1
|
Zaleski MH, Omo-Lamai S, Nong J, Chase LS, Myerson JW, Glassman PM, Lee F, Reyes-Esteves S, Wang Z, Patel MN, Peshkova AD, Komatsu H, Axelsen PH, Muzykantov VR, Marcos-Contreras OA, Brenner JS. Nanocarriers' repartitioning of drugs between blood subcompartments as a mechanism of improving pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy. J Control Release 2024; 374:425-440. [PMID: 39103056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
For medical emergencies, such as acute ischemic stroke, rapid drug delivery to the target site is essential. For many small molecule drugs, this goal is unachievable due to poor solubility that prevents intravenous administration, and less obviously, by extensive partitioning to plasma proteins and red blood cells (RBCs), which greatly slows delivery to the target. Here we study these effects and how they can be solved by loading into nanoscale drug carriers. We focus on fingolimod, a small molecule drug that is FDA-approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis, which has also shown promise in the treatment of stroke. Unfortunately, fingolimod has poor solubility and very extensive partitioning to plasma proteins and RBCs (in whole blood, 86% partitions to RBCs, 13.96% to plasma proteins, and 0.04% is free). We develop a liposomal formulation that slows the partitioning of fingolimod to RBCs and plasma proteins, enables intravenous delivery, and additionally prevents fingolimod toxicity to RBCs. The liposomal formulation nearly completely prevented fingolimod adsorption to plasma proteins (association with plasma proteins was 98.4 ± 0.4% for the free drug vs. 5.6 ± 0.4% for liposome-loaded drug). When incubated with whole blood in vitro, the liposomal formulation greatly slowed partitioning of fingolimod to RBCs and also eliminated deleterious effects of fingolimod on RBC rigidity, morphology, and hemolysis. In vivo, the liposomal formulation delayed fingolimod partitioning to RBCs for over 30 min, a critical time window for stroke. Fingolimod-loaded liposomes showed improved efficacy in a mouse model of post-stroke neuroinflammation, completely sealing the leaky blood-brain barrier (114 ± 11.5% reduction in albumin leak into the brain for targeted liposomes vs. 38 ± 16.5% reduction for free drug). This effect was only seen for liposomes modified with antibodies to enable targeted delivery to the site of action, and not in unmodified, long-circulating liposomes. Thus, loading fingolimod into liposomes prevented partitioning to RBCs and associated toxicities and enabled targeted delivery. This paradigm can be used for tuning the blood distribution of small molecule drugs for the treatment of acute illnesses requiring rapid pharmacologic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Zaleski
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Serena Omo-Lamai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jia Nong
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Liam S Chase
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob W Myerson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick M Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Florence Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Zhicheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manthan N Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alina D Peshkova
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul H Axelsen
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oscar A Marcos-Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Willmann K, Moita LF. Physiologic disruption and metabolic reprogramming in infection and sepsis. Cell Metab 2024; 36:927-946. [PMID: 38513649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Effective responses against severe systemic infection require coordination between two complementary defense strategies that minimize the negative impact of infection on the host: resistance, aimed at pathogen elimination, and disease tolerance, which limits tissue damage and preserves organ function. Resistance and disease tolerance mostly rely on divergent metabolic programs that may not operate simultaneously in time and space. Due to evolutionary reasons, the host initially prioritizes the elimination of the pathogen, leading to dominant resistance mechanisms at the potential expense of disease tolerance, which can contribute to organ failure. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the role of physiological perturbations resulting from infection in immune response dynamics and the metabolic program requirements associated with resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms. We then discuss how insight into the interplay of these mechanisms could inform future research aimed at improving sepsis outcomes and the potential for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Willmann
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luis F Moita
- Innate Immunity and Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Younis W, Goldberg IJ. Can another lipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate, treat atherosclerosis? Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:435-436. [PMID: 38563326 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Younis
- Division of Endocrinology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, SB 617, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, SB 617, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He FF, Wang YM, Chen YY, Huang W, Li ZQ, Zhang C. Sepsis-induced AKI: From pathogenesis to therapeutic approaches. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:981578. [PMID: 36188562 PMCID: PMC9522319 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.981578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a heterogenous and highly complex clinical syndrome, which is caused by infectious or noninfectious factors. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common and severe complication of sepsis, and it is associated with high mortality and poor outcomes. Recent evidence has identified that autophagy participates in the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated AKI. Despite the use of antibiotics, the mortality rate is still at an extremely high level in patients with sepsis. Besides traditional treatments, many natural products, including phytochemicals and their derivatives, are proved to exert protective effects through multiple mechanisms, such as regulation of autophagy, inhibition of inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis, etc. Accumulating evidence has also shown that many pharmacological inhibitors might have potential therapeutic effects in sepsis-induced AKI. Hence, understanding the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced AKI may help to develop novel therapeutics to attenuate the complications of sepsis and lower the mortality rate. This review updates the recent progress of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of sepsis-associated AKI, focuses specifically on autophagy, and summarizes the potential therapeutic effects of phytochemicals and pharmacological inhibitors.
Collapse
|
5
|
Duan M, Gao P, Chen SX, Novák P, Yin K, Zhu X. Sphingosine-1-phosphate in mitochondrial function and metabolic diseases. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13426. [PMID: 35122459 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite. The past decade has witnessed exponential growth in the field of S1P research, partly attributed to drugs targeting its receptors or kinases. Accumulating evidence indicates that changes in the S1P axis (i.e., S1P production, transport, and receptors) may modify metabolism and eventually mediate metabolic diseases. Dysfunction of the mitochondria on a master monitor of cellular metabolism is considered the leading cause of metabolic diseases, with aberrations typically induced by abnormal biogenesis, respiratory chain complex disorders, reactive oxygen species overproduction, calcium deposition, and mitophagy impairment. Accordingly, we discuss decades of investigation into changes in the S1P axis and how it controls mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we summarize recent scientific advances in disorders associated with the S1P axis and their involvement in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases in humans, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, from the perspective of mitochondrial function. Finally, we review potential challenges and prospects for S1P axis application to the regulation of mitochondrial function and metabolic diseases; these data may provide theoretical guidance for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Duan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Petr Novák
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luxen M, van Meurs M, Molema G. Unlocking the Untapped Potential of Endothelial Kinase and Phosphatase Involvement in Sepsis for Drug Treatment Design. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867625. [PMID: 35634305 PMCID: PMC9136877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a devastating clinical condition that can lead to multiple organ failure and death. Despite advancements in our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying sepsis and sepsis-associated multiple organ failure, no effective therapeutic treatment to directly counteract it has yet been established. The endothelium is considered to play an important role in sepsis. This review highlights a number of signal transduction pathways involved in endothelial inflammatory activation and dysregulated endothelial barrier function in response to sepsis conditions. Within these pathways – NF-κB, Rac1/RhoA GTPases, AP-1, APC/S1P, Angpt/Tie2, and VEGF/VEGFR2 – we focus on the role of kinases and phosphatases as potential druggable targets for therapeutic intervention. Animal studies and clinical trials that have been conducted for this purpose are discussed, highlighting reasons why they might not have resulted in the expected outcomes, and which lessons can be learned from this. Lastly, opportunities and challenges that sepsis and sepsis-associated multiple organ failure research are currently facing are presented, including recommendations on improved experimental design to increase the translational power of preclinical research to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Luxen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Matthijs Luxen,
| | - Matijs van Meurs
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Grietje Molema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rotheudt L, Moritz E, Markus MR, Albrecht D, Völzke H, Friedrich N, Schwedhelm E, Daum G, Schminke U, Felix SB, Rauch BH, Dörr M, Bahls M. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and vascular disease in the general population. Atherosclerosis 2022; 350:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Qiu Y, Chao CY, Jiang L, Zhang J, Niu QQ, Guo YQ, Song YT, Li P, Zhu ML, Yin YL. Citronellal alleviate macro- and micro-vascular damage in high fat diet / streptozotocin - Induced diabetic rats via a S1P/S1P1 dependent signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 920:174796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
9
|
Molema G, Zijlstra JG, van Meurs M, Kamps JAAM. Renal microvascular endothelial cell responses in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:95-112. [PMID: 34667283 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular endothelial cells in the kidney have been a neglected cell type in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (sepsis-AKI) research; yet, they offer tremendous potential as pharmacological targets. As endothelial cells in distinct cortical microvascular segments are highly heterogeneous, this Review focuses on endothelial cells in their anatomical niche. In animal models of sepsis-AKI, reduced glomerular blood flow has been attributed to inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation in arterioles and glomeruli, whereas decreased cortex peritubular capillary perfusion is associated with epithelial redox stress. Elevated systemic levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, reduced levels of circulating sphingosine 1-phosphate and loss of components of the glycocalyx from glomerular endothelial cells lead to increased microvascular permeability. Although coagulation disbalance occurs in all microvascular segments, the molecules involved differ between segments. Induction of the expression of adhesion molecules and leukocyte recruitment also occurs in a heterogeneous manner. Evidence of similar endothelial cell responses has been found in kidney and blood samples from patients with sepsis. Comprehensive studies are needed to investigate the relationships between segment-specific changes in the microvasculature and kidney function loss in sepsis-AKI. The application of omics technologies to kidney tissues from animals and patients will be key in identifying these relationships and in developing novel therapeutics for sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grietje Molema
- Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Jan G Zijlstra
- Dept. Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Matijs van Meurs
- Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Dept. Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan A A M Kamps
- Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wicha P, Das S, Mahakkanukrauh P. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke and diabetes: the underlying link, mechanisms and future possible therapeutic targets. Anat Cell Biol 2021; 54:165-177. [PMID: 33658432 PMCID: PMC8225477 DOI: 10.5115/acb.20.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke caused by occlusion of cerebral artery is responsible for the majority of stroke that increases the morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a crucial risk factor for ischemic stroke. Prolonged DM causes various microvascular and macrovascular changes, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability that facilitates inflammatory response following stroke. In the acute phase following stroke, BBB disruption has been considered the initial step that induces neurological deficit and functional disabilities. Stroke outcomes are significantly worse among DM. In this article, we review stroke with diabetes-induce BBB damage, as well as underlying mechanism and possible therapeutic targets for stroke with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyawadee Wicha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Excellence in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Golforoush P, Yellon DM, Davidson SM. Mouse models of atherosclerosis and their suitability for the study of myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:73. [PMID: 33258000 PMCID: PMC7704510 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-00829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques impair vascular function and can lead to arterial obstruction and tissue ischaemia. Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery can result in an acute myocardial infarction, which is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prompt reperfusion can salvage some of the ischaemic territory, but ischaemia and reperfusion (IR) still causes substantial injury and is, therefore, a therapeutic target for further infarct limitation. Numerous cardioprotective strategies have been identified that can limit IR injury in animal models, but none have yet been translated effectively to patients. This disconnect prompts an urgent re-examination of the experimental models used to study IR. Since coronary atherosclerosis is the most prevalent morbidity in this patient population, and impairs coronary vessel function, it is potentially a major confounder in cardioprotective studies. Surprisingly, most studies suggest that atherosclerosis does not have a major impact on cardioprotection in mouse models. However, a major limitation of atherosclerotic animal models is that the plaques usually manifest in the aorta and proximal great vessels, and rarely in the coronary vessels. In this review, we examine the commonly used mouse models of atherosclerosis and their effect on coronary artery function and infarct size. We conclude that none of the commonly used strains of mice are ideal for this purpose; however, more recently developed mouse models of atherosclerosis fulfil the requirement for coronary artery lesions, plaque rupture and lipoprotein patterns resembling the human profile, and may enable the identification of therapeutic interventions more applicable in the clinical setting.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aortic Diseases/complications
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/complications
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Coronary Artery Disease/complications
- Coronary Artery Disease/genetics
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Myocardial Infarction/etiology
- Myocardial Infarction/genetics
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/pathology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Rupture, Spontaneous
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/deficiency
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Species Specificity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Golforoush
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bergougnan L, Andersen G, Plum-Mörschel L, Evaristi MF, Poirier B, Tardat A, Ermer M, Herbrand T, Arrubla J, Coester HV, Sansone R, Heiss C, Vitse O, Hurbin F, Boiron R, Benain X, Radzik D, Janiak P, Muslin AJ, Hovsepian L, Kirkesseli S, Deutsch P, Parkar AA. Endothelial-protective effects of a G-protein-biased sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor-1 agonist, SAR247799, in type-2 diabetes rats and a randomized placebo-controlled patient trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:2303-2320. [PMID: 33125753 PMCID: PMC8247405 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims SAR247799 is a G‐protein‐biased sphingosine‐1 phosphate receptor‐1 (S1P1) agonist designed to activate endothelial S1P1 and provide endothelial‐protective properties, while limiting S1P1 desensitization and consequent lymphocyte‐count reduction associated with higher doses. The aim was to show whether S1P1 activation can promote endothelial effects in patients and, if so, select SAR247799 doses for further clinical investigation. Methods Type‐2 diabetes patients, enriched for endothelial dysfunction (flow‐mediated dilation, FMD <7%; n = 54), were randomized, in 2 sequential cohorts, to 28‐day once‐daily treatment with SAR247799 (1 or 5 mg in ascending cohorts), placebo or 50 mg sildenafil (positive control) in a 5:2:2 ratio per cohort. Endothelial function was assessed by brachial artery FMD. Renal function, biomarkers and lymphocytes were measured following 5‐week SAR247799 treatment (3 doses) to Zucker diabetic fatty rats and the data used to select the doses for human testing. Results The maximum FMD change from baseline vs placebo for all treatments was reached on day 35; mean differences vs placebo were 0.60% (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.34 to 1.53%; P = .203) for 1 mg SAR247799, 1.07% (95% CI 0.13 to 2.01%; P = .026) for 5 mg SAR247799 and 0.88% (95% CI −0.15 to 1.91%; P = .093) for 50 mg sildenafil. Both doses of SAR247799 were well tolerated, did not affect blood pressure, and were associated with minimal‐to‐no lymphocyte reduction and small‐to‐moderate heart rate decrease. Conclusion These data provide the first human evidence suggesting endothelial‐protective properties of S1P1 activation, with SAR247799 being as effective as the clinical benchmark, sildenafil. Further clinical testing of SAR247799, at sub‐lymphocyte‐reducing doses (≤5 mg), is warranted in vascular diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bergougnan
- Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Poirier
- Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Agnes Tardat
- Sanofi R&D, 371 Rue du Professeur Blayac, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Sansone
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary diseases and Vascular medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Heiss
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, UK
| | - Olivier Vitse
- Sanofi R&D, 371 Rue du Professeur Blayac, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Hurbin
- Sanofi R&D, 371 Rue du Professeur Blayac, Montpellier, France
| | - Rania Boiron
- Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Xavier Benain
- Sanofi R&D, 371 Rue du Professeur Blayac, Montpellier, France
| | - David Radzik
- Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Philip Janiak
- Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fu G, Dong Y, Zhang X, Hu K. Metabolomic profiles and pathways of praziquantel in crucian carp. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103466. [PMID: 32798734 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is a drug commonly used to treat some parasitic infections in animals. This study aimed to apply a reliable and simple method to identify important biological metabolites relevant to PZQ in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) to decipher the metabolic pathways and provide a basis for developing new anti-parasite drugs. The experimental group of crucian carp was administered oral PZQ at a dose of 10 mg kg-1 via a stomach feed tube. All biological blood samples were analysed using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC ESI/Q-TOF MS). MetPA analysis was used to identify relevant pathways for PZQ in crucian carp. Thirty-five potential metabolic pathways were revealed by MetPA network software. Furthermore, the chemical structures of the related metabolites and pathways were identified by comparison with data obtained from free online databases. Forty-four significantly differentially abundant endogenous metabolites were found in the PZQ-treated crucian carp. The changes in metabolomic profiles and pathways induced by PZQ played a role in inhibiting pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Fu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center for Utilization of Characteristics of Aquatic Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yaping Dong
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kun Hu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Impact of S1P Mimetics on Mesenteric Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100298. [PMID: 33050288 PMCID: PMC7601119 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), following the transient deprivation of blood flow to the gut, triggers an acute flogistic process involving the disruption of endothelial and epithelial barriers integrity, the activation of immune cells, and the abundant release of inflammatory mediators. Among them, the lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is involved in maintaining epithelial and endothelial barrier integrity and in governing the migration of immune cells through the interaction with S1P1–5 receptors. Therefore, the present work aims to investigate the involvement of S1P signaling in intestinal I/R-induced injury by studying the effects of FTY720, the non-selective S1P1,3–5 agonist, and comparing them with the responses to ozanimod, selective S1P1,5 agonist, in a murine model of gut I/R. Intestinal edema, gut and lung neutrophil infiltration, and oxidative stress were evaluated through biochemical and morphological assays. The collected results highlight the protective action of FTY720 against the inflammatory cascade elicited by mesenteric I/R injury, mainly through the control of vascular barrier integrity. While these beneficial effects were mimicked by ozanimod and can be therefore attributed largely to the effects exerted by FTY720 on S1P1, the recruitment of myeloid cells to the injured areas, limited by FTY720 but not by ozanimod, rather suggests the involvement of other receptor subtypes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Bergougnan L, Armani S, Golor G, Tardat A, Vitse O, Hurbin F, Scemama M, Poitiers F, Radzik D, Gaudin C, Hovsepian L, Muslin AJ, Kirkesseli S, Deutsch P, Parkar AA. First-in-human study of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple oral doses of SAR247799, a selective G-protein-biased sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor-1 agonist for endothelial protection. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:598-611. [PMID: 32520410 PMCID: PMC9328431 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims SAR247799 is a selective G‐protein‐biased sphingosine‐1 phosphate receptor‐1 (S1P1) agonist with potential to restore endothelial function in vascular pathologies. SAR247799, a first‐in‐class molecule differentiated from previous S1P1‐desensitizing molecules developed for multiple sclerosis, can activate S1P1 without desensitization and consequent lymphopenia. The aim was to characterize SAR247799 for its safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (activation and desensitization). Methods SAR247799 was administered orally to healthy subjects in a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study with single (2.5–37.5 mg) or 2‐week once‐daily (0.5–15 mg) doses. An open‐label single dose pilot food‐interaction arm with 10 mg SAR247799 in cross‐over design was also performed. Results SAR247799 was well tolerated and, at the higher end of the dose ranges, caused the expected dose‐dependent pharmacodynamics associated with S1P1 activation (heart rate reduction) and S1P1 desensitization (lymphocyte count reduction). SAR247799 demonstrated dose‐proportional increases in exposure and was eliminated with an apparent terminal half‐life of 31.2–33.1 hours. Food had a small effect on the pharmacokinetics of SAR247799. SAR247799 had a low volume of distribution (7–23 L), indicating a potential to achieve dose separation for endothelial vs cardiac S1P1 activation pharmacology. A supratherapeutic dose (10 mg) of SAR247799 produced sustained heart rate reduction over 14 days, demonstrating cardiac S1P1 activation without tachyphylaxis. Sub‐lymphocyte‐reducing doses (≤5 mg) of SAR247799, which, based on preclinical data, are projected to activate S1P1 and exhibit endothelial‐protective properties, had minimal‐to‐no heart rate reduction and displayed no marked safety findings. Conclusion SAR247799 is suitable for exploring the biological role of endothelial S1P1 activation without causing receptor desensitization.
Collapse
|
16
|
The S1P-S1PR Axis in Neurological Disorders-Insights into Current and Future Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061515. [PMID: 32580348 PMCID: PMC7349054 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), derived from membrane sphingolipids, is a pleiotropic bioactive lipid mediator capable of evoking complex immune phenomena. Studies have highlighted its importance regarding intracellular signaling cascades as well as membrane-bound S1P receptor (S1PR) engagement in various clinical conditions. In neurological disorders, the S1P–S1PR axis is acknowledged in neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, and cerebrovascular disorders. Modulators of S1P signaling have enabled an immense insight into fundamental pathological pathways, which were pivotal in identifying and improving the treatment of human diseases. However, its intricate molecular signaling pathways initiated upon receptor ligation are still poorly elucidated. In this review, the authors highlight the current evidence for S1P signaling in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders as well as stroke and present an array of drugs targeting the S1P signaling pathway, which are being tested in clinical trials. Further insights on how the S1P–S1PR axis orchestrates disease initiation, progression, and recovery may hold a remarkable potential regarding therapeutic options in these neurological disorders.
Collapse
|
17
|
Poirier B, Briand V, Kadereit D, Schäfer M, Wohlfart P, Philippo MC, Caillaud D, Gouraud L, Grailhe P, Bidouard JP, Trellu M, Muslin AJ, Janiak P, Parkar AA. A G protein-biased S1P 1 agonist, SAR247799, protects endothelial cells without affecting lymphocyte numbers. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/634/eaax8050. [PMID: 32487716 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aax8050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of tissue injury and is believed to initiate the development of vascular diseases. Sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1) plays fundamental physiological roles in endothelial function and lymphocyte homing. Currently available clinical molecules that target this receptor are desensitizing and are essentially S1P1 functional antagonists that cause lymphopenia. They are clinically beneficial in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In patients, several side effects of S1P1 desensitization have been attributed to endothelial damage, suggesting that drugs with the opposite effect, namely, the ability to activate S1P1, could help to restore endothelial homeostasis. We found and characterized a biased agonist of S1P1, SAR247799, which preferentially activated downstream G protein signaling to a greater extent than β-arrestin and internalization signaling pathways. SAR247799 activated S1P1 on endothelium without causing receptor desensitization and potently activated protection pathways in human endothelial cells. In a pig model of coronary endothelial damage, SAR247799 improved the microvascular hyperemic response without reducing lymphocyte numbers. Similarly, in a rat model of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, SAR247799 preserved renal structure and function at doses that did not induce S1P1-desensitizing effects, such as lymphopenia and lung vascular leakage. In contrast, a clinically used S1P1 functional antagonist, siponimod, conferred minimal renal protection and desensitized S1P1 These findings demonstrate that sustained S1P1 activation can occur pharmacologically without compromising the immune response, providing a new approach to treat diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction and vascular hyperpermeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Poirier
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Veronique Briand
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Dieter Kadereit
- Medicinal Chemistry, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main,, Germany
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Paulus Wohlfart
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marie-Claire Philippo
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Dominique Caillaud
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Laurent Gouraud
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Patrick Grailhe
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bidouard
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Marc Trellu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Anthony J Muslin
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi US Services, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip Janiak
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi R&D, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Ashfaq A Parkar
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Sanofi US Services, 55 Corporate Drive, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Daum G, Winkler M, Moritz E, Müller T, Geffken M, von Lucadou M, Haddad M, Peine S, Böger RH, Larena-Avellaneda A, Debus ES, Gräler M, Schwedhelm E. Determinants of Serum- and Plasma Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Concentrations in a Healthy Study Group. TH OPEN 2020; 4:e12-e19. [PMID: 31984305 PMCID: PMC6978167 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
To correctly interpret plasma- or serum-sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) concentrations measured in clinical studies it is critical to understand all major determinants in healthy controls.
Methods
Serum- and plasma-S1P from 174 healthy blood donors was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and correlated to clinical laboratory data. Selected plasma samples, 10 with high and 10 with low S1P concentrations, were fractionated into very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-, and lipoprotein-free fractions. S1P was then measured in each fraction to determine its distribution.
Results
The mean S1P concentration in serum (1.04 ± 0.24 nmol/mL) was found 39% higher compared with plasma (0.75 ± 0.16 nmol/mL) and overall was not different between men and women. Only when stratified for age and gender, older women were found to exhibit higher circulatory S1P levels than men. In plasma, S1P levels correlate to red blood cell (RBC) counts but not to platelet counts. Conversely, serum-S1P correlates to platelet counts but not to RBC counts. In addition, eosinophil counts are strongly associated with serum-S1P concentrations. Both serum- and plasma-S1P correlate to total cholesterol but not to HDL-C. The distribution of S1P between VLDL-, LDL-, HDL-, and lipoprotein-free fractions is independent of total plasma-S1P concentrations. S1P concentrations in HDL but not in LDL are highly variable.
Conclusion
These data indicate S1P concentrations in plasma and serum to be differentially associated with cell counts and S1P carrier proteins. Besides platelets, eosinophil counts are identified as a novel determinant for serum-S1P concentrations further suggesting a role for S1P in eosinophil pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Günter Daum
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Vascular Medicine, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (GD, ES, MvL) and Greifswald (EM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Winkler
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eileen Moritz
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (GD, ES, MvL) and Greifswald (EM), Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology, Department of General Pharmacology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tina Müller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), and the Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Geffken
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Mirjam von Lucadou
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (GD, ES, MvL) and Greifswald (EM), Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Munif Haddad
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg, Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Rainer H Böger
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Larena-Avellaneda
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Vascular Medicine, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Sebastian Debus
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Vascular Medicine, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), and the Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Edzard Schwedhelm
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (GD, ES, MvL) and Greifswald (EM), Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mathiesen Janiurek M, Soylu-Kucharz R, Christoffersen C, Kucharz K, Lauritzen M. Apolipoprotein M-bound sphingosine-1-phosphate regulates blood-brain barrier paracellular permeability and transcytosis. eLife 2019; 8:e49405. [PMID: 31763978 PMCID: PMC6877292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by the endothelial cells lining cerebral microvessels, but how blood-borne signaling molecules influence permeability is incompletely understood. We here examined how the apolipoprotein M (apoM)-bound sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling pathway affects the BBB in different categories of cerebral microvessels using ApoM deficient mice (Apom-/-). We used two-photon microscopy to monitor BBB permeability of sodium fluorescein (376 Da), Alexa Fluor (643 Da), and fluorescent albumin (45 kDA). We show that BBB permeability to small molecules increases in Apom-/- mice. Vesicle-mediated transfer of albumin in arterioles increased 3 to 10-fold in Apom-/- mice, whereas transcytosis in capillaries and venules remained unchanged. The S1P receptor 1 agonist SEW2871 rapidly normalized paracellular BBB permeability in Apom-/- mice, and inhibited transcytosis in penetrating arterioles, but not in pial arterioles. Thus, apoM-bound S1P maintains low paracellular BBB permeability in all cerebral microvessels and low levels of vesicle-mediated transport in penetrating arterioles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCopenhagen UniversityCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Martin Lauritzen
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyRigshospitalet-GlostrupCopenhagenDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee YK, Uchida H, Smith H, Ito A, Sanchez T. The isolation and molecular characterization of cerebral microvessels. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:3059-3081. [PMID: 31586162 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study of cerebral microvessels is becoming increasingly important in a wide variety of conditions, such as stroke, sepsis, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral microvascular dysfunction in these conditions are largely unknown. The molecular characterization of cerebral microvessels in experimental disease models has been hindered by the lack of a standardized method to reproducibly isolate intact cerebral microvessels with consistent cellular compositions and without the use of enzymatic digestion, which causes undesirable molecular and metabolic changes. Herein, we describe an optimized protocol for microvessel isolation from mouse brain cortex that yields microvessel fragments with consistent populations of discrete blood-brain barrier (BBB) components (endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocyte end feet) while retaining high RNA integrity and protein post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation). We demonstrate that this protocol allows the quantification of changes in gene expression in a disease model (stroke) and the activation of signaling pathways in mice subjected to drug administration in vivo. We also describe the isolation of genomic DNA (gDNA) and bisulfite treatment for the assessment of DNA methylation, as well as the optimization of chromatin extraction and shearing from cortical microvessels. This optimized protocol and the described applications should improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing cerebral microvascular dysfunction, which may help in the development of novel therapies for stroke and other neurologic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroki Uchida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Al-Kawaaz M, Sanchez T, Kluk MJ. Evaluation of S1PR1, pSTAT3, S1PR2, FOXP1 Expression in Aggressive, Mature B Cell Lymphomas. J Hematop 2019; 12:57-65. [PMID: 31404445 DOI: 10.1007/s12308-019-00354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aggressive, mature B-cell lymphomas include Burkitt Lymphoma (BL), High Grade B Cell Lymphomas (HGBL) (eg, Double-Hit B cell lymphomas (HGBL-DH: HGBL with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 translocations)), HGBL, Not Otherwise Specified (HGBL, NOS) and Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). Overlapping morphologic and immunohistochemical features of these lymphomas pose diagnostic challenges in some cases, and better understanding of potential diagnostic biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets is needed. Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptors (S1PR1-5) are G-protein coupled receptors that bind S1P and influence migration and survival in multiple cell types, including lymphocytes. S1PRs are emerging as biomarkers in B cell biology and interaction between S1PR pathways and STAT3 or FOXP1 has been reported in DLBCL. Aim and Methods Our aim was to extend the understanding of S1PR1, STAT3 and S1PR2, FOXP1 expression beyond DLBCL, into additional aggressive, mature B cell lymphomas using immunohistochemical expression analysis of human tissue samples. Results S1PR1 and S1PR2 showed different expression patterns in mantle zones and follicle centers in reactive lymphoid tissue. BL showed a unique expression pattern compared to HGBL and DLBCL. Additionally, S1PR1 and S1PR2 expression were typically mutually exclusive and were expressed in a low proportion of cases (frequently HGBL involving extranodal sites). FOXP1 was expressed in a high proportion of various case types and pSTAT3 was detected in a significant proportion of HGBL and DLBCL. Conclusions These findings provide further evidence that S1PR1, pSTAT3, S1PR2 and FOXP1 play a role in a subset of aggressive, mature B cell lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Al-Kawaaz
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Sanchez
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, Dept. of Neuroscience, Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Kluk
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rashad S, Niizuma K, Sato-Maeda M, Fujimura M, Mansour A, Endo H, Ikawa S, Tominaga T. Early BBB breakdown and subacute inflammasome activation and pyroptosis as a result of cerebral venous thrombosis. Brain Res 2018; 1699:54-68. [PMID: 29981290 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare form of cerebral stroke that causes a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild headache to severe morbidity or death in the more severe forms. The use of anti-coagulant or thrombolytic agents is the classical treatment for CVT. However, the development of new therapies for the treatment of the condition has not been the focus. In this study, we aimed to analyze the pathophysiology of CVT and to identify the pathways associated with its pathology. Moreover, mechanisms that are potential drug targets were identified. Our data showed the intense activation of immune cells, particularly the microglia, along with the increase in macrophage activity and NLRP3 inflammasome activation that is indicated by NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 gene and caspase-1 upregulation and cleavage as well as pyroptotic cell death. Leukocytes were observed in the brain parenchyma, indicating a role in CVT-induced inflammation. In addition, astrocytes were activated, and they induced glial scar leading to parenchymal contraction during the subacute stage and tissue loss. MMP9 was responsible primarily for the BBB breakdown after CVT and it is mainly produced by pericytes. MMP9 activation was observed before inflammatory changes, indicating that BBB breakdown is the initial driver of the pathology of CVT. These results show an inflammation driven pathophysiology of CVT that follows MMP9-mediated BBB breakdown, and identified several targets that can be targeted by pharmaceutical agents to improve the neuroinflammation that follows CVT, such as MMP9, NLRP3, and IL-1β. Some of these pharmaceutical agents are already in clinical practice or under clinical trials indicating a good potential for translating this work into patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Rashad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Niizuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Mika Sato-Maeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miki Fujimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ahmed Mansour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidenori Endo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ikawa
- Department of Project Programs, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Braetz J, Becker A, Geissen M, Larena-Avellaneda A, Schrepfer S, Daum G. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 regulates neointimal growth in a humanized model for restenosis. J Vasc Surg 2018; 68:201S-207S. [PMID: 29804740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to define a role of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) in the arterial injury response of a human artery. The hypotheses were tested that injury induces an expansion of S1PR1-positive cells and that these cells accumulate toward the lumen because they follow the sphingosine-1-phosphate gradient from arterial wall tissue (low) to plasma (high). METHODS A humanized rat model was used in which denuded human internal mammary artery (IMA) was implanted into the position of the abdominal aorta of immunosuppressed Rowett nude rats. This injury model is characterized by medial as well as intimal hyperplasia, whereby intimal cells are of human origin. At 7, 14, and 28 days after implantation, grafts were harvested and processed for fluorescent immunostaining for S1PR1 and smooth muscle α-actin. Nuclei were stained with 4',6-diamidine-2'-phenylindole dihydrochloride. Using digitally reconstructed, complete cross sections of grafts, intimal and medial areas were measured, whereby the medial area had virtually been divided into an outer (toward adventitia) and inner (toward lumen) layer. The fraction of S1PR1-positive cells was determined in each layer by counting S1PR1-positive and S1PR1-negative cells. RESULTS The fraction of S1PR1-postive cells in naive IMA is 58.9% ± 6.0% (mean ± standard deviation). At day 28 after implantation, 81.6% ± 4.4% of medial cells were scored S1PR1 positive (P < .01). At day 14, the ratio between S1PR1-positive and S1PR1-negative cells was significantly higher in the lumen-oriented inner layer (9.3 ± 2.1 vs 6.0 ± 1.0; P < .01). Cells appearing in the intima at day 7 and day 14 were almost all S1PR1 positive. At day 28, however, about one-third of intimal cells were scored S1PR1 negative. CONCLUSIONS From these data, we conclude that denudation of IMA specifically induces the expansion of S1PR1-positive cells. Based on the nonrandom distribution of S1PR1-positive cells, we consider the possibility that much like lymphocytes, S1PR1-positive smooth muscle cells also use S1PR1 to recognize the sphingosine-1-phosphate gradient from tissue (low) to plasma (high) and so migrate out of the media toward the intima of the injured IMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Braetz
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Clinic and Polyclinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Becker
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Geissen
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Larena-Avellaneda
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Schrepfer
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guenter Daum
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The Role of Endothelial Surface Glycocalyx in Mechanosensing and Transduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1097:1-27. [PMID: 30315537 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96445-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial cells (ECs) forming the inner wall of every blood vessel are constantly exposed to the mechanical forces generated by blood flow. The EC responses to these hemodynamic forces play a critical role in the homeostasis of the circulatory system. A variety of mechanosensors and transducers, locating on the EC surface, intra- and trans-EC membrane, and within the EC cytoskeleton, have thus been identified to ensure proper functions of ECs. Among them, the most recent candidate is the endothelial surface glycocalyx (ESG), which is a matrix-like thin layer covering the luminal surface of the EC. It consists of various proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and plasma proteins and is close to other prominent EC mechanosensors and transducers. This chapter summarizes the ESG composition, thickness, and structure observed by different labeling and visualization techniques and in different types of vessels. It also presents the literature in determining the ESG mechanical properties by atomic force microscopy and optical tweezers. The molecular mechanisms by which the ESG plays the role in EC mechanosensing and transduction are described as well as the ESG remodeling by shear stress, the actin cytoskeleton, the membrane rafts, the angiogenic factors, and the sphingosine-1-phosphate.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. Both hyperinflammation and immune suppression ensue, to an extent that is harmful to the host. The inflammatory balance is disturbed, and this is associated with a failure to return to homeostasis. All pathogens with sufficient load and virulence can cause sepsis, after they succeed to adhere and pass the mucosal barrier of the host. The host defense system can recognize molecular components of invading pathogens, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), with specialized receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Through several signaling pathways, overstimulation of PRRs has proinflammatory and immune suppressive consequences. Hyperinflammation is characterized by activation of target genes coding for proinflammatory cytokines (leukocyte activation), inefficient use of the complement system, activation of the coagulation system, and concurrent downregulation of anticoagulant mechanisms and necrotic cell death. The release of endogenous molecules by injured cells, called danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or alarmins, leads to deterioration in a vicious cycle by further stimulation of PRRs. Features of immune suppression are massive apoptosis and thereby depletion of immune cells, reprogramming of monocytes and macrophages to a state of a decreased capacity to release proinflammatory cytokines and a disturbed balance in cellular metabolic processes.
Collapse
|
26
|
Xiao Y, Wu J, Yuan Y, Guo X, Chen B, Huang Q. Effect of moesin phosphorylation on high‑dose sphingosine‑1‑phosphate‑induced endothelial responses. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1933-1939. [PMID: 29138832 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously reported that low‑dose sphingosine‑1‑phosphate (S1P) enhanced endothelial barrier integrity, whereas high‑dose S1P induced endothelial monolayer hyperpermeability responses. A number of studies have revealed the underlying molecular mechanisms of the physiological‑dose of S1P on barrier‑protective effect. However, little work has been performed to determine the effect of S1P‑induced endothelial barrier responses. In the present study, the role of moesin phosphorylation in excessive S1P‑induced endothelial hyperpermeability was investigated by western blotting, fluorescence staining and transendothelial electrical resistance detection. It was revealed that S1P induced moesin phosphorylation in a time‑ and concentration‑dependent manner. In addition, it was confirmed that high‑dose S1P‑induced moesin phosphorylation occurred via S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2). Moesin phosphorylation was required for S1P‑induced F‑actin rearrangement and endothelial barrier disruption. The results suggested that the S1PR2‑moesin axis is involved in high‑dose S1P‑induced endothelial barrier responses. The results of the present study may provide novel therapeutic targets for endothelial injury‑associated vascular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
González-Fernández B, Sánchez DI, González-Gallego J, Tuñón MJ. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling as a Target in Hepatic Fibrosis Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:579. [PMID: 28890699 PMCID: PMC5574909 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is an excess production of extracellular matrix proteins as a result of chronic liver disease which leads to cell death and organ dysfunction. The key cells involved in fibrogenesis are resident hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) which are termed myofibroblasts after activation, acquiring contractile, proliferative, migratory and secretory capability. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid with well-established effects on angiogenesis, carcinogenesis and immunity. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that this metabolite is involved in the profibrotic inflammatory process through the regulation of pleiotropic cell responses, such as vascular permeability, leukocyte infiltration, cell survival, migration, proliferation and HSCs differentiation to myofibroblasts. S1P is synthesized by sphingosine kinases (SphKs) and many of its actions are mediated by S1P specific cell surface receptors (S1P1-5), although different intracellular targets of S1P have been identified. Modulation of SphKs/S1P/S1P receptors signaling is known to result in beneficial effects on various in vivo and in vitro models of liver fibrosis. Thus, a better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the modulation of the S1P pathway could help to improve liver fibrosis therapy. In this review, we analyze the effects of the S1P axis on the fibrogenic process, and the involvement of a range of inhibitors or approaches targeting enzymes related to S1P in the abrogation of pathological fibrogenesis. All in all, targeting this pathway offers therapeutic potential in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of LeónLeón, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain
| | - María J Tuñón
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of LeónLeón, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Matrone G, Meng S, Gu Q, Lv J, Fang L, Chen K, Cooke JP. Lmo2 (LIM-Domain-Only 2) Modulates Sphk1 (Sphingosine Kinase) and Promotes Endothelial Cell Migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1860-1868. [PMID: 28775072 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lmo (LIM-domain-only)2 transcription factor is involved in hematopoiesis and vascular remodeling. Sphk (sphingosine kinase)1 phosphorylates sphingosine to S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate). We hypothesized that Lmo2 regulates Sphk1 to promote endothelial cell (EC) migration and vascular development. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Lmo2 and Sphk1 knockdown (KD) were performed in Tg(fli1:EGFP) y1 zebrafish and in human umbilical vein EC. Rescue of phenotypes or overexpression of these factors were achieved using mRNA encoding Lmo2 or Sphk1. EC proliferation in vivo was assessed by BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine) immunostaining and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of dissociated Tg(fli1:EGFP) y1 embryos. Cell migration was assessed by scratch assay in human umbilical vein EC and mouse aortic rings. Lmo2 interactions with Sphk1 promoter were assessed by ChIP-PCR (chromatin immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction). Lmo2 or Sphk1 KD reduced number and length of intersegmental vessels. There was no reduction in the numbers of GFP+ (green fluorescent protein) ECs after Lmo2 KD. However, reduced numbers of BrdU+GFP+ nuclei were observed along the dysmorphic intersegmental vessels, accumulating instead at the sprouting origin of the intersegmental vessels. This anomaly was likely because of impaired EC migration, which was confirmed in migration assays using Lmo2 KD human umbilical vein ECs and mouse aortic rings. Both in vivo and in vitro, Lmo2 KD reduced Sphk1 gene expression, associated with less Lmo2 binding to the Sphk1 promoter as assessed by ChIP-PCR. Sphk1 mRNA rescued the Lmo2 KD phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that Lmo2 is necessary for Sphk1 gene expression in ECs. Lmo2 KD reduced Lmo2-Sphk1 gene interaction, impaired intersegmental vessels formation, and reduced cell migration. We identified for the first time Sphk1 as downstream effector of Lmo2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Matrone
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Shu Meng
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Qilin Gu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Jie Lv
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Longhou Fang
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Kaifu Chen
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - John P Cooke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mao H, Xie L, Pi X. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 Signaling in Angiogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:34. [PMID: 28589128 PMCID: PMC5438976 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) plays multifunctional roles in lipid homeostasis, signaling transduction, and endocytosis. It has been recognized as an endocytic receptor for many ligands and is involved in the signaling pathways of many growth factors or cytokines. Dysregulation of LRP1-dependent signaling events contributes to the development of pathophysiologic processes such as Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and coagulation. Interestingly, recent studies have linked LRP1 with endothelial function and angiogenesis, which has been underappreciated for a long time. During zebrafish embryonic development, LRP1 is required for the formation of vascular network, especially for the venous development. LRP1 depletion in the mouse embryo proper leads to angiogenic defects and disruption of endothelial integrity. Moreover, in a mouse oxygen-induced retinopathy model, specific depletion of LRP1 in endothelial cells results in abnormal development of neovessels. These loss-of-function studies suggest that LRP1 plays a pivotal role in angiogenesis. The review addresses the recent advances in the roles of LRP1-dependent signaling during angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Mao
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinchun Pi
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Size-selective opening of the blood-brain barrier by targeting endothelial sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4531-4536. [PMID: 28396408 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618659114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) forms a selective barrier termed the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Disruption of the BBB may contribute to various CNS diseases. Conversely, the intact BBB restricts efficient penetration of CNS-targeted drugs. Here, we report the BBB-regulatory role of endothelial sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1, a G protein-coupled receptor known to promote the barrier function in peripheral vessels. Endothelial-specific S1pr1 knockout mice (S1pr1iECKO ) showed BBB breach for small-molecular-mass fluorescence tracers (<3 kDa), but not larger tracers (>10 kDa). Chronic BBB leakiness was associated with cognitive impairment, as assessed by the novel object recognition test, but not signs of brain inflammation. Brain microvessels of S1pr1iECKO mice showed altered subcellular distribution of tight junctional proteins. Pharmacological inhibition of S1P1 function led to transient BBB breach. These data suggest that brain endothelial S1P1 maintain the BBB by regulating the proper localization of tight junction proteins and raise the possibility that endothelial S1P1 inhibition may be a strategy for transient BBB opening and delivery of small molecules into the CNS.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction that is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. In sepsis, the immune response that is initiated by an invading pathogen fails to return to homeostasis, thus culminating in a pathological syndrome that is characterized by sustained excessive inflammation and immune suppression. Our understanding of the key mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis has increased tremendously, yet this still needs to be translated into novel targeted therapeutic strategies. Pivotal for the clinical development of new sepsis therapies is the selection of patients on the basis of biomarkers and/or functional defects that provide specific insights into the expression or activity of the therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
32
|
Zeng Y. Endothelial glycocalyx as a critical signalling platform integrating the extracellular haemodynamic forces and chemical signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1457-1462. [PMID: 28211170 PMCID: PMC5542909 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx covers the human mammalian cells and plays important roles in stroke, inflammation and atherosclerosis. It has also been shown to be involved in endothelial mechanotransduction of shear stress. Shear stress induces the remodelling of the major component of the glycocalyx including glypican‐1, a cell membrane heparan sulphate proteoglycan. Other factors, such as sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), protect the glycocalyx against syndecan‐1 ectodomain shedding and induce the synthesis of heparan sulphate. In this study, we reviewed the role of shear stress and S1P in glycocalyx remodelling and revealed that the glycocalyx is a critical signalling platform, integrating the extracellular haemodynamic forces and chemical signalling, such as S1P, for determining the fate of endothelial cells and vascular diseases. This review integrated our current understanding of the structure and function of the glycocalyx and provided new insight into the role of the glycocalyx that might be helpful for investigating the underlying biological mechanisms in certain human diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Edland F, Wergeland A, Kopperud R, Åsrud KS, Hoivik EA, Witsø SL, Æsøy R, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, Bakke M, Døskeland SO, Jonassen AK. Long-term consumption of an obesogenic high fat diet prior to ischemia-reperfusion mediates cardioprotection via Epac1-dependent signaling. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:87. [PMID: 27933093 PMCID: PMC5127093 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is still considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, although more recent knowledge also suggests obesity to be associated with reduced morbidity and mortality - the "obesity paradox". This study explores if long-term feeding of an obesogenic high fat diet renders the myocardium less susceptible to ischemic-reperfusion induced injury via Epac-dependent signaling. METHODS Wild type (wt), Epac1 (Epac1-/-) and Epac2 (Epac2-/-) deficient mice were fed a high fat (HFD) or normal chow diet (ND) for 33 ± 1 weeks. Six experimental groups were included: (1) control wt ND (wt ND), (2) control wt HFD (wt HFD), (3) Epac1-/- mice on ND (Epac1-/-ND), (4) Epac1-/- mice on HFD (Epac1-/-HFD), (5) Epac2-/- mice on ND (Epac2-/-ND), and (6) Epac2-/- mice on HFD (Epac2-/-HFD). Isolated ex vivo mice hearts were perfused in a constant pressure Langendorff mode, and exposed to 30min of global ischemia (GI) and 60min of reperfusion. Endpoints were infarct size and functional recovery. RESULTS All groups fed a HFD presented with significantly enhanced body weight, visceral fat content and reduced glucose clearance compared to corresponding ND groups. Although the HFD cohorts presented with an overall comparable systemic capability to clear glucose, the Epac1-/- HFD group presented with glucose levels slightly above the human diabetes criteria at the end of the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT). Moreover, the HFD significantly reduced infarct size in both wild type (wt HFD 41.3 ± 5.5% vs. wt ND 58.0 ± 9.8%, p < 0.05) and Epac2-/- cohorts (Epac2-/-HFD 34.4 ± 7.2% vs. Epac2-/-ND 56.5 ± 3.8%, p < 0.05). Interestingly, however, the HFD did not reduce infarct size in Epac1-/- deficient mice hearts (Epac1-/-HFD 65.1 ± 5.1% vs. Epac1-/-ND 56.1 ± 3.5%, ns.). CONCLUSION Epac1-dependent signaling is involved in mediating the cardioprotection afforded by long-term feeding of an obesogenic high fat diet in mice hearts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Edland
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Wergeland
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - R Kopperud
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - K S Åsrud
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - E A Hoivik
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S L Witsø
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - R Æsøy
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - L Madsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - K Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Bakke
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S O Døskeland
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - A K Jonassen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ; Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vogt D, Stark H. Therapeutic Strategies and Pharmacological Tools Influencing S1P Signaling and Metabolism. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:3-51. [PMID: 27480072 DOI: 10.1002/med.21402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades the study of the sphingolipid anabolic, catabolic, and signaling pathways has attracted enormous interest. Especially the introduction of fingolimod into market as first p.o. therapeutic for the treatment of multiple sclerosis has boosted this effect. Although the complex regulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and other catabolic and anabolic sphingosine-related compounds is not fully understood, the influence on different (patho)physiological states from inflammation to cytotoxicity as well as the availability of versatile pharmacological tools that represent new approaches to study these states are described. Here, we have summarized various aspects concerning the many faces of sphingolipid function modulation by different pharmacological tools up to clinical candidates. Due to the immense heterogeneity of physiological or pharmacological actions and complex cross regulations, it is difficult to predict their role in upcoming therapeutic approaches. Currently, inflammatory, immunological, and/or antitumor aspects are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Vogt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|