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Adami R, Bottai D. Spinal Muscular Atrophy Modeling and Treatment Advances by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Studies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:795-813. [PMID: 31863335 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by specific and predominantly lower motor neuron (MN) loss. SMA is the main reason for infant death, while about one in 40 children born is a healthy carrier. SMA is caused by decreased levels of production of a ubiquitously expressed gene: the survival motor neuron (SMN). All SMA patients present mutations of the telomeric SMN1 gene, but many copies of a centromeric, partially functional paralog gene, SMN2, can somewhat compensate for the SMN1 deficiency, scaling inversely with phenotypic harshness. Because the study of neural tissue in and from patients presents too many challenges and is very often not feasible; the use of animal models, such as the mouse, had a pivotal impact in our understanding of SMA pathology but could not portray totally satisfactorily the elaborate regulatory mechanisms that are present in higher animals, particularly in humans. And while recent therapeutic achievements have been substantial, especially for very young infants, some issues should be considered for the treatment of older patients. An alternative way to study SMA, and other neurological pathologies, is the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients. In this work, we will present a wide analysis of the uses of iPSCs in SMA pathology, starting from basic science to their possible roles as therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Adami
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Murphy-Ullrich JE. Thrombospondin 1 and Its Diverse Roles as a Regulator of Extracellular Matrix in Fibrotic Disease. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:683-699. [PMID: 31116066 PMCID: PMC6713974 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419851103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) is a matricellular extracellular matrix protein that has diverse roles in regulating cellular processes important for the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. We will present evidence for the importance of TSP1 control of latent transforming growth factor beta activation in renal fibrosis with an emphasis on diabetic nephropathy. Other functions of TSP1 that affect renal fibrosis, including regulation of inflammation and capillary density, will be addressed. Emerging roles for TSP1 N-terminal domain regulation of collagen matrix assembly, direct effects of TSP1-collagen binding, and intracellular functions of TSP1 in mediating endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis, which could potentially affect renal fibrogenesis, will also be discussed. Finally, we will address possible strategies for targeting TSP1 functions to treat fibrotic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, and Ophthalmology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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3
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Li Z, Hong Z, Peng Z, Zhao Y, Shao R. Acetylshikonin from Zicao ameliorates renal dysfunction and fibrosis in diabetic mice by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad pathway. Hum Cell 2018; 31:199-209. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-017-0192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhao Y, Yin Z, Li H, Fan J, Yang S, Chen C, Wang DW. MiR-30c protects diabetic nephropathy by suppressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in db/db mice. Aging Cell 2017; 16:387-400. [PMID: 28127848 PMCID: PMC5334541 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a significant role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy. Thus, identifying the mechanisms of EMT activation could be meaningful. In this study, loss of miR‐30c accompanied with increased EMT was observed in renal tubules of db/db mice and cultured HK2 cells exposed to high glucose. To further explore the roles of miR‐30c in EMT and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, recombinant adeno‐associated viral vector was applied to manipulate the expression of miR‐30c. In vivo study showed that overexpression of miR‐30c suppressed EMT, attenuated renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and reduced proteinuria, serum creatinine, and BUN levels. In addition, Snail1 was identified as a direct target of miR‐30c by Ago2 co‐immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter, and Western blot assays. Downregulating Snail1 by siRNA reduced high glucose‐induced EMT in HK2 cells, and miR‐30c mimicked the effects. Moreover, miR‐30c inhibited Snail1‐TGF‐β1 axis in tubular epithelial cells undergoing EMT and thereby impeded the release of TGF‐β1; oppositely, knockdown of miR‐30c enhanced the secretion of TGF‐β1 from epitheliums and significantly promoted proliferation of fibroblasts and fibrogenesis of myofibroblasts, aggravated tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and dysfunction of diabetic nephropathy. These results suggest a protective role of miR‐30c against diabetic nephropathy by suppressing EMT via inhibiting Snail1‐TGF‐β1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Zhao
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Zhongwei Yin
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Huaping Li
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Shenglan Yang
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing 400042 China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
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El-Mahdy NA, El-Sayad MES, El-Kadem AH. Combination of telmisartan with sildenafil ameliorate progression of diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic model. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 81:136-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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6
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Novel carbocyclic nucleoside analogs suppress glomerular mesangial cells proliferation and matrix protein accumulation through ROS-dependent mechanism in the diabetic milieu. II. Acylhydrazone-functionalized pyrimidines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1020-1024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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AL-Onazi AS, AL-Rasheed NM, Attia HA, AL-Rasheed NM, Ahmed RM, AL-Amin MA, Poizat C. Ruboxistaurin attenuates diabetic nephropathy via modulation of TGF-β1/Smad and GRAP pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:219-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To investigate whether ruboxistaurin (a selective PKC-β inhibitor) mediates renoprotective effect via interference with TGF-β1/Smad-GRAP cross-signalling.
Method
Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Then, the diabetic rats were treated with ruboxistaurin (10 mg/kg, p.o) for 6 weeks. Valsartan (15 mg/kg, p.o) was used as a positive control. After 6 weeks of treatment, diabetic nephropathy biomarkers were assessed. TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad3 mRNA and protein levels were detected using qPCR and western blot analysis.
Key findings
Data showed that serum creatinine, kidney/body weight ratio and urinary albumin excretion significantly increased in diabetic rats. These changes were significantly attenuated by treatment with ruboxistaurin. A significant up-regulation of TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3 mRNA expression was observed in diabetic rats, which was alleviated by administration of ruboxistaurin. Furthermore, immunoblotting showed a significant improvement in protein levels of TGF-β1 (P < 0.01), Smad2/3 (P < 0.01) and p-Smad3 (P < 0.001) in diabetic rats treated with ruboxistaurin compared to untreated. Importantly, the reduction in GRAP protein expression in diabetic kidney was prevented by treatment with ruboxistaurin.
Conclusion
These data suggest that the renoprotective effect of ruboxistaurin is possibly due to down-regulation of TGF-β1/Smad pathway and normalization of GRAP protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma S AL-Onazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf M AL-Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nawal M AL-Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raeesa M Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A AL-Amin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Coralie Poizat
- Cardiovascular Research Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Husarek KE, Katz PS, Trask AJ, Galantowicz ML, Cismowski MJ, Lucchesi PA. The angiotensin receptor blocker losartan reduces coronary arteriole remodeling in type 2 diabetic mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 76:28-36. [PMID: 26133668 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and are associated with alterations of blood vessel structure and function. Although endothelial dysfunction and aortic stiffness have been documented, little is known about the effects of T2DM on coronary microvascular structural remodeling. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays an important role in large artery stiffness and mesenteric vessel remodeling in hypertension and T2DM. The goal of this study was to determine whether the blockade of AT1R signaling dictates vascular smooth muscle growth that partially underlies coronary arteriole remodeling in T2DM. Control and db/db mice were given AT1R blocker losartan via drinking water for 4 weeks. Using pressure myography, we found that coronary arterioles from 16-week db/db mice undergo inward hypertrophic remodeling due to increased wall thickness and wall-to-lumen ratio with a decreased lumen diameter. This remodeling was accompanied by decreased elastic modulus (decreased stiffness). Losartan treatment decreased wall thickness, wall-to-lumen ratio, and coronary arteriole cell number in db/db mice. Losartan treatment did not affect incremental elastic modulus. However, losartan improved coronary flow reserve. Our data suggest that Ang II-AT1R signaling mediates, at least in part, coronary arteriole inward hypertrophic remodeling in T2DM without affecting vascular mechanics, further suggesting that targeting the coronary microvasculature in T2DM may help reduce cardiac ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Husarek
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; School of Biomedical Science, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Paige S Katz
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Aaron J Trask
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Maarten L Galantowicz
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mary J Cismowski
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Pamela A Lucchesi
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.
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9
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Intermediate conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels: a novel target for chronic renal diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Gao P, Li L, Ji L, Wei Y, Li H, Shang G, Zhao Z, Chen Q, Jiang T, Zhang N. Nrf2 ameliorates diabetic nephropathy progression by transcriptional repression of TGFβ1 through interactions with c-Jun and SP1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:1110-20. [PMID: 25046864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the major complications in diabetes patients. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play key roles in DN progression. As a primary transcription factor, Nrf2 controls the antioxidant response to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. Herein we systemically examined the role of Nrf2 in DN progression and its regulatory mechanism in a mouse model bearing type II diabetes and in cultured human renal mesangial cells (HRMCs). We found that Nrf2 could ameliorate DN progression by transcriptional repression of TGFβ1 in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, Nrf2 bound to the specific region in TGFβ1 promoter by interactions with transcription factors c-Jun and SP1. Significant abolishment of Nrf2-mediated TGFβ1 transcriptional repression could be accomplished by knockdown of either c-Jun or SP1, and site-directed mutagenesis of c-Jun and SP1 binding sites in the TGFβ1 promoter specific region. Moreover, after interacting with c-Jun and SP1, Nrf2 inhibited c-Jun and SP1 activations, and thus reversed c-Jun- and SP1-promoted TGFβ1 transcription. In all, Nrf2 could slow down DN progression by repression of TGFβ1 in a c-Jun and SP1-dependent way. Our findings may provide novel clues for DN preventions and interventions in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lili Ji
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yingze Wei
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guoguo Shang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Nong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
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Protective effect of total flavonoids extracted from the leaves of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack on diabetic nephropathy in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 64:231-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Thomson SE, McLennan SV, Twigg SM. Growth factors in diabetic complications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:403-18. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.3.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Huang C, Day ML, Poronnik P, Pollock CA, Chen XM. Inhibition of KCa3.1 suppresses TGF-β1 induced MCP-1 expression in human proximal tubular cells through Smad3, p38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 47:1-10. [PMID: 24291552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that TGF-β1 plays a central role in renal fibrosis due in large part to stimulation of inflammatory responses. KCa3.1, a potassium channel protein, has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for diseases such as sickle cell anemia, autoimmunity, atherosclerosis and more recently, kidney fibrosis. Blockade of KCa3.1 has been shown to ameliorate renal fibrosis in diabetic mice in association with reduced TGF-β1 signaling. However, the centrality of KCa3.1 activation to TGF-β1 induced inflammation remains unknown. In this study, human proximal tubular cells (HK2 cells) were incubated with TGF-β1 (2 ng/ml) for 48 h in the presence or absence of KCa3.1 siRNA or the KCa3.1 inhibitor TRAM34. HK2 cells overexpressing KCa3.1 were studied in parallel. The mRNA and protein expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Downstream TGF-β1 signaling molecules Smad3, p38 and ERK1/2 were measured by Western blot analysis. Using whole-cell patch clamp techniques we found that TGFβ-1 induced a large KCa3.1 K-current that was inhibited by TRAM34. TGF-β1 also increased MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression in HK2 cells compared to control, an effect that was reversed by in the presence of KCa3.1 siRNA. Similarly, TRAM34 significantly reduced the TGF-β1-mediated increase in MCP-1 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Inhibition of KCa3.1 with KCa3.1 siRNA or TRAM34 also reduced TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad3, p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK pathways. Conversely overexpression of KCa3.1 induced TGF-β1 signaling cascades and expression of MCP-1. The present study is consistent with a key role for KCa3.1 renal proximal tubular cells in mediating the TGF-β1 induction of MCP-1 expression in HK2 cells via Smad3, p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Huang
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Xiamen Center of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Margot L Day
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Philip Poronnik
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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14
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Huang C, Shen S, Ma Q, Gill A, Pollock CA, Chen XM. KCa3.1 mediates activation of fibroblasts in diabetic renal interstitial fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 29:313-24. [PMID: 24166472 PMCID: PMC3910344 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast activation plays a critical role in diabetic nephropathy (DN). The Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 mediates cellular proliferation of many cell types including fibroblasts. KCa3.1 has been reported to be a potential molecular target for pharmacological intervention in a diverse array of clinical conditions. However, the role of KCa3.1 in the activation of myofibroblasts in DN is unknown. These studies assessed the effect of KCa3.1 blockade on renal injury in experimental diabetes. METHODS As TGF-β1 plays a central role in the activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in renal interstitial fibrosis, human primary renal interstitial fibroblasts were incubated with TGF-β1+/- the selective inhibitor of KCa3.1, TRAM34, for 48 h. Two streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse models were used in this study: wild-type KCa3.1+/+ and KCa3.1-/- mice, and secondly eNOS-/- mice treated with or without a selective inhibitor of KCa3.1 (TRAM34). Then, markers of fibroblast activation and fibrosis were determined. RESULTS Blockade of KCa3.1 inhibited the upregulation of type I collagen, fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin and fibroblast-specific protein-1 in renal fibroblasts exposed to TGF-β1 and in kidneys from diabetic mice. TRAM34 reduced TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 but not P38 and JNK MAPK in interstitial fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that blockade of KCa3.1 attenuates diabetic renal interstitial fibrogenesis through inhibiting activation of fibroblasts and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and ERK1/2. Therefore, therapeutic interventions to prevent or ameliorate DN through targeted inhibition of KCa3.1 deserve further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Huang
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney medical school and University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Bondeva T, Heinzig J, Ruhe C, Wolf G. Advanced glycated end-products affect HIF-transcriptional activity in renal cells. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1918-33. [PMID: 24030251 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycated end-products (AGEs) are ligands of the receptor for AGEs and increase in diabetic disease. MAPK organizer 1 (Morg1) via its binding partner prolyl-hydroxylase domain (PHD)-3 presumably plays a role in the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α transcriptional activation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of AGEs on Morg1 expression and its correlation to PHD3 activity and HIF-transcriptional activity in various renal cell types. The addition of glycated BSA (AGE-BSA) significantly up-regulated Morg1 mRNA levels in murine mesangial cells and down-regulated it in murine proximal tubular cells and differentiated podocytes. These effects were reversible when the cells were preincubated with a receptor for α-AGE antibody. AGE-BSA treatment induced a relocalization of the Morg1 cellular distribution compared with nonglycated control-BSA. Analysis of PHD3 activity demonstrated an elevated PHD3 enzymatic activity in murine mesangial cells but an inhibition in murine proximal tubular cells and podocytes after the addition of AGE-BSA. HIF-transcriptional activity was also affected by AGE-BSA treatment. Reporter gene assays and EMSAs showed that AGEs regulate HIF- transcriptional activity under nonhypoxic conditions in a cell type-specific manner. In proximal tubular cells, AGE-BSA stimulation elevated mainly HIF-1α transcriptional activity and to a lesser extent HIF-2α. We also detected an increased expression of the HIF-1α and the HIF-2α proteins in kidneys from Morg1 heterozygous (HZ) placebo mice compared with the Morg1 wild-type (WT) placebo-treated mice, and the HIF-1α protein expression in the Morg1 HZ streptozotocin-treated mice was significantly higher than the WT streptozotocin-treated mice. Analysis of isolated mesangial cells from Morg1 HZ (±) and WT mice showed an inhibited PHD3 activity and an increased HIF-transcriptional activity in cells with only one Morg1 allele. These findings are important for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzvetanka Bondeva
- MD, MHBA, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Erlanger-Allee 101, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
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16
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Huang C, Shen S, Ma Q, Chen J, Gill A, Pollock CA, Chen XM. Blockade of KCa3.1 ameliorates renal fibrosis through the TGF-β1/Smad pathway in diabetic mice. Diabetes 2013; 62:2923-34. [PMID: 23656889 PMCID: PMC3717839 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel KCa3.1 mediates cellular signaling processes associated with dysfunction of vasculature. However, the role of KCa3.1 in diabetic nephropathy is unknown. We sought to assess whether KCa3.1 mediates the development of renal fibrosis in two animal models of diabetic nephropathy. Wild-type and KCa3.1(-/-) mice, and secondly eNOS(-/-) mice, had diabetes induced with streptozotocin and then were treated with/without a selective inhibitor of KCa3.1 (TRAM34). Our results show that the albumin-to-creatinine ratio significantly decreased in diabetic KCa3.1(-/-) mice compared with diabetic wild-type mice and in diabetic eNOS(-/-) mice treated with TRAM34 compared with diabetic mice. The expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), F4/80, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), and type III and IV collagen significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in kidneys of diabetic KCa3.1(-/-) mice compared with diabetic wild-type mice. Similarly, TRAM34 reduced the expression of the inflammatory and fibrotic markers described above in diabetic eNOS(-/-) mice. Furthermore, blocking the KCa3.1 channel in both animal models led to a reduction of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and TGF-β1 type II receptor (TβRII) and phosphorylation of Smad2/3. Our results provide evidence that KCa3.1 mediates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Blockade of KCa3.1 may be a novel target for therapeutic intervention in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Huang
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, and University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Xiamen Center of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Zhongshan Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sylvie Shen
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, and University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Qing Ma
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, and University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony Gill
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol A. Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, and University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, and University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Retraction statement. Protective effects of quercetin on streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Phytother Res 2013; 27:1580. [PMID: 23280688 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Eid AA, Koubeissi A, Bou-Mjahed R, Khalil NA, Farah M, Maalouf R, Nasser N, Bouhadir KH. Novel carbocyclic nucleoside analogs suppress glomerular mesangial cells proliferation and matrix protein accumulation through ROS-dependent mechanism in the diabetic milieu. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012. [PMID: 23199883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of novel 3,4-cis- and 3,4-trans-substituted carbocyclic nucleoside analogs from protected uracil and thymine is described. The key reaction in the followed synthetic protocols utilized the Mitsunobu reaction to couple 3,4-substituted cyclopentanols to (3)N-benzoyl uracil or (3)N-benzoyl thymine. These molecules were evaluated with regard to their ability to treat diabetic nephropathy. Our results show that two analogs significantly reduced high-glucose induced glomerular mesangial cells proliferation and matrix protein accumulation in vitro and, more interestingly, exhibited an anti-oxidative effect suggesting that the activity may be mediated through ROS-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaad A Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
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19
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Hao HH, Shao ZM, Tang DQ, Lu Q, Chen X, Yin XX, Wu J, Chen H. Preventive effects of rutin on the development of experimental diabetic nephropathy in rats. Life Sci 2012; 91:959-67. [PMID: 23000098 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an important microvascular complication and one of the main causes of end-stage renal disease. In this study, the preventive effect and mechanism of rutin on the development of DN in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were investigated. MAIN METHODS After an early DN model was induced by STZ, rats were orally administered rutin at 3 doses for 10 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine protein, kidney index, antioxidase, advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), extracellular matrix (ECM) including collagen IV and laminin, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), phosphorylated Smad 2/3 (p-Smad 2/3) and Smad 7 (p-Smad 7), and transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)) were determined by different methods, respectively. The ultrastructural morphology was observed by a transmission electron microscope. KEY FINDINGS Compared with the DN group, rutin decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose, Cr, BUN, urine protein, the intensity of oxidative stress and p-Smad 7 significantly. The expression of AGEs, collagen IV and laminin, TGF-β(1), p-Smad 2/3 and CTGF was inhibited by rutin significantly. Moreover, rutin was observed to inhibit proliferation of mesangial cells and decrease thickness of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) by electron microscopy. SIGNIFICANCE The preventive effect of rutin on the development of DN is closely related to oxidative stress and the TGF-β(1)/Smad/ECM and TGF-β(1)/CTGF/ECM signaling pathways. Those results suggest that rutin can prevent the development of experimental DN in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-hui Hao
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
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20
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is increasingly considered an inflammatory process characterized by leukocyte infiltration at every stage of renal involvement. Cytokines act as pleiotropic polypeptides that regulate inflammatory and immune responses, providing important signals in the pathologic and physiologic processes. Inflammation and activation of the immune system are closely involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its microvascular complications. Proinflammatory, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines, as well as TGF-beta, all take part in the development and progression of DN. Gene polymorphism of cytokines and their receptors may have functional variations and can be applied to predict the susceptibility and progression to DN. Improved knowledge on recognizing cytokines as significant pathogenic mediators in DN leaves opens the possibility of new potential therapeutic agents for future clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Ortega A, Romero M, Izquierdo A, Troyano N, Arce Y, Ardura JA, Arenas MI, Bover J, Esbrit P, Bosch RJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a hypertrophy factor for human mesangial cells: Implications for diabetic nephropathy. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1980-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Topol GA, Podesta LA, Reeves KD, Raya MF, Fullerton BD, Yeh HW. Hyperosmolar dextrose injection for recalcitrant Osgood-Schlatter disease. Pediatrics 2011; 128:e1121-8. [PMID: 21969284 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the potential of dextrose injection versus lidocaine injection versus supervised usual care to reduce sport alteration and sport-related symptoms in adolescent athletes with Osgood-Schlatter disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Girls aged 9 to 15 and boys aged 10 to 17 were randomly assigned to either therapist-supervised usual care or double-blind injection of 1% lidocaine solution with or without 12.5% dextrose. Injections were administered monthly for 3 months. All subjects were then offered dextrose injections monthly as needed. Unaltered sport (Nirschl Pain Phase Scale < 4) and asymptomatic sport (Nirschl Pain Phase Scale = 0) were the threshold goals. RESULTS Sixty-five knees in 54 athletes were treated. Compared with usual care at 3 months, unaltered sport was more common in both dextrose-treated (21 of 21 vs 13 of 22; P = .001) and lidocaine-treated (20 of 22 vs 13 of 22; P = .034) knees, and asymptomatic sport was more frequent in dextrose-treated knees than either lidocaine-treated (14 of 21 vs 5 of 22; P = .006) or usual-care-treated (14 of 21 vs 3 of 22; P < .001) knees. At 1 year, asymptomatic sport was more common in dextrose-treated knees than knees treated with only lidocaine (32 of 38 vs 6 of 13; P = .024) or only usual care (32 of 38 vs 2 of 14; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest superior symptom-reduction efficacy of injection therapy over usual care in the treatment of Osgood-Schlatter disease in adolescents. A significant component of the effect seems to be associated with the dextrose component of a dextrose/lidocaine solution. Dextrose injection over the apophysis and patellar tendon origin was safe and well tolerated and resulted in more rapid and frequent achievement of unaltered sport and asymptomatic sport than usual care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Andrés Topol
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital Provincial de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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24
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Lu A, Miao M, Schoeb TR, Agarwal A, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Blockade of TSP1-dependent TGF-β activity reduces renal injury and proteinuria in a murine model of diabetic nephropathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2573-86. [PMID: 21641382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is key in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) expression is increased in diabetes, and TSP1 regulates latent TGF-β activation in vitro and in diabetic animal models. Herein, we investigate the effect of blockade of TSP1-dependent TGF-β activation on progression of renal disease in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes (C57BL/6J-Ins2(Akita)) as a targeted treatment for diabetic nephropathy. Akita and control C57BL/6 mice who underwent uninephrectomy received 15 weeks of thrice-weekly i.p. treatment with 3 or 30 mg/kg LSKL peptide, control SLLK peptide, or saline. The effects of systemic LSKL peptide on dermal wound healing was assessed in type 2 diabetic mice (db/db). Proteinuria (urinary albumin level and albumin/creatinine ratio) was significantly improved in Akita mice treated with 30 mg/kg LSKL peptide. LSKL treatment reduced urinary TGF-β activity and renal phospho-Smad2/3 levels and improved markers of tubulointerstitial injury (fibronectin) and podocytes (nephrin). However, LSKL did not alter glomerulosclerosis or glomerular structure. LSKL did not increase tumor incidence or inflammation or impair diabetic wound healing. These data suggest that selective targeting of excessive TGF-β activity through blockade of TSP1-dependent TGF-β activation represents a therapeutic strategy for treating diabetic nephropathy that preserves the homeostatic functions of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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25
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In vitro suppression of quercetin on hypertrophy and extracellular matrix accumulation in rat glomerular mesangial cells cultured by high glucose. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:920-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Tang DQ, Wei YQ, Gao YY, Yin XX, Yang DZ, Mou J, Jiang XL. Retracted
: Protective Effects of Rutin on Rat Glomerular Mesangial Cells Cultured in High Glucose Conditions. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1640-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dao-quan Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Ya-qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Yuan-yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Xiao-xing Yin
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Dong-zhi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Jie Mou
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Xiang-lan Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
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27
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Oriente F, Iovino S, Cassese A, Romano C, Miele C, Troncone G, Balletta M, Perfetti A, Santulli G, Iaccarino G, Valentino R, Beguinot F, Formisano P. Overproduction of phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes (PED) induces mesangial expansion and upregulates protein kinase C-beta activity and TGF-beta1 expression. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2642-52. [PMID: 19789852 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Overproduction of phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes (PED, also known as phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes-15 [PEA-15]) is a common feature of type 2 diabetes and impairs insulin action in cultured cells and in mice. Nevertheless, the potential role of PED in diabetic complications is still unknown. METHODS We studied the effect of PED overproduction and depletion on kidney function in animal and cellular models. RESULTS Transgenic mice overexpressing PED (PEDTg) featured age-dependent increases of plasma creatinine levels and urinary volume, accompanied by expansion of the mesangial area, compared with wild-type littermates. Serum and kidney levels of TGF-beta1 were also higher in 6- and 9-month-old PEDTg. Overexpression of PED in human kidney 2 cells significantly increased TGF-beta1 levels, SMAD family members (SMAD)2/3 phosphorylation and fibronectin production. Opposite results were obtained following genetic silencing of PED in human kidney 2 cells by antisense oligonucleotides. Inhibition of phospholipase D and protein kinase C-beta by 2-butanol and LY373196 respectively reduced TGF-beta1, SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and fibronectin production. Moreover, inhibition of TGF-beta1 receptor activity and SMAD2/3 production by SB431542 and antisense oligonucleotides respectively reduced fibronectin secretion by about 50%. TGF-beta1 circulating levels were significantly reduced in Ped knockout mice and positively correlated with PED content in peripheral blood leucocytes of type 2 diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data indicate that PED regulates fibronectin production via phospholipase D/protein kinase C-beta and TGF-beta1/SMAD pathways in kidney cells. Raised PED levels may therefore contribute to the abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix and renal dysfunction in diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/genetics
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Blood Pressure
- DNA Primers
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Fibronectins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heart Rate
- Humans
- Insulin/blood
- Kidney/physiology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/etiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phenotype
- Phosphoproteins/biosynthesis
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Protein Kinase C/genetics
- Protein Kinase C beta
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Smad2 Protein/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oriente
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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29
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Dixon A, Maric C. 17beta-Estradiol attenuates diabetic kidney disease by regulating extracellular matrix and transforming growth factor-beta protein expression and signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1678-90. [PMID: 17686959 PMCID: PMC3179625 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00079.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that supplementation with 17beta-estradiol (E2) from the onset of diabetes attenuates the development of diabetic renal disease. The aim of the present study was to examine whether E2 can also attenuate the disease process once it has developed. The present study was performed in nondiabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. E2 supplementation began after 9 wk of diabetes and continued for 8 wk. Diabetes was associated with an increase in urine albumin excretion, glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, renal cortical collagen type I and IV, laminin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and -2, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, TGF-beta receptor type I and II, Smad2/3, phosphorylated Smad2/3, and Smad4 protein expression, and CD68-positive cell abundance. Decreases in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 protein expression and activity and decreases in Smad6 and Smad7 protein expression were also associated with diabetes. E2 supplementation completely or partially attenuated all these changes, except Smad4 and fibronectin, on which E2 supplementation had no effect. These data suggest that E2 attenuates the progression of diabetic renal disease once it has developed by regulating extracellular matrix, TGF-beta, and expression of its downstream regulatory proteins. These findings support the notion that sex hormones in general, and E2 in particular, are important regulators of renal function and may be novel targets for the treatment and prevention of diabetic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Christine Maric
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
- Center for the Study of Sex Differences: in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
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30
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Gorin Y, Block K, Hernandez J, Bhandari B, Wagner B, Barnes JL, Abboud HE. Nox4 NAD(P)H oxidase mediates hypertrophy and fibronectin expression in the diabetic kidney. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:39616-26. [PMID: 16135519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502412200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal hypertrophy and extracellular matrix accumulation are early features of diabetic nephropathy. We investigated the role of the NAD(P)H oxidase Nox4 in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypertrophy, and fibronectin expression in a rat model of type 1 diabetes induced by streptozotocin. Phosphorothioated antisense (AS) or sense oligonucleotides for Nox4 were administered for 2 weeks with an osmotic minipump 72 h after streptozotocin treatment. Nox4 protein expression was increased in diabetic kidney cortex compared with non-diabetic controls and was down-regulated in AS-treated animals. AS oligonucleotides inhibited NADPH-dependent ROS generation in renal cortical and glomerular homogenates. ROS generation by intact isolated glomeruli from diabetic animals was increased compared with glomeruli isolated from AS-treated animals. AS treatment reduced whole kidney and glomerular hypertrophy. Moreover, the increased expression of fibronectin protein was markedly reduced in renal cortex including glomeruli of AS-treated diabetic rats. Akt/protein kinase B and ERK1/2, two protein kinases critical for cell growth and hypertrophy, were activated in diabetes, and AS treatment almost abolished their activation. In cultured mesangial cells, high glucose increased NADPH oxidase activity and fibronectin expression, effects that were prevented in cells transfected with AS oligonucleotides. These data establish a role for Nox4 as the major source of ROS in the kidneys during early stages of diabetes and establish that Nox4-derived ROS mediate renal hypertrophy and increased fibronectin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Gorin
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
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31
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Huang JS, Chuang LY, Guh JY, Chen CJ, Yang YL, Chiang TA, Hung MY, Liao TN. Effect of nitric oxide-cGMP-dependent protein kinase activation on advanced glycation end-product-induced proliferation in renal fibroblasts. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:2318-29. [PMID: 15958724 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis is believed to play a key role in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and advanced glycation end-products (AGE) may contribute importantly to this. Recent reports have shown that nitric oxide (NO) is closely linked to the renal interstitial fibrosis of DN. In this study, the mechanisms by which NO and its downstream signals mediate the AGE-induced proliferative response in normal rat kidney fibroblasts (NRK-49F) are examined. AGE decreased NO production, cyclic guanosine 5'monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activation time- and dose-dependently. These effects were not observed when cells were treated with nonglycated BSA. NO and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) stimulated by NO donors S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)/sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and PKG activator 8-para-chlorophenylthio-cGMP (8-pCPT-cGMP) prevented both AGE-induced proliferation and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5) activation but not p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. The ability of NO-PKG to inhibit AGE-induced cell cycle progression was verified by the observation that SNAP, SNP, and 8-pCPT-cGMP inhibited both cyclin D1 and cdk4 activation. Furthermore, induction of NO-PKG significantly increased p21Waf1/Cip1 expression in AGE-treated NRK-49F cells. The data suggest that the NO-PKG pathway inhibits AGE-induced proliferation by suppressing activation of JAK2-STAT5 and cyclin D1/cdk4 and induction of p21Waf1/Cip1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Shyang Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chung Hwa College of Medical Technology, 89 Wen-Hwa, 1st Street, Jen-Te Hsiang, Tainan Hsien 717, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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32
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Geoffroy K, Troncy L, Wiernsperger N, Lagarde M, El Bawab S. Glomerular proliferation during early stages of diabetic nephropathy is associated with local increase of sphingosine-1-phosphate levels. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1249-54. [PMID: 15710421 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of short-term diabetes (4 days) on rat renal glomerular cells proliferation and the potential involvement of sphingolipids in this process were investigated. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes promoted increased intra-glomerular hyperplasia, particularly marked for mesangial cells. This was associated with a concomitant increase in neutral ceramidase and sphingosine-kinase activities and the accumulation of the pro-proliferative sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate, in glomeruli isolated from kidney cortex of STZ-treated rats. These results suggest a possible involvement of sphingolipid metabolites in the glomerular proliferative response during the early stages of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Geoffroy
- Diabetic Microangiopathy Research Unit, MERCK Santé, INSERM UMR 585/INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
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Abstract
Although debated for many years whether haemodynamic or structural changes are more important in the development of diabetic nephropathy, it is now clear that these processes are interwoven and present two sides of one coin. On a molecular level, hyperglycaemia and proteins altered by high blood glucose such as Amadori products and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are key players in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Recent evidence suggests that an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation induced by high glucose-mediated activation of the mitochondrial electron-transport chain is an early event in the development of diabetic complications. A variety of growth factors and cytokines are then induced through complex signal transduction pathways involving protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and the transcription factor NF-kappaB. High glucose, AGEs, and ROS act in concert to induce growth factors and cytokines. Particularly, TGF-beta is important in the development of renal hypertrophy and accumulation of extracellular matrix components. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system by high glucose, mechanical stress, and proteinuria with an increase in local formation of angiotensin II (ANG II) causes many of the pathophysiological changes associated with diabetic nephropathy. In fact, it has been shown that angiotensin II is involved in almost every pathophysiological process implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy (haemodynamic changes, hypertrophy, extracellular matrix accumulation, growth factor/cytokine induction, ROS formation, podocyte damage, proteinuria, interstitial inflammation). Consequently, blocking these deleterious effects of ANG II is an essential part of every therapeutic regiment to prevent and treat diabetic nephropathy. Recent evidence suggests that regression of diabetic nephropathy could be achieved under certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Osteology and Rheumatology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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