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Ekanayaka RA, de Silva P, Ekanayaka MK, Jayathilake W, Pathirana R, Amaratunga Y, De Silva PJ, Perera B. Effect of different forms of coconut on the lipid profile in normal free-living healthy subjects: A randomized controlled trial (Phase II). GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 7:100138. [PMID: 38357247 PMCID: PMC10864760 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2024.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It has been postulated that the lipid effects of coconut could be mediated by its fatty acids, fiber and lysine/arginine ratio. Hence, the lipid effects of coconut oil could be different from the effects of the kernel flakes or milk extract because the constituents could be different in each coconut preparation. The present research investigated the lipid effects of different modes of coconut used in food preparation. Methods This study involved a total of 190 participants, randomized into four groups, which received coconut oil supplement (30 ml) (n = 53), kernel flakes (30 g) (n = 52) or coconut milk powder (30 g) (n = 44) for a period of 8 weeks. The control group (n = 41) received no supplement. Lipid assays were performed at baseline and at the end of the 4th and 8th weeks. The generalized estimating equations (GEE), ANOVA, and paired and independent t-tests were used in the analysis. Result The age range of the participants was 25-60 years, and 52.6% of them (n = 100) were men. Coconut milk supplementation induced beneficial changes in the lipid profile in that the LDL and non-HDL levels decreased while the HDL levels increased. The subgroup whose baseline LDL level was elevated appeared to benefit most from coconut milk supplementation. Coconut oil and kernel flakes failed to induce favorable lipid changes comparable to coconut milk supplementation. Conclusion Differing concentrations of protein, fat and fiber in coconut preparations could possibly explain the dissimilar effects on the lipid profile caused by the different coconut preparations. The benefits of coconut milk seen in the high basal LDL subgroup warrant a detailed study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R.P.M.M.R. Pathirana
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Colombo 00800, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Bilesha Perera
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka
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M A, I MA, Ramalingam K, Shanmugam R. Biomedical Applications of Lauric Acid: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e62770. [PMID: 39036266 PMCID: PMC11260118 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lauric acid, a major component of coconut oil, has been studied for its various health benefits over the years. Lauric acid is a medium-chained fatty acid with several potential biomedical applications based on its antimicrobial action, capacity for drug delivery, tissue engineering scaffolds, and cleansing capabilities. Various studies are carried out in vitro and in vivo using experimental animals, such as rats, shedding light on the efficacy of lauric acid. The studies related to lauric acid were brought under one umbrella and emphasized the need for further research to explore the efficacy of lauric acid in human health. This review aims to scientifically assess the reported data and present a narrative review on lauric acid in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameena M
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Meignana Arumugham I
- Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Karthikeyan Ramalingam
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Rajeshkumar Shanmugam
- Nanobiomedicine Lab, Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
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Sandhya S, Talukdar J, Gogoi G, Dey KS, Das B, Baishya D. Impact of coconut kernel extract on carcinogen-induced skin cancer model: Oxidative stress, C-MYC proto-oncogene and tumor formation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29385. [PMID: 38665592 PMCID: PMC11043960 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at analysing the effects of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) kernel extract (CKE) on oxidative stress, C-MYC proto-oncogene, and tumour formation in a skin cancer model. Tumorigenesis was induced by dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In vitro antioxidant activity of CKE was assessed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total phenolic and flavonoid content assays. CKE showed a higher antioxidant activity then ascorbic acid (*P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001). HPLC and NMR study of the CKE revealed the presence of lauric acid (LA). Following the characterization of CKE, mice were randomly assigned to receive DMBA/TPA Induction and CKE treatment at different doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of body weight. LA 100 mg/kg of body weight used as standard. Significantly, the CKE200 and control groups' mice did not develop tumors; however, the CKE100 and CKE50 treated groups did develop tumors less frequently than the DMBA/TPA-treated mice. Histopathological analysis revealed that the epidermal layer in DMBA-induced mice was thicker and had squamous pearls along with a hyperplasia/dysplasia lesion, indicating skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), whereas the epidermal layers in CKE200-treated and control mice were normal. Additionally, the CKE treatment demonstrated a significant stimulatory effect on the activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidase (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001) and c-MYC protein expression (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001). In conclusion, CKE prevents the growth of tumors on mouse skin by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing c-MYC overexpression brought on by DMBA/TPA induction. This makes it an effective dietary antioxidant with anti-tumor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorra Sandhya
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Research Park, Assam, India
| | - Joyeeta Talukdar
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Research Park, Assam, India
| | - Gayatri Gogoi
- Department of Pathology, Assam Medical College and Hospital (AMCH), Assam, India
| | | | - Bikul Das
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati Research Park, Assam, India
- Department of Stem Cell and Infection, Thoreau Lab for Global Health, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Debabrat Baishya
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Marschall MJM, Grundmann SM, Seel W, Simon MC, Schuchardt S, Most E, Gessner DK, Wen G, Ringseis R, Eder K. Fat from Hermetia illucens Alters the Cecal Gut Microbiome and Lowers Hepatic Triglyceride Concentration in Comparison to Palm Oil in Obese Zucker Rats. J Nutr 2024; 154:455-468. [PMID: 37778509 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palm oil (PO) is the most widely utilized plant oil for food production. Owing to the great ecologic problems associated with PO production, sustainably produced fats, such as insect fat, might be a suitable alternative. OBJECTIVES The hypothesis was tested that fat from Hermetia illucens larvae (HF) compared with PO and soybean oil (SO) has no adverse effects on hepatic lipid metabolism, plasma metabolome, and cecal microbiome in obese Zucker rats. METHODS Thirty male obese Zucker rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups (SO, PO, HF; n = 10 rats/group) and fed 3 different semisynthetic diets containing either SO, PO, or HF as the main fat source for 4 wk. The effects were evaluated by measurement of liver and plasma lipid concentrations, liver transcriptomics, targeted plasma metabolomics, and cecal microbiomics. RESULTS Supplementation of HF reduced hepatic triglyceride concentration and messenger ribonucleic acid concentrations of selected genes involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in comparison to PO (P < 0.05). Pairwise comparison of the Simpson index and Jaccard index showed a higher cecal microbial α- and β-diversity in rats fed the HF diet than in rats fed the PO diet (P = 0.015 and P = 0.027), but no difference between rats fed the diets with SO or PO. Taxonomic analysis of the cecal microbial community revealed a lower abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and a higher abundance of Blautia, Mucispirillum, Anaerotruncus, Harryflintia, and Peptococcus in rats supplemented with HF than in rats supplemented with PO (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HF, compared with PO, has liver lipid-lowering effects in obese Zucker rats, which may be caused by a shift in the gut microbial community. Thus, HF might serve as a sustainably produced fat alternative to PO for food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena J M Marschall
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Waldemar Seel
- Nutrition and Microbiota, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Nutrition and Microbiota, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Schuchardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße, Hannover, Germany
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany; Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstraße, Giessen, Germany.
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Mattos Rocha Olivieri C, Aparecida Manólio Soares Freitas R, Alfredo Gomes Arêas J. Jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart.) pulp positively affects plasma and hepatic lipids and increases short-chain fatty acid production in hamsters fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113766. [PMID: 38129058 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of jatobá pulp, in its fresh (FJ) and extruded (EJ) forms, on lipid metabolism and intestinal fermentation parameters in hamsters. In a 21-day experiment, we determined the parameters of the animal lipid metabolism and colonic production of short chain fatty acids in four different groups. Control (C), fresh pulp (FJ) and extruded pulp (EJ) were fed using hypercholesterolemic diets, and the reference (R) was fed using AIN93 meal. R and C diets contained cellulose, FJ and EJ were added by jatobá pulp as a fiber source. The results showed that FJ and EJ exhibited lower levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, non-HDL-c serum levels, liver lipids, and liver weight compared to C. The EJ had higher bile acid excretion in stool than the C. EJ and FJ exhibited lower excreted fiber compared to R and C, implying greater fermentation. Furthermore, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the cecum of FJ and EJ animals exceeded that of the C. Acetic and propionic acids were more abundant in the FJ and EJ diets, with FJ producing more butyric acid than the other groups.In conclusion, jatobá pulp maintained at normal levels of total cholesterol, LDL and HDL-associated cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and serum triglycerides, while also reducing the accumulation of hepatic lipids. Jatobá also promoted SCFA formation and fermentation, making it a valuable ingredient for preventing chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Mattos Rocha Olivieri
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | | | - José Alfredo Gomes Arêas
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil.
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Ringseis R, Marschall MJM, Grundmann SM, Schuchardt S, Most E, Gessner DK, Wen G, Eder K. Effect of Hermetia illucens Fat, Compared with That of Soybean Oil and Palm Oil, on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Plasma Metabolome in Healthy Rats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3356. [PMID: 37958111 PMCID: PMC10649396 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Palm oil (PO) is currently the most widely used fat source for food production, but insect fat from Hermetia illucens larvae (HF) might be a suitable alternative fat source, because its production is less harmful to the environment. The present study investigated the effect of HF, as compared to PO and soybean oil (SO), on the hepatic lipid metabolism and the plasma metabolome of healthy rats, which were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10 rats/group), and fed three different semi-synthetic diets containing either SO, PO, or HF as the main fat source for 4 weeks. Feed intake, body weight gain, liver and plasma lipid concentrations, and the hepatic mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation did not differ between groups. Targeted plasma metabolomics revealed 294 out of 630 metabolites analyzed to be different between groups. Principal component analysis showed a clear separation of the plasma metabolomes of the SO group and the other two groups, but no separation of those of the PO and the HF groups. The present study shows that HF exerts no adverse metabolic effects in healthy rats, compared to PO or SO, indicating that HF is a safe alternative fat source to PO for food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (M.J.M.M.); (S.M.G.); (E.M.); (D.K.G.); (G.W.)
| | - Magdalena J. M. Marschall
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (M.J.M.M.); (S.M.G.); (E.M.); (D.K.G.); (G.W.)
| | - Sarah M. Grundmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (M.J.M.M.); (S.M.G.); (E.M.); (D.K.G.); (G.W.)
| | - Sven Schuchardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (M.J.M.M.); (S.M.G.); (E.M.); (D.K.G.); (G.W.)
| | - Denise K. Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (M.J.M.M.); (S.M.G.); (E.M.); (D.K.G.); (G.W.)
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (M.J.M.M.); (S.M.G.); (E.M.); (D.K.G.); (G.W.)
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (M.J.M.M.); (S.M.G.); (E.M.); (D.K.G.); (G.W.)
- Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Senkenbergstraße 3, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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