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Xia X, Yang Z, Lu Q, Liu Z, Wang L, Du J, Li Y, Yang DH, Wu S. Reshaping the tumor immune microenvironment to improve CAR-T cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:175. [PMID: 39187850 PMCID: PMC11346058 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In many hematologic malignancies, the adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has demonstrated notable success; nevertheless, further improvements are necessary to optimize treatment efficacy. Current CAR-T therapies are particularly discouraging for solid tumor treatment. The immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumors affects CAR-T cells, limiting the treatment's effectiveness and safety. Therefore, enhancing CAR-T cell infiltration capacity and resolving the immunosuppressive responses within the tumor microenvironment could boost the anti-tumor effect. Specific strategies include structurally altering CAR-T cells combined with targeted therapy, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. Overall, monitoring the tumor microenvironment and the status of CAR-T cells is beneficial in further investigating the viability of such strategies and advancing CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Xia
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zongxin Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Qisi Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Foresea Life Insurance Guangzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou, 511300, China
| | - Zhenyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Jinwen Du
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- New York College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
| | - Shaojie Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
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Shi H, Zhang M, Su Y, Liu J, Guo J, Liu M, Ma Q. Anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy for multiple myeloma with extramedullary disease: A case report and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38541. [PMID: 38941416 PMCID: PMC11466130 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple myeloma (MM) with extramedullary disease (EMD) is rare in clinical practice, and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) CAR-T cell therapy is a novel therapy for hematologic malignancies. Very few reports have been published on the effect of CAR-T-cell therapy in MM with EMD. Here, we report a case of MM with extramedullary lesions treated with BCMA CAR-T therapy. CASE PRESENTATION A 66-year-old female patient presented to our hospital with an enlarged left maxillary gingiva. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis of indolent MM stage III (DS staging) and stage III (ISS and R ISS) with extramedullary lesions. INTERVENTION The patient underwent a clinical trial of humanized anti-BCMA CAR T cell therapy. RESULTS Symptoms improved; left gingival hyperplasia and swelling resolved; left buccal mass resolved; and neck and submandibular masses resolved. Pathological examination of the exfoliated masses showed necrotic tissue. CONCLUSION MM with extramedullary lesions often has limited treatment options, and traditional chemotherapy methods are ineffective; however, BCMA CAR-T cell therapy can significantly improve the symptoms of extramedullary lesions in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Shi
- Second Clinical College of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Second Clinical College of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yajing Su
- Second Clinical College of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Second Clinical College of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiayuan Guo
- Second Clinical College of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingxin Liu
- Hrain Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiuling Ma
- Second Clinical College of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Radhakrishnan V, Golla U, Kudva AK. Role of Immune Cells and Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:461. [PMID: 38672732 PMCID: PMC11050867 DOI: 10.3390/life14040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical signs of multiple myeloma, a plasma cell (PC) dyscrasia, include bone loss, renal damage, and paraproteinemia. It can be defined as the uncontrolled growth of malignant PCs within the bone marrow. The distinctive bone marrow milieu that regulates the progression of myeloma disease involves interactions between plasma and stromal cells, and myeloid and lymphoid cells. These cells affect the immune system independently or because of a complicated web of interconnections, which promotes disease development and immune evasion. Due to the importance of these factors in the onset of disease, various therapeutic strategies have been created that either target or improve the immunological processes that influence disease progression. The immune system has a role in the mechanism of action of multiple myeloma treatments. The main contributions of immune cells to the bone marrow microenvironment, as well as how they interact and how immune regulation might lead to therapeutic effects, are covered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Radhakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Upendarrao Golla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Avinash Kundadka Kudva
- Department of Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Mangaluru 574199, India
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Mangal JL, Handlos JL, Esrafili A, Inamdar S, Mcmillian S, Wankhede M, Gottardi R, Acharya AP. Engineering Metabolism of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Cells for Developing Efficient Immunotherapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1123. [PMID: 33807867 PMCID: PMC7962004 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-based therapies have shown tremendous advancement in clinical and pre-clinical studies for the treatment of hematological malignancies, such as the refractory of pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and large B cell lymphoma (LBCL). However, CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors has not been successful clinically. Although, some research efforts, such as combining CARs with immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapy, have been used to expand the application of CAR T cells for the treatment of solid tumors. Importantly, further understanding of the coordination of nutrient and energy supplies needed for CAR T cell expansion and function, especially in the tumor microenvironment (TME), is greatly needed. In addition to CAR T cells, there is great interest in utilizing other types of CAR immune cells, such as CAR NK and CAR macrophages that can infiltrate solid tumors. However, the metabolic competition in the TME between cancer cells and immune cells remains a challenge. Bioengineering technologies, such as metabolic engineering, can make a substantial contribution when developing CAR cells to have an ability to overcome nutrient-paucity in the solid TME. This review introduces technologies that have been used to generate metabolically fit CAR-immune cells as a treatment for hematological malignancies and solid tumors, and briefly discusses the challenges to treat solid tumors with CAR-immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joslyn L. Mangal
- Biological Design Graduate Program, School for Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
| | - Jamie L. Handlos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.L.H.); (A.E.); (S.I.); (S.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Arezoo Esrafili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.L.H.); (A.E.); (S.I.); (S.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Sahil Inamdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.L.H.); (A.E.); (S.I.); (S.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Sidnee Mcmillian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.L.H.); (A.E.); (S.I.); (S.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Mamta Wankhede
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.L.H.); (A.E.); (S.I.); (S.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Abhinav P. Acharya
- Biological Design Graduate Program, School for Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.L.H.); (A.E.); (S.I.); (S.M.); (M.W.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy for Multiple Myeloma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2020; 21:21-34. [PMID: 33046423 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) remains a significant clinical challenge, despite a wide array of approved therapeutic agents. Immunotherapy offers an advantage in this setting. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T-cells have transformed care for patients with hematologic malignancies. CAR-T cells targeting CD-19 B-cell lymphoma cells have shown prominent activity in lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Recently, the CAR-T cell platform for MM demonstrated therapeutic benefit. Hence, it is rapidly progressing. The most commonly tested target for MM is the B-cell maturation antigen. Complexities involved in the generation and use of CAR-T cells for MM include the identification of appropriate target antigens that are specific, and tumor type restricted, in addition to the optimization of CAR constructs to mitigate toxicities including cytokine release syndrome. CAR-T cells hold immense promise as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of MM. In this article, we provide an updated review of clinical trials of MM-specific CAR-T cells.
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Klampatsa A, Albelda SM. Current Advances in CAR T Cell Therapy for Malignant Mesothelioma. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 2:192-200. [PMID: 32914147 PMCID: PMC7480947 DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is a relatively rare malignancy arising in the body's serosal surfaces, with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) being the most common type. It is characterized by local spread within the thorax, poor prognosis and resistance to treatment. The development of various immunotherapeutic options has provided a new way- and hope- in treating cancer patients. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has been proven very successful in treating hematological cancers, like leukemias and lymphomas, and its use is now being tested in solid tumors. CARs that recognize and bind to a specific tumor-associated antigen on the tumor's cell surface, are engineered and transduced into T cells. Interaction of the CAR T cell with the tumor then results in T cell activation and subsequent tumor cell lysis. In this review, we provide a current update on our previous comprehensive study summarizing the CAR T cell preclinical studies and clinical trials in MM, and discuss the future perspectives of CAR T cell therapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astero Klampatsa
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Yan LZ, Shang JJ, Shi XL, Qu S, Kang LQ, Xu N, Chang WR, Yu L, Wu DP, Fu CC. [Allogeneic CAR-T for treatment of relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma: four cases report and literatures review]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2019; 40:650-655. [PMID: 31495131 PMCID: PMC7342886 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of allogeneic CAR-T cells in the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) . Methods: CAR-T cells were prepared from peripheral blood lymphocytes of HLA mismatch healthy donors. Median age was 55 (48-60) . Allogeneic cells were derived from 3 HLA haploidentical donors and 1 HLA completely mismatch unrelated donor. Four patients with RRMM were conditioned with FC regimen followed by CAR-T cell transfusion. They were infused into CART-19 (1×10(7)/kg on day 0) and (4.0-6.8) ×10(7)/kg CART-BCMA cells as split-dose infusions (40% on day 1 and 60% on day 2) . The adverse reactions and clinical efficacy were observed during follow-up after infusion, and the amplification and duration of CAR-T cells in vivo were monitored by PCR technique. Results: CAR-T cells were successfully infused in 3 of the 4 RRMM patients according to the study plan, and the infusion in one patient was delayed by 1 day due to high fever and elevated creatinine levels on day 3. The side effects included hematological and non-hematological toxicity, grade 3 hematological toxicity in 2 patients, grade 3 CRS in 1 one, grade 1 CRES in 1 one, prolonged APTT in 3 ones, tumor lysis syndrome in 1 one, mixed chimerism detected STR and clinical GVHD manifestation in 1 one. According to the efficacy criterias of IMWG, 2 patients acquired PR, 1 MR, and 1 SD respectively. Progression-free survival was 4 (3-5) weeks and overall survival was 63 (3-81) weeks. CAR T cells were amplified 2.2 (2-14) times in the patients with a median survival time of 10 (8-36) days. Conclusions: Small sample studies suggested that GVHD may be present in the treatment of RRMM with allogeneic CAR-T cells. There were early clinical transient events after transfusion. Low amplification and short duration of CAR-T cells in vivo may be the main factors affecting the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Z Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - J J Shang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - X L Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - S Qu
- Shanghai Unicar-Therapy Biomed-Phamaceutical Technology CO, LTD, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - L Q Kang
- Shanghai Unicar-Therapy Biomed-Phamaceutical Technology CO, LTD, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - N Xu
- Shanghai Unicar-Therapy Biomed-Phamaceutical Technology CO, LTD, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - W R Chang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - L Yu
- Shanghai Unicar-Therapy Biomed-Phamaceutical Technology CO, LTD, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - D P Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - C C Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette E Hay
- a Department of Medicine , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario , Canada
- b Canadian Cancer Trials Group , Kingston , Ontario , Canada
| | - Matthew C Cheung
- b Canadian Cancer Trials Group , Kingston , Ontario , Canada
- c Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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9
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Xhangolli I, Dura B, Lee G, Kim D, Xiao Y, Fan R. Single-cell Analysis of CAR-T Cell Activation Reveals A Mixed T H1/T H2 Response Independent of Differentiation. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2019; 17:129-139. [PMID: 31229590 PMCID: PMC6620429 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The activation mechanism of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells may differ substantially from T cells carrying native T cell receptor, but this difference remains poorly understood. We present the first comprehensive portrait of single-cell level transcriptional and cytokine signatures of anti-CD19/4-1BB/CD28/CD3ζ CAR-T cells upon antigen-specific stimulation. Both CD4+ helper T (TH) cells and CD8+ cytotoxic CAR-T cells are equally effective in directly killing target tumor cells and their cytotoxic activity is associated with the elevation of a range of TH1 and TH2 signature cytokines, e.g., interferon γ, tumor necrotic factor α, interleukin 5 (IL5), and IL13, as confirmed by the expression of master transcription factor genes TBX21 and GATA3. However, rather than conforming to stringent TH1 or TH2 subtypes, single-cell analysis reveals that the predominant response is a highly mixed TH1/TH2 function in the same cell. The regulatory T cell activity, although observed in a small fraction of activated cells, emerges from this hybrid TH1/TH2 population. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is produced from the majority of cells regardless of the polarization states, further contrasting CAR-T to classic T cells. Surprisingly, the cytokine response is minimally associated with differentiation status, although all major differentiation subsets such as naïve, central memory, effector memory, and effector are detected. All these suggest that the activation of CAR-engineered T cells is a canonical process that leads to a highly mixed response combining both type 1 and type 2 cytokines together with GM-CSF, supporting the notion that polyfunctional CAR-T cells correlate with objective response of patients in clinical trials. This work provides new insights into the mechanism of CAR activation and implies the necessity for cellular function assays to characterize the quality of CAR-T infusion products and monitor therapeutic responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Xhangolli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Burak Dura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - GeeHee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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10
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Zhou H, Liu S, Yin X, Li Z, Yang Z, Zhou R. Molecular Origin of the Stability Difference in Four Shark IgNAR Constant Domains. Biophys J 2019; 116:1907-1917. [PMID: 31060814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the stability of antibodies for manufacture and shelf life is one of the main focuses of antibody engineering. One stabilization strategy is to perform specific mutations in human antibodies based on highly stable antibodies in other species. To identify the key residues for mutagenesis, it is necessary to understand the roles of these residues in stabilizing the antibody. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the molecular origin of the four shark immunoglobulin new antigen receptors constant domains (C1-C4). According to the unfolding pathways and the conformational free energy surfaces in 8 M urea at 380 K, the C2 domain is the most stable, followed by C4, C1, and C3, which agrees with the experimental findings. The C1 and C3 domains follow a common unfolding pathway in which the unfolding starts from the edge strands, particularly strand g, and then gradually progresses to the inner strands. Detailed structural analysis of the C2 domain reveals a "sandwich-like" R339-E322-R341 salt-bridge cluster on strand g, which grants ultrahigh stability to the C2 domain. We further design two sets of mutations by mutating E322 to alanine or setting all atomic charges in E322 to zero to break the salt-bridge cluster in the C2 domain, which confirms the importance of the salt bridges in stability. In the C4 domain, the D80-K104 salt bridge on strand g also strengthens the stability. On the other hand, in the C1 and C3 domains, there is no salt bridge on strand g. In addition to the salt bridges, the overall hydrophobicity score of the hydrophobic core is also positively correlated with the domain stability. Our findings provide a detailed microscopic picture of the molecular origin of the four shark immunoglobulin new antigen receptors constant domains that not only explains the differences in their structural stability but also provides important insights into future antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Institute of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengtang Liu
- Institute of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuhua Yin
- Institute of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zengpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zaixing Yang
- Institute of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- Institute of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China; IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York.
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11
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Manufacturing development and clinical production of NKG2D chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells for autologous adoptive cell therapy. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:952-963. [PMID: 30180944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Adoptive cell therapy employing natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells has demonstrated preclinical efficacy in several model systems, including hematological and solid tumors. We present comprehensive data on manufacturing development and clinical production of autologous NKG2D CAR T cells for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02203825). An NKG2D CAR was generated by fusing native full-length human NKG2D to the human CD3ζ cytoplasmic signaling domain. NKG2D naturally associates with native costimulatory molecule DAP10, effectively generating a second-generation CAR against multiple ligands upregulated during malignant transformation including MIC-A, MIC-B and the UL-16 binding proteins. METHODS CAR T cells were infused fresh after a 9-day process wherein OKT3-activated T cells were genetically modified with replication-defective gamma-retroviral vector and expanded ex vivo for 5 days with recombinant human interleukin-2. RESULTS Despite sizable interpatient variation in originally collected cells, release criteria, including T-cell expansion and purity (median 98%), T-cell transduction (median 66% CD8+ T cells), and functional activity against NKG2D ligand-positive cells, were met for 100% of healthy donors and patients enrolled and collected. There was minimal carryover of non-T cells, particularly malignant cells; both effector memory and central memory cells were generated, and inflammatory cytokines such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, RANTES, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were selectively up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS The process resulted in production of required cell doses for the first-in-human phase I NKG2D CAR T clinical trial and provides a robust, flexible base for further optimization of NKG2D CAR T-cell manufacturing.
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Tat T, Li H, Constantinescu CS, Onaciu A, Chira S, Osan C, Pasca S, Petrushev B, Moisoiu V, Micu WT, Berce C, Tranca S, Dima D, Berindan-Neagoe I, Shen J, Tomuleasa C, Qian L. Genetically enhanced T lymphocytes and the intensive care unit. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16557-16572. [PMID: 29662667 PMCID: PMC5893262 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T cells) and donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) are important protocols in lymphocyte engineering. CAR-T cells have emerged as a new modality for cancer immunotherapy due to their potential efficacy against hematological malignancies. These genetically modified receptors contain an antigen-binding moiety, a hinge region, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular costimulatory domain resulting in lymphocyte T cell activation subsequent to antigen binding. In present-day medicine, four generations of CAR-T cells are described depending on the intracellular signaling domain number of T cell receptors. DLI represents a form of adoptive therapy used after hematopoietic stem cell transplant for its anti-tumor and anti-infectious properties. This article covers the current status of CAR-T cells and DLI research in the intensive care unit (ICU) patient, including the efficacy, toxicity, side effects and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiberiu Tat
- Intensive Care Unit, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Research, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Anesthesiology-Intensive Care, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Huming Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Catalin-Sorin Constantinescu
- Intensive Care Unit, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Research, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Chira
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Osan
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Moisoiu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Wilhelm-Thomas Micu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Berce
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sebastian Tranca
- Department of Anesthesiology-Intensive Care, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Research, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Jianliang Shen
- Department of Hematology, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Research, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine / Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Liren Qian
- Department of Hematology, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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Tomuleasa C, Fuji S, Berce C, Onaciu A, Chira S, Petrushev B, Micu WT, Moisoiu V, Osan C, Constantinescu C, Pasca S, Jurj A, Pop L, Berindan-Neagoe I, Dima D, Kitano S. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells for the Treatment of B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515572 PMCID: PMC5825894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell technology has seen a rapid development over the last decade mostly due to the potential that these cells may have in treating malignant diseases. It is a generally accepted principle that very few therapeutic compounds deliver a clinical response without treatment-related toxicity, and studies have shown that CAR T-cells are not an exception to this rule. While large multinational drug companies are currently investigating the potential role of CAR T-cells in hematological oncology, the potential of such cellular therapies are being recognized worldwide as they are expected to expand in the patient to support the establishment of the immune memory, provide a continuous surveillance to prevent and/or treat a relapse, and keep the targeted malignant cell subpopulation in check. In this article, we present the possible advantages of using CAR T-cells in treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia, presenting the technology and the current knowledge in their preclinical and early clinical trial use. Thus, this article first presents the main present-day knowledge on the standard of care for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Afterward, current knowledge is presented about the use of CAR T-cells in cancer immunotherapy, describing their design, the molecular constructs, and the preclinical data on murine models to properly explain the background for their clinical use. Last, but certainly not least, this article presents the use of CAR T-cells for the immunotherapy of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, describing both their potential clinical advantages and the possible side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Shigeo Fuji
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cristian Berce
- Animal Facility, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Chira
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Wilhelm-Thomas Micu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Moisoiu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Osan
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Catalin Constantinescu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Pop
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Fliervoet LAL, Mastrobattista E. Drug delivery with living cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:63-72. [PMID: 27129442 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The field of drug delivery has grown tremendously in the past few decades by developing a wide range of advanced drug delivery systems. An interesting category is cell-based drug delivery, which includes encapsulation of drugs inside cells or attached to the surface and subsequent transportation through the body. Another approach involves genetic engineering of cells to secrete therapeutic molecules in a controlled way. The next-generation systems integrate expertise from synthetic biology to generate therapeutic gene networks for highly advanced sensory and output devices. These developments are very exciting for the drug delivery field and could radically change the way we administer biological medicines to chronically ill patients. This review is covering the use of living cells, either as transport system or production-unit, to deliver therapeutic molecules and bioactive proteins inside the body. It describes a wide range of approaches in cell-based drug delivery and highlights exceptional examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies A L Fliervoet
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Shevtsov M, Multhoff G. Immunological and Translational Aspects of NK Cell-Based Antitumor Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2016; 7:492. [PMID: 27891129 PMCID: PMC5104957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in the first line of defense against cancer. NK cells that are deficient in CD3 and a clonal T cell receptor (TCR) can be subdivided into two major subtypes, CD56dimCD16+ cytotoxic and CD56brightCD16− immunoregulatory NK cells. Cytotoxic NK cells not only directly kill tumor cells without previous stimulation by cytotoxic effector molecules, such as perforin and granzymes or via death receptor interactions, but also act as regulatory cells for the immune system by secreting cytokines and chemokines. The aim of this review is to highlight therapeutic strategies utilizing autologous and allogenic NK cells, combinations of NK cells with monoclonal antibodies to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, or immune checkpoint inhibitors. Additionally, we discuss the use of chimeric antigen receptor-engineered NK cells in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Shevtsov
- Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Experimental Immune Biology, Institute for innovative Radiotherapy (iRT), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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16
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T cells expressing an anti-B-cell maturation antigen chimeric antigen receptor cause remissions of multiple myeloma. Blood 2016; 128:1688-700. [PMID: 27412889 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-04-711903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies with novel mechanisms of action are needed for multiple myeloma (MM). B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is expressed in most cases of MM. We conducted the first-in-humans clinical trial of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting BCMA. T cells expressing the CAR used in this work (CAR-BCMA) specifically recognized BCMA-expressing cells. Twelve patients received CAR-BCMA T cells in this dose-escalation trial. Among the 6 patients treated on the lowest 2 dose levels, limited antimyeloma activity and mild toxicity occurred. On the third dose level, 1 patient obtained a very good partial remission. Two patients were treated on the fourth dose level of 9 × 10(6) CAR(+) T cells/kg body weight. Before treatment, the first patient on the fourth dose level had chemotherapy-resistant MM, making up 90% of bone marrow cells. After treatment, bone marrow plasma cells became undetectable by flow cytometry, and the patient's MM entered a stringent complete remission that lasted for 17 weeks before relapse. The second patient on the fourth dose level had chemotherapy-resistant MM making up 80% of bone marrow cells before treatment. Twenty-eight weeks after this patient received CAR-BCMA T cells, bone marrow plasma cells were undetectable by flow cytometry, and the serum monoclonal protein had decreased by >95%. This patient is in an ongoing very good partial remission. Both patients treated on the fourth dose level had toxicity consistent with cytokine-release syndrome including fever, hypotension, and dyspnea. Both patients had prolonged cytopenias. Our findings demonstrate antimyeloma activity of CAR-BCMA T cells. This trial was registered to www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02215967.
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Tasian SK, Gardner RA. CD19-redirected chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells: a promising immunotherapy for children and adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Ther Adv Hematol 2015; 6:228-41. [PMID: 26425336 PMCID: PMC4556967 DOI: 10.1177/2040620715588916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsed and chemotherapy-refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) remain significant causes of cancer-associated morbidity and mortality for children and adults. Development of new molecularly targeted treatment strategies for patients with high-risk B-ALL is thus a major preclinical and clinical priority. Adoptive cellular therapy with patient-derived human T cells genetically engineered to express CD19 redirected chimeric antigen receptors (CD19 CAR T cells) is one immunotherapeutic modality that has recently demonstrated remarkable efficacy in re-inducing remission in patients with multiply relapsed B-ALL. Investigative teams at several major cancer centers are currently conducting phase I clinical trials in children and/or adults with relapsed/refractory B-ALL to assess the safety and to identify the maximally tolerated dose of each group's CD19 CAR T-cell product. All groups have reported major clinical toxicities associated with CD19 CAR T-cell treatment, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and macrophage activation syndrome, neurologic dysfunction and aplasia of normal B lymphocytes, while CD19 CAR T cells persist in vivo. Toxicities have generally been transient or manageable with supportive care measures. Some patients with life-threatening CD19 CAR T-cell induced sequelae have received anti-cytokine receptor antibody treatment to diminish CRS symptoms and/or corticosteroids to terminate CAR T-cell proliferation. Remarkably, 67-90% of children and adults with B-ALL treated with CD19 CAR T cells in these trials have achieved morphologic leukemia remission with many patients also in molecular remission. The duration of CD19 CAR T cell persistence in vivo has varied appreciably among treated patients and likely reflects differences in the CD19 CAR constructs utilized at each institution. CD19-positive and CD19-negative B-ALL relapses after CD19 CAR T-cell treatment have occurred in some patients. Phase II trials to assess the efficacy of CD19 CAR T-cell immunotherapy in larger cohorts of patients with relapsed/refractory B-ALL are ongoing or planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Tasian
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Abramson Cancer Center; 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, CTRB 3010, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gardner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research/Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Targeted Therapies in Adult B-Cell Malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:217593. [PMID: 26425544 PMCID: PMC4575712 DOI: 10.1155/2015/217593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
B-lymphocytes are programmed for the production of immunoglobulin (Ig) after antigen presentation, in the context of T-lymphocyte control within lymphoid organs. During this differentiation/activation process, B-lymphocytes exhibit different restricted or common surface markers, activation of cellular pathways that regulate cell cycle, metabolism, proteasome activity, and protein synthesis. All molecules involved in these different cellular mechanisms are potent therapeutic targets. Nowadays, due to the progress of the biology, more and more targeted drugs are identified, a situation that is correlated with an extended field of the targeted therapy. The full knowledge of the cellular machinery and cell-cell communication allows making the best choice to treat patients, in the context of personalized medicine. Also, focus should not be restricted to the immediate effects observed as clinical endpoints, that is, response rate, survival markers with conventional statistical methods, but it should consider the prediction of different clinical consequences due to other collateral drug targets, based on new methodologies. This means that new reflection and new bioclinical follow-up have to be monitored, particularly with the new drugs used with success in B-cell malignancies. This review discussed the principal aspects of such evident bioclinical progress.
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Guerrero AD, Moyes JS, Cooper LJN. The human application of gene therapy to re-program T-cell specificity using chimeric antigen receptors. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 33:421-33. [PMID: 25189715 PMCID: PMC4190432 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of T cells is a promising approach to treat cancers. Primary human T cells can be modified using viral and non-viral vectors to promote the specific targeting of cancer cells via the introduction of exogenous T-cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). This gene transfer displays the potential to increase the specificity and potency of the anticancer response while decreasing the systemic adverse effects that arise from conventional treatments that target both cancerous and healthy cells. This review highlights the generation of clinical-grade T cells expressing CARs for immunotherapy, the use of these cells to target B-cell malignancies and, particularly, the first clinical trials deploying the Sleeping Beauty gene transfer system, which engineers T cells to target CD19+ leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Guerrero
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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20
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Manufacturing genetically modified T cells for clinical trials. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:67-71. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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21
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Hermanson DL, Kaufman DS. Utilizing chimeric antigen receptors to direct natural killer cell activity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:195. [PMID: 25972867 PMCID: PMC4412125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent an attractive lymphocyte population for cancer immunotherapy due to their ability to lyse tumor targets without prior sensitization and without need for human leukocyte antigens-matching. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are able to enhance lymphocyte targeting and activation toward diverse malignancies. CARs consist of an external recognition domain (typically a small chain variable fragment) directed at a specific tumor antigen that is linked with one or more intracellular signaling domains that mediate lymphocyte activation. Most CAR studies have focused on their expression in T cells. However, use of CARs in NK cells is starting to gain traction because they provide a method to redirect these cells more specifically to target refractory cancers. CAR-mediated anti-tumor activity has been demonstrated using NK cell lines, as well as NK cells isolated from peripheral blood, and NK cells produced from human pluripotent stem cells. This review will outline the CAR constructs that have been reported in NK cells with a focus on comparing the use of different signaling domains in combination with other co-activating domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Hermanson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dan S. Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- *Correspondence: Dan S. Kaufman, Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 480, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,
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22
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Criscitiello MF. What the shark immune system can and cannot provide for the expanding design landscape of immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:725-39. [PMID: 24836096 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.920818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sharks have successfully lived in marine ecosystems, often atop food chains as apex predators, for nearly one and a half billion years. Throughout this period they have benefitted from an immune system with the same fundamental components found in terrestrial vertebrates like man. Additionally, sharks have some rather extraordinary immune mechanisms which mammals lack. AREAS COVERED In this review the author briefly orients the reader to sharks, their adaptive immunity, and their important phylogenetic position in comparative immunology. The author also differentiates some of the myths from facts concerning these animals, their cartilage, and cancer. From thereon, the author explores some of the more remarkable capabilities and products of shark lymphocytes. Sharks have an isotype of light chain-less antibodies that are useful tools in molecular biology and are moving towards translational use in the clinic. These special antibodies are just one of the several tricks of shark lymphocyte antigen receptor systems. EXPERT OPINION While shark cartilage has not helped oncology patients, shark immunoglobulins and T cell receptors do offer exciting novel possibilities for immunotherapeutics. Much of the clinical immunology developmental pipeline has turned from traditional vaccines to passively delivered monoclonal antibody-based drugs for targeted depletion, activation, blocking and immunomodulation. The immunogenetic tools of shark lymphocytes, battle-tested since the dawn of our adaptive immune system, are well poised to expand the design landscape for the next generation of immunotherapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Criscitiello
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology , Mailstop 4467, College Station, TX 77843 , USA +1 979 845 4207 ; +1 979 862 1088 ;
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