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Yu P, Guo Z, Wang T, Wang J, Guo Y, Zhang L. Elucidating the photodegradation mechanism of octylisothiazolinone and dichlorooctylisothiazolinone in surface water: An in-depth comprehensive analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174185. [PMID: 38909814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT), widely used antibacterial agents in coatings, have seen a sharp increase in use in response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, ultimately leading to their increase in the aquatic environment. However, their photodegradation process in surface water is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the photodegradation kinetics and mechanisms of OIT and DCOIT in natural water environments. Under simulated solar irradiation, they undergo direct photolysis in both natural freshwater and seawater mainly via their excited singlet states, while no self-sensitization photolysis was observed. The direct photolysis rate constants of OIT and DCOIT were 1.19 ± 0.07 and 0.57 ± 0.03 h-1, respectively. In addition, dissolved organic matter (DOM), NO3- and Cl- in natural waters did not contribute significantly to the photodegradation, and the light screening effect of DOM was identified as the main inhibiting factor. The photodegradation half-life of OIT was estimated to be 0.66 to 1.69 days, while the half-life of DCOIT was as high as 20.9 days during winter in surface water at 30°N latitude. Ring opening of the N-S bond and covalent bond breaking between CN are the main pathways for the photodegradation of OIT and DCOIT, which is verified by density-functional theory calculations. Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) results indicate that OIT and DCOIT have "Very Toxic" biological toxicity, and the acute toxicity of their products is significantly reduced. It is noteworthy that the toxicity of the products of DCOIT is generally higher than that of OIT, and the chronic toxicity of most of the products is still above the "Toxic" level. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the photodegradation mechanisms of OIT and DCOIT in aqueous environments is crucial for accurately assessing their ecological risks in natural water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhongyu Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tingting Wang
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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Pat Y, Ogulur I, Yazici D, Mitamura Y, Cevhertas L, Küçükkase OC, Mesisser SS, Akdis M, Nadeau K, Akdis CA. Effect of altered human exposome on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier integrity. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2133877. [PMID: 36262078 PMCID: PMC10606824 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2133877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution in the world and exposure of humans and nature to toxic substances is continuously worsening at a rapid pace. In the last 60 years, human and domestic animal health has been challenged by continuous exposure to toxic substances and pollutants because of uncontrolled growth, modernization, and industrialization. More than 350,000 new chemicals have been introduced to our lives, mostly without any reasonable control of their health effects and toxicity. A plethora of studies show exposure to these harmful substances during this period with their implications on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier and increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in the context of the "epithelial barrier hypothesis". Exposure to these substances causes an epithelial injury with peri-epithelial inflammation, microbial dysbiosis and bacterial translocation to sub-epithelial areas, and immune response to dysbiotic bacteria. Here, we provide scientific evidence on the altered human exposome and its impact on epithelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagiz Pat
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ogulur
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Duygu Yazici
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Yasutaka Mitamura
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lacin Cevhertas
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Turkey
| | - Ozan C Küçükkase
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Sanne S Mesisser
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
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Prakoeswa CRS, Damayanti, Anggraeni S, Umborowati MA, Waskito F, Indrastuti N, Febriana SA, Sari ARP, Nababan KA, Hazlianda CP, Nopriyati, Budianti WK, Pangastuti M, Ilyas F, Kartini A, Rusetiyanti N, Anggraini I, Idrus I, Brahmanti H, Akhyar G. Glove-Induced Hand Dermatitis: A Study in Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Dermatol Res Pract 2023; 2023:6600382. [PMID: 37564133 PMCID: PMC10412120 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6600382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin damage among healthcare workers has been reported by many centers around the world. Occupational hand dermatitis is one of the most commonly known occupational skin diseases and a socially significant health issue. The use of gloves is one of the risk factors for the occurrence and/or aggravation of hand dermatitis. This cross-sectional study involved healthcare workers in 14 referral hospitals for COVID-19 throughout Indonesia. Questionnaires were distributed to the participants, which consisted of the subject's characteristics, glove-related skin problems, history of glove use, and clinical history. This study involved a total of 845 healthcare workers. Approximately 156 healthcare workers (18.46%) had glove-induced hand dermatitis during the pandemic. Itchy skin was the most common symptom (44.23%), and the palm was the most frequently complained area (48.72%). There was a significant association between glove use and glove-induced hand dermatitis among healthcare workers. In particular, equal to or more than 2 hours per day of glove use was significantly associated with hand dermatitis. Glove-induced hand dermatitis also had a significant association with the subject's history of atopic dermatitis and previous history of hand dermatitis. The use of gloves by healthcare workers should be considered carefully, especially in individuals at increased risk, including those who use gloves for 2 hours or more per day and those who have a history of atopic or hand dermatitis, in order to prevent the incidence of glove-induced hand dermatitis among healthcare workers, as well as to provide a safe working environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Damayanti
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sylvia Anggraeni
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Menul Ayu Umborowati
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Fajar Waskito
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Niken Indrastuti
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Awalia Febriana
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Kristo Alberto Nababan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, H. Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Cut Putri Hazlianda
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sumatera Utara University Hospital, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Nopriyati
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. M. Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Windy Keumala Budianti
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central Public Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Miranti Pangastuti
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Faridha Ilyas
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Agnes Kartini
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Abdoel Wahab Sjahranie Regional General Hospital, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Nurwestu Rusetiyanti
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Gadjah Mada University Academic Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ika Anggraini
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Indonesia University Hospital, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Idrianti Idrus
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hasanuddin University Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Herwinda Brahmanti
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. Syaiful Anwar Regional Hospital, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Gardenia Akhyar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia
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Pemberton MA, Kimber I. Propylene glycol, skin sensitisation and allergic contact dermatitis: A scientific and regulatory conundrum. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105341. [PMID: 36702195 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Propylene glycol (PG) has widespread use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fragrances and personal care products. PG is not classified as hazardous under the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) but poses an intriguing scientific and regulatory conundrum with respect to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), the uncertainty being whether and to what extent PG has the potential to induce skin sensitisation. In this article we review the results of predictive tests for skin sensitisation with PG, and clinical evidence for ACD. Patch testing in humans points to PG having the potential to be a weak allergen under certain conditions, and an uncommon cause of ACD in subjects without underlying/pre-disposing skin conditions. In clear contrast PG is negative in predictive toxicology tests for skin sensitisation, including guinea pig and mouse models (e.g. local lymph node assay), validated in vitro test methods that measure various key events in the pathway leading to skin sensitisation, and predictive methods in humans (Human Repeat Insult Patch and Human Maximisation Tests). We here explore the possible scientific basis for this intriguing inconsistency, recognising there are arguably no known contact allergens that are universally negative in, in vitro, animal and human predictive tests methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Tesfaye AH, Engdaw GT, Aragaw FM, Kabito GG. Prevalence and risk factors of work-related contact dermatitis symptoms among healthcare cleaners during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northwest Ethiopia: a multicentre cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e069019. [PMID: 36446456 PMCID: PMC9710345 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of work-related contact dermatitis (WRCD) symptoms among cleaners working in healthcare institutions in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia, during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted from September to October 2021. An interviewer-administered standardised Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire, V.2002 (NOSQ-2002) was used to assess WRCD. The collected data were entered into EpiData V.4.6 and analysed using Stata V.14 software. The association between dependent and independent variables was computed with a binary logistic regression. The association was determined using an adjusted OR (AOR) with a 95% CI at a p value of <0.05. SETTING The study was conducted in Gondar city healthcare institutions, Northwestern Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS A total of 409 cleaners participated in this study. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome is the prevalence of WRCD symptoms, which was measured using the NOSQ-2002. RESULTS The response rate was 95.6%. The majority, 302 (73.8%), of the study participants were female. The mean age (±SD) was 31 (±7.87) years old. The overall prevalence of self-reported WRCD during the last 12 months was 213 (52.1%) (95% CI (47.1% to 57.0%)). The highest symptoms reported were skin redness, 51.6% (n=110), and the most affected skin body sites were hands (hand dermatitis), 74.2% (n=158). Hand washing frequency more than 20 times per day (AOR=1.73, 95% CI (1.03 to 2.92)), personal history of eczema (AOR=1.46, 95% CI (1.01 to 2.42)) and lack of training on skin hazards (AOR=2.06, 95% CI (1.16 to 3.63)) were factors influencing the occurrence of WRCD. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the prevalence of WRCD is common during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adjusting hand washing frequency per day, educating people with atopy about the avoidance of exposure to skin irritants and providing training on skin hazards were recommended to minimise the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Garedew Tadege Engdaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Fantu Mamo Aragaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gebisa Guyasa Kabito
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Wang WL, Nong YJ, Yang ZW, Wu QY, Hübner U. Chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides: kinetics, reactive species, pathway, and toxicity evolution. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:119021. [PMID: 36057235 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the worldwide biocides application has been increased, which will eventually result in enhanced residuals in treated wastewater. At the same time, chlorine disinfection of secondary effluents and hospital wastewaters has been intensified. With respect to predicted elevated exposure in wastewater, the chlorination kinetics, transformation pathways and toxicity evolution were investigated in this study for two typical isothiazolinone biocides, methyl-isothiazolinone (MIT) and chloro-methyl-isothiazolinone (CMIT). Second-order rate constants of 0.13 M-1·s-1, 1.95 × 105 M-1·s-1 and 5.14 × 105 M-1·s-1 were determined for the reaction of MIT with HOCl, Cl2O and Cl2, respectively, while reactivity of CMIT was around 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. While chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides at pH 7.1 was dominated by Cl2O-oxidation, acidic pH and elevated Cl- concentration favored free active chlorine (FAC) speciation into Cl2 and increased overall isothiazolinone removal. Regardless of the dominant FAC species, the elimination of MIT and CMIT resulted in an immediate loss of acute toxicity under all experimental conditions, which was attributed to a preferential attack at the S-atom resulting in subsequent formation of sulfoxides and sulfones and eventually an S-elimination. However, chlorination of isothiazolinone biocides in secondary effluent only achieved <10% elimination at typical disinfection chlorine exposure 200 mg·L-1·min, but was predicted to be remarkably increased by acidizing solution to pH 5.5. Alternative measures might be needed to minimize the discharge of these toxic chemicals into the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu-Jia Nong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching 85748, Germany.
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Loi AST, Aribou ZM, Fong YT. Improving Recovery of Irritant Hand Dermatitis in Healthcare Workers With Workplace Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:844269. [PMID: 35923967 PMCID: PMC9340064 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.844269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Occupational hand dermatitis is common among healthcare workers, with increased incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Irritant contact dermatitis accounts for the majority of occupational hand dermatitis and is largely due to frequent contact with hand hygiene products. Long-term prognosis of occupational contact dermatitis is often very poor. This study aims to identify and implement suitable workplace interventions to aid in the recovery of occupational irritant hand dermatitis among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A quality improvement (QI) project was performed in a tertiary hospital using the Plan-Do-Study-Act model. Healthcare workers seen at the Occupational Dermatology Clinic from March 2020 to May 2021 for the first time for likely occupational irritant dermatitis were targeted for the project. Four workplace interventions were implemented: (a) substitute current alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) with a different, gentler ABHR, (b) alternate ABHR with gentle hand wash products, (c) temporary job modification with less clinical work (d) switch latex gloves to nitrile gloves. The improvement was assessed after 2 months of workplace intervention using a visual analogue scale, based on changes seen on photographs taken at the baseline and monthly review. The target improvement was set at 70% after 2 months of workplace interventions. Results A total of 21 participants were included in the QI project. All participants were found to have significant improvement in their hand condition. The estimated mean reduction of signs and symptoms was 80% in comparison to their baseline hand condition before intervention. Conclusion Workplace interventions such as substituting irritant hand hygiene products with gentler alternatives and temporary reduction in clinical duties may be useful in improving the recovery rate of irritant hand dermatitis among healthcare workers. Areas with high hand hygiene workload or high incidences of hand dermatitis may opt to implement systemic workplace changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia S. T. Loi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Preventive Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Alicia S. T. Loi
| | - Zeenathnisa M. Aribou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Preventive Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuke Tien Fong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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