correlated to southern Indian BC. We further identify the mechanism of BC-dust-climate interactions revealed during COVID-19. BC reduction in northern India due to lockdown decreases solar heating in the atmosphere and increases surface albedo of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), inducing a descending atmospheric motion. Colder air from the TP together with warmer southern Indian air heated by biomass burning BC results in easterly wind anomalies, which reduces dust transport from the Middle East and Sahara and local dust emissions. The premonsoon aerosol-climate interactions delay the outbreak of the subsequent Indian summer monsoon. Black carbon produced by human activities impacts climate. Here, the authors find that black carbon-climate interactions regulate Indian dust during the premonsoon season and further affect the outbreak of the subsequent Indian summer monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Wei
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zheng Lu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Weiyi Wang
- International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenglai Wu
- International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Stefan Rahimi
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wenwen Xia
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yiquan Jiang
- CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies, Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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47
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Zhou M, Hu T, Zhang W, Wang Q, Kong L, Zhou M, Rao P, Peng W, Chen X, Song X. COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on air quality and economy before, during and after lockdown in China in 2020. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35244530 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2049894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis paper comprehensively evaluates the dynamic effects on China's environment and economy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results show that the COVID-19 lockdown resulted in a temporary improvement in air quality. Furthermore, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in the atmosphere in China were 36% lower than in the week after last year's Lunar New Year holiday, but this also led to an economic downturn. Moreover, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) decreased significantly. During the back-to-work period, the economy recovered and there was an increase in energy consumption, and CO2, NO2 emissions sharply increased to pre-lockdown levels. In the post-lockdown period, the AOD was lower than that of the same period last year. This study can provide reference for environmental policy making, as it demonstrates to what extent the control of pollution sources can improve air quality. Precise emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control are important and effective means for the prevention and control of O3 pollution. The health and economic benefits of COVID-19 pandemic control measures are incalculable. And this can provide an effective scientific basis and theoretical support for the prevention and control of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Kong
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Menglong Zhou
- Huanghe S & T University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinhua Rao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangminzi Peng
- Jiangxi Meteorological Station, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiang Chen
- Jiangxi Meteorological Station, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Song
- Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
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48
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Kant R, Trivedi A, Ghadai B, Kumar V, Mallik C. Interpreting the COVID effect on atmospheric constituents over the Indian region during the lockdown: chemistry, meteorology, and seasonality. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:274. [PMID: 35286487 PMCID: PMC8918593 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most of the published articles which document changes in atmospheric compositions during the various lockdown and unlock phases of COVID-19 pandemic have made a direct comparison to a reference point (which may be 1 year apart) for attribution of the COVID-mediated lockdown impact on atmospheric composition. In the present study, we offer a better attribution of the lockdown impacts by also considering the effect of meteorology and seasonality. We decrease the temporal distance between the impacted and reference points by considering the difference of adjacent periods first and then comparing the impacted point to the mean of several reference points in the previous years. Additionally, we conduct a multi-station analysis to get a holistic effect of the different climatic and emission regimes. In several places in eastern and coastal India, the seasonally induced changes already pointed to a decrease in PM concentrations based on the previous year data; hence, the actual decrease due to lockdown would be much less than that observed just on the basis of difference of concentrations between subsequent periods. In contrast, northern Indian stations would normally show an increase in PM concentration at the time of the year when lockdown was effected; hence, actual lockdown-induced change would be in surplus of the observed change. The impact of wind-borne transport of pollutants to the study sites dominates over the dilution effects. Box model simulations point to a VOC-sensitive composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kant
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305801, India
| | - Avani Trivedi
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305801, India
| | - Bibhutimaya Ghadai
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305801, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Chinmay Mallik
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, 305801, India.
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49
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Silva ACT, Branco PTBS, Sousa SIV. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Air Quality: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1950. [PMID: 35206139 PMCID: PMC8871899 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19041950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, several governments imposed severe restrictions on socio-economic activities, putting most of the world population into a general lockdown in March 2020. Although scattered, studies on this topic worldwide have rapidly emerged in the literature. Hence, this systematic review aimed to identify and discuss the scientifically validated literature that evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions on air quality. Thus, a total of 114 studies that quantified the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality through monitoring were selected from three databases. The most evaluated countries were India and China; all the studies intended to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on air quality, mainly concerning PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3, CO, and SO2. Most of them focused on the 1st lockdown, comparing with the pre- and post-lockdown periods and usually in urban areas. Many studies conducted a descriptive analysis, while others complemented it with more advanced statistical analysis. Although using different methodologies, some studies reported a temporary air quality improvement during the lockdown. More studies are still needed, comparing different lockdown and lifting periods and, in other areas, for a definition of better-targeted policies to reduce air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina T. Silva
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.T.S.); (P.T.B.S.B.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro T. B. S. Branco
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.T.S.); (P.T.B.S.B.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia I. V. Sousa
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.T.S.); (P.T.B.S.B.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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50
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Saha L, Kumar A, Kumar S, Korstad J, Srivastava S, Bauddh K. The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on global air quality: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SINGAPORE) 2022; 5:5-23. [PMID: 37519773 PMCID: PMC8819204 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-021-00213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. As a preventive measure, the majority of countries adopted partial or complete lockdown to fight the novel coronavirus. The lockdown was considered the most effective tool to break the spread of the coronavirus infection worldwide. Although lockdown damaged national economies, it has given a new dimension and opportunity to reduce environmental contamination, especially air pollution. In this study, we reviewed, analyzed and discussed the available recent literature and highlighted the impact of lockdown on the level of prominent air pollutants and consequent effects on air quality. The levels of air contaminants like nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) decreased globally compared to levels in the past few decades. In many megacities of the world, the concentration of PM and NO2 declined by > 60% during the lockdown period. The air quality index (AQI) also improved substantially throughout the world during the lockdown. Overall, the air quality of many urban areas improved slightly to significantly during the lockdown period. It has been observed that COVID-19 transmission and mortality rate also decreased in correlation to reduced pollution level in many cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lala Saha
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, 226007 India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205 India
| | - John Korstad
- Department of Biology and Global Environmental Sustainability, Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, OK 74171 USA
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Kuldeep Bauddh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835205 India
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