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Zhao D, Cardona C, Gottel N, Winton VJ, Thomas PM, Raba DA, Kelley ST, Henry C, Gilbert JA, Stephens B. Chemical composition of material extractives influences microbial growth and dynamics on wetted wood materials. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14500. [PMID: 32879425 PMCID: PMC7467922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of material chemical composition on microbial growth on building materials remains relatively poorly understood. We investigate the influence of the chemical composition of material extractives on microbial growth and community dynamics on 30 different wood species that were naturally inoculated, wetted, and held at high humidity for several weeks. Microbial growth was assessed by visual assessment and molecular sequencing. Unwetted material powders and microbial swab samples were analyzed using reverse phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Different wood species demonstrated varying susceptibility to microbial growth after 3 weeks and visible coverage and fungal qPCR concentrations were correlated (R2 = 0.55). Aspergillaceae was most abundant across all samples; Meruliaceae was more prevalent on 8 materials with the highest visible microbial growth. A larger and more diverse set of compounds was detected from the wood shavings compared to the microbial swabs, indicating a complex and heterogeneous chemical composition within wood types. Several individual compounds putatively identified in wood samples showed statistically significant, near-monotonic associations with microbial growth, including C11H16O4, C18H34O4, and C6H15NO. A pilot experiment confirmed the inhibitory effects of dosing a sample of wood materials with varying concentrations of liquid C6H15NO (assuming it presented as Diethylethanolamine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Alumni Memorial Hall 228E, 3201 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Cesar Cardona
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neil Gottel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Valerie J Winton
- Proteomics Center of Excellence and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Paul M Thomas
- Proteomics Center of Excellence and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Daniel A Raba
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott T Kelley
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Henry
- Mathematics and Computer Science, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brent Stephens
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Alumni Memorial Hall 228E, 3201 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
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Cai J, Li B, Yu W, Yao Y, Wang L, Li B, Wang Y, Du C, Xiong J. Associations of household dampness with asthma, allergies, and airway diseases among preschoolers in two cross-sectional studies in Chongqing, China: Repeated surveys in 2010 and 2019. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105752. [PMID: 32371306 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the associations between household damp indicators, and allergies and respiratory diseases in childhood. However, the findings are rather inconsistent. In 2010, we conducted a cross-sectional study of preschoolers aged three-six years in three urban districts of Chongqing, China. In 2019, we repeated this cross-sectional study with preschoolers of the same ages and districts. Here, we selected data for 2935 and 2717 preschoolers who did not change residences since birth in the 2010 and 2019 studies, respectively. We investigated associations of household damp indicators with asthma, allergic rhinitis, pneumonia, eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis in childhood in the two studies. The proportions of residences with household damp indicators and the prevalence of the studied diseases (except for allergic rhinitis) were significantly lower in 2019 than in 2010. In the two-level (district-child) logistic regression analyses, household damp exposures that showed by different indicators were significantly associated with the increased odds of lifetime-ever asthma (range of adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.69-3.50 in 2019; 1.13-1.90 in 2010), allergic rhinitis (1.14-2.39; 0.67-1.61), pneumonia (1.09-1.64; 1.21-1.59), eczema (0.96-1.83; 0.99-1.56), wheeze (1.64-2.79; 1.18-1.91), rhinitis (1.43-2.71; 1.08-1.58), and current (in the past 12 months before the survey) eczema (0.46-2.08; 0.99-1.48), wheeze (0.97-2.86; 1.26-2.07) and rhinitis (1.34-2.25; 1.09-1.56) in most cases. The increased odds ratios (ORs) of most diseases had exposure-response relationships with the cumulative number (n) of household damp indicators in the current and early residences. Our results indicated household damp exposure could be a risk factor for childhood allergic and respiratory diseases, although the magnitudes of these effects could be different in different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Cai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinghui Yao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lexiang Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bicheng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenqiu Du
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Children's Respiratory Infections in Tianjin Area, China: Associations with Home Environments and Lifestyles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17114069. [PMID: 32517360 PMCID: PMC7312194 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Children spend most of their indoors time at home, which may have substantial influence on their health. We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Tianjin area, China to quantify the incidence of respiratory infections among children, and its association with home environments and lifestyles. The lifetime-ever incidences of croup, pneumonia and ear infection among children aged 0-8 in Tianjin area was 9.2%, 28.7% and 11.6%, respectively. The incidence of common cold infections more than twice per year was 31.3%. Home environments and lifestyles included strong risk factors for childhood respiratory infections. Perceived dry air had the greatest association with childhood common colds (population attributable fraction (PAF = 15.0%). Modern floor covering had the greatest association with croup (PAF = 14.7%) and ear infection (PAF = 34.5%), while infrequent bedding sun-curing had the greatest association with pneumonia (PAF = 18.7%). Condensation (a proxy of poor ventilation) accounted for 12.2% of the incidence of croup (PAF = 12.2%) and frequent common colds (PAF = 8.4%). Our findings indicate that factors related to "modern" home environments and lifestyles are risks for childhood respiratory infections. Modifying such factors might reduce the incidence of respiratory infections among children.
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Wolkoff P. Comments to "Assessment of formaldehyde levels in relation to respiratory and allergic symptoms in children from Alba County schools, Romania" by Neamtiu et al. (2019). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:682. [PMID: 31659491 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, NRCWE, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2920, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Afanou AK, Straumfors A, Eduard W. Fungal aerosol composition in moldy basements. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:780-790. [PMID: 31106451 PMCID: PMC6851693 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental aerosolization studies revealed that fungal fragments including small fragments in the submicrometer size are released from fungal cultures and have been suggested to represent an important fraction of overall fungal aerosols in indoor environments. However, their prevalence indoors and outdoors remains poorly characterized. Moldy basements were investigated for airborne fungal particles including spores, submicron fragments, and larger fragments. Particles were collected onto poly-L-lysine-coated polycarbonate filters and qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using immunogold labeling combined with field emission scanning electron microscopy. We found that the total fungal aerosol levels including spores, submicrometer, and larger fragments in the moldy basements (median: 80 × 103 m-3 ) were not different from that estimated in control basements (63 × 103 m-3 ) and outdoor (90 × 103 m-3 ). However, mixed effect modeling of the fungal aerosol composition revealed that the fraction of fragments increased significantly in moldy basements, versus the spore fraction that increased significantly in outdoor air. These findings provide new insight on the compositional variation of mixed fungal aerosols in indoor as compared to outdoor air. Our results also suggest that further studies, aiming to investigate the role of fungal aerosols in the fungal exposure-disease relationships, should consider the mixed composition of various types of fungal particles.
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Kader R, Kennedy K, Portnoy JM. Indoor Environmental Interventions and their Effect on Asthma Outcomes. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:17. [PMID: 29470668 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of environmental interventions to improve outcomes in asthmatics has long been an elusive goal. While numerous interventions have been studied, the results of clinical trials have been mixed. This review aims to identify combinations of interventions that have been proven to be effective and to propose a model for using them in a clinical setting. RECENT FINDINGS An NIH workshop emphasized a need for research to identify effective interventions for reducing indoor exposures and improving asthma outcomes. A number of innovative measures were described, though evidence supporting their use was lacking. A recent systematic review described various interventions for which evidence is available. The greatest challenge for this approach is the same as that for the medical approach to treatment: nonadherence. Given evidence for effective interventions, control of environmental exposures should lead to improved asthma outcomes. Methods to improve adherence need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebin Kader
- Division of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospitals & Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Kevin Kennedy
- Division of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, USA
| | - Jay M Portnoy
- Division of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospitals & Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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Byeon JH, Ri S, Amarsaikhan O, Kim E, Ahn SH, Choi IS, Kim HJ, Seo S, Yoon W, Yoo Y. Association Between Sensitization to Mold and Impaired Pulmonary Function in Children With Asthma. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:509-516. [PMID: 28913990 PMCID: PMC5603479 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.6.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Recent data indicate that sensitization to mold contributes to the severity and persistence of asthma. In this study, we investigated the relationships between sensitization to mold and lung function parameters in children with asthma. Methods We retrospectively reviewed clinical data from 551 asthmatic subjects. We selected subjects who met clinical diagnostic criteria of asthma. Their spirometry, methacholine challenge tests, and measurements of blood eosinophils, serum IgE, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) results were included. Skin prick testing (SPT) results with 13 common aeroallergens in Korea including house dust mites, animal dander, pollen, cockroach and mold were reviewed. Subjects were divided into 3 groups according to their SPT results. Subjects who showed no positive result to any aeroallergen were designated as group 1 (non-sensitized). Group 2 represented subjects who were sensitized to aeroallergens other than mold (other allergen-sensitized) and group 3 included subjects who were sensitized to mold allergens (mold-sensitized). Results Among the 551 asthmatic subjects, 67 (12.2%) were sensitized to mold and 366 (66.4%) were sensitized to other aeroallergens. The log mean IgE levels were higher in groups 2 (5.96±1.14 IU/mL) and 3 (5.81±0.97 IU/mL) compared to group 1 (3.88±1.68 IU/mL). Blood eosinophils, ECP and FeNO concentrations were significantly higher in groups 2 and 3, but no significant difference was found between the 2 groups. The mean FEV1 value was significantly lower in group 3 (86.9±12.1%pred) than in groups 2 (92.0±14.8%pred) and 1 (93.4±15.4%pred). The log mean methacholine PC20 was significantly lower in group 3 (0.08±1.91 mg/mL) than in groups 2 (1.31±1.69 mg/mL) and 1 (2.29±1.66 mg/mL). Conclusions We observed a differential association between mold and other aeroallergen sensitization, and severity of asthma. Sensitization to mold is associated with lower lung function and increased airway hyper-responsiveness in children with asthma. Mold sensitization could be an important factor determining asthma severity particularly airflow limitation in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hye Byeon
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soohyun Ri
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Oyuntulga Amarsaikhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Hyun Ahn
- Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ic Sun Choi
- Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Kim
- Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - SungChul Seo
- Environmental Health Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonsuck Yoon
- Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Young Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Environmental Health Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Mundorf CA, Wilson MJ, Shankar A, Wickliffe JK, Lichtveld MY. Cultural influences on the management of environmental health risks among low-income pregnant women. HEALTH RISK & SOCIETY 2017; 19:369-386. [PMID: 31435192 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2017.1398819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Following environmental health disasters such as Hurricane Katrina and the Gulf Oil Spill, U.S. Gulf residents expressed concern regarding air quality. Women with children make many decisions that mitigate household air quality risks; however, research examining culture's influence in their risk perception and the influence which this has on their behaviour is limited. In this article we examine the cultural connection between low-income women with children along the U.S. Gulf concerning the local threat of air quality. We used cultural consensus analysis to examine the perceptions of low-income, first-time pregnant women. We undertook an interview survey of 112 women living in Southeast Louisiana, USA between May 2014 and March 2015. In this article we examine if there was a shared (cultural) understanding among these women on how to manage air quality threats, to evaluate what determined cultural sharing in the group, and to explore what role cultural beliefs played in their intended household strategies. We found that although air quality was rarely discussed by the women in our study, we were able to identify two multi-centric cultural models of how these women sought to make sense of air quality issues. In one model they relied on their immediate social network of family and friends while in the other model they were willing to make use of official sources of information. These two models helped explain what measures these women planned to take to address air quality issues in an around their household. Our findings show that cultural norms permeate the assessment of risk in a community and that programmes designed to improve public health need to take into account the cultural context of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J Wilson
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Arti Shankar
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70122, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Wickliffe
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Maureen Y Lichtveld
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Bentayeb M, Norback D, Bednarek M, Bernard A, Cai G, Cerrai S, Eleftheriou KK, Gratziou C, Holst GJ, Lavaud F, Nasilowski J, Sestini P, Sarno G, Sigsgaard T, Wieslander G, Zielinski J, Viegi G, Annesi-Maesano I. Indoor air quality, ventilation and respiratory health in elderly residents living in nursing homes in Europe. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1228-38. [PMID: 25766977 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00082414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Few data exist on respiratory effects of indoor air quality and comfort parameters in the elderly. In the context of the GERIE study, we investigated for the first time the relationships of these factors to respiratory morbidity among elderly people permanently living in nursing homes in seven European countries. 600 elderly people from 50 nursing homes underwent a medical examination and completed a standardised questionnaire. Air quality and comfort parameters were objectively assessed in situ in the nursing home. Mean concentrations of air pollutants did not exceed the existing standards. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio was highly significantly related to elevated levels of particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of <0.1 µm (PM0.1) (adjusted OR 8.16, 95% CI 2.24-29.3) and nitrogen dioxide (aOR 3.74, 95% CI 1.06-13.1). Excess risks for usual breathlessness and cough were found with elevated PM10 (aOR 1.53 (95% CI 1.15-2.07) and aOR 1.73 (95% CI 1.17-10.3), respectively) and nitrogen dioxide (aOR 1.58 (95% CI 1.15-2.20) and aOR 1.56 (95% CI 1.03-2.41), respectively). Excess risks for wheeze in the past year were found with PM0.1 (aOR 2.82, 95% CI 1.15-7.02) and for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exhaled carbon monoxide with formaldehyde (aOR 3.49 (95% CI 1.17-10.3) and aOR 1.25 (95% CI 1.02-1.55), respectively). Breathlessness and cough were associated with higher carbon dioxide. Relative humidity was inversely related to wheeze in the past year and usual cough. Elderly subjects aged ≥80 years were at higher risk. Pollutant effects were more pronounced in the case of poor ventilation. Even at low levels, indoor air quality affected respiratory health in elderly people permanently living in nursing homes, with frailty increasing with age. The effects were modulated by ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Bentayeb
- INSERM, U1136 IPLESP EPAR, Paris, France Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, UMR S 1136 IPLESP EPAR, Paris, France
| | - Dan Norback
- Dept of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Micha Bednarek
- 2nd Dept of Respiratory Medicine, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Dept of Public Health, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guihong Cai
- Dept of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sonia Cerrai
- Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Christina Gratziou
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Dept, Asthma Centre, Athens University, Athens, Greece
| | - Gitte Juel Holst
- Section of Environment, Occupation and Health, Dept of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - François Lavaud
- Service de Pneumologie et Allergologie CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Jacek Nasilowski
- 2nd Dept of Respiratory Medicine, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Giuseppe Sarno
- Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Section of Environment, Occupation and Health, Dept of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Wieslander
- Dept of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Zielinski
- 2nd Dept of Respiratory Medicine, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giovanni Viegi
- Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- INSERM, U1136 IPLESP EPAR, Paris, France Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Sorbonne Universités, UMR S 1136 IPLESP EPAR, Paris, France
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