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Li N, Mao J, Wang M, Qi J, Jiang Z, Li Y, Yan G, Hu Y, Li S, Sun H, Ding L. Transplantation of human endometrial perivascular stem cells with hydroxy saffron yellow A promotes uterine repair in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:217. [PMID: 39020406 PMCID: PMC11256499 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) jeopardise uterine function in women, which is a great challenge in the clinic. Previous studies have shown that endometrial perivascular cells (En-PSCs) can improve the healing of scarred uteri and that hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) promotes angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to observe whether the combination of En-PSCs with HSYA could improve the blood supply and fertility in the rat uterus after full-thickness injury. METHODS En-PSCs were sorted by flow cytometry, and the effect of HSYA on the proliferation and angiogenesis of the En-PSCs was detected using CCK-8 and tube formation assays. Based on a previously reported rat IUA model, the rat uteri were sham-operated, spontaneously regenerated, or treated with collagen-loaded PBS, collagen-loaded HSYA, collagen-loaded En-PSCs, or collagen-loaded En-PSCs with HSYA, and then collected at both 30 and 90 days postsurgery. HE staining and Masson staining were used to evaluate uterine structure and collagen fibre deposition, and immunohistochemical staining for α-SMA and vWF was used to evaluate myometrial regeneration and neovascularization in each group. A fertility assay was performed to detect the recovery of pregnancy function in each group. RNA-seq was performed to determine the potential mechanism underlying En-PSCs/HSYA treatment. Immunofluorescence, tube formation assays, and Western blot were used to validate the molecular mechanism involved. RESULTS The transplantation of Collagen/En-PSCs/HSYA markedly promoted uterine repair in rats with full-thickness injury by reducing fibrosis, increasing endometrial thickness, regenerating myometrium, promoting angiogenesis, and facilitated live births. RNA sequencing results suggested that En-PSCs/HSYA activated the NRG1/ErbB4 signaling pathway. In vitro tube formation experiments revealed that the addition of an ErbB inhibitor diminished the tube formation ability of cocultured En-PSCs and HUVECs. Western blot results further showed that elevated levels of NRG1 and ErbB4 proteins were detected in the Collagen/En-PSCs/HSYA group compared to the Collagen/En-PSCs group. These collective results suggested that the beneficial effects of the transplantation of Collagen/En-PSCs/HSYA might be attributed to the modulation of the NRG1/ErbB4 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The combination of En-PSCs/HSYA facilitated morphological and functional repair in rats with full-thickness uterine injury and may promote endometrial angiogenesis by regulating the NRG1/ErbB4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jialian Mao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiahui Qi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Guijun Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yali Hu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shiyuan Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lijun Ding
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Center for Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Clinical Center for Stem Cell Research, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Chaussé AM, Roche SM, Moroldo M, Hennequet-Antier C, Holbert S, Kempf F, Barilleau E, Trotereau J, Velge P. Epithelial cell invasion by salmonella typhimurium induces modulation of genes controlled by aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling and involved in extracellular matrix biogenesis. Virulence 2023; 14:2158663. [PMID: 36600181 PMCID: PMC9828750 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2158663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the only bacterium able to enter a host cell by the two known mechanisms: trigger and zipper. The trigger mechanism relies on the injection of bacterial effectors into the host cell through the Salmonella type III secretion system 1. In the zipper mechanism, mediated by the invasins Rck and PagN, the bacterium takes advantage of a cellular receptor for invasion. This study describes the transcriptomic reprogramming of the IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell line to Salmonella Typhimurium strains that invaded cells by a trigger, a zipper, or both mechanisms. Using S. Typhimurium strains invalidated for one or other entry mechanism, we have shown that IEC-6 cells could support both entries. Comparison of the gene expression profiles of exposed cells showed that irrespective of the mechanism used for entry, the transcriptomic reprogramming of the cell was nearly the same. On the other hand, when gene expression was compared between cells unexposed or exposed to the bacterium, the transcriptomic reprogramming of exposed cells was significantly different. It is particularly interesting to note the modulation of expression of numerous target genes of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor showing that this transcription factor was activated by S. Typhimurium infection. Numerous genes associated with the extracellular matrix were also modified. This was confirmed at the protein level by western-blotting showing a dramatic modification in some extracellular matrix proteins. Analysis of a selected set of modulated genes showed that the expression of the majority of these genes was modulated during the intracellular life of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Moroldo
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Velge
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France,CONTACT Philippe Velge
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Hypoxia pretreatment improves the therapeutic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in hindlimb ischemia via upregulation of NRG-1. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:105-116. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wu C, Gui C, Li L, Pang Y, Tang Z, Wei J. Expression and secretion of neuregulin-1 in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells treated with angiogenic factors. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3577-3581. [PMID: 29545886 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a positive regulator of angiogenesis, which suggests there may be an association between NRG-1 and angiogenic factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of treating human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs) with angiogenic factors on NRG-1 expression and secretion. HCMECs were cultured and stimulated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; 100 ng/ml), angiopoietin (Ang)-1 (100 ng/ml) or Ang-2 (100 ng/ml) under normal or hypoxia/serum deprivation (Hypo/SD) conditions for 24 h. The expression of ErbB receptors and NRG-1 in HCMECs was measured by western blot analysis and the secretion of NRG-1 in HCMECs was determined by ELISA. The results demonstrated that ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 were expressed in HCMECs and that ErbB2 expression levels were notably higher than those of ErbB3 and ErbB4. Under normal culture conditions the expression and secretion of NRG-1 was significantly increased in HCMECs treated with VEGF or Ang-1 (P<0.05), however levels significantly decreased in HCMECs treated with Ang-2 (P<0.05). Under Hypo/SD conditions the expression and secretion of NRG-1 significantly increased (P<0.05) and VEGF or Ang-1 treatment significantly increased these effects further (P<0.05). Conversely Ang-2 treatment significantly decreased these effects (P<0.05). The expression and release of NRG-1 were significantly increased in HCMECs with VEGF or Ang-1 treatment (P<0.05), which suggests that VEGF and Ang-1 may regulate myocardial angiogenesis and survival via the NRG-1/ErbB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chun Gui
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Lang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yiheng Pang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhongli Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Daoxian People's Hospital, Yongzhou, Hunan 425300, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Rupert CE, Coulombe KL. The roles of neuregulin-1 in cardiac development, homeostasis, and disease. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:1-9. [PMID: 25922571 PMCID: PMC4395047 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) and its signaling receptors, erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homologs (ErbB) 2, 3, and 4, have been implicated in both cardiomyocyte development and disease, as well as in homeostatic cardiac function. NRG-1/ErbB signaling is involved in a multitude of cardiac processes ranging from myocardial and cardiac conduction system development to angiogenic support of cardiomyocytes, to cardioprotective effects upon injury. Numerous studies of NRG-1 employ a variety of platforms, including in vitro assays, animal models, and human clinical trials, with equally varying and, sometimes, contradictory outcomes. NRG-1 has the potential to be used as a therapeutic tool in stem cell therapies, tissue engineering applications, and clinical diagnostics and treatment. This review presents a concise summary of the growing body of literature to highlight the temporally persistent significance of NRG-1/ErbB signaling throughout development, homeostasis, and disease in the heart, specifically in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassady E Rupert
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kareen Lk Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. ; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Kasprzak A, Popławska M, Bystrzejewski M, Łabędź O, Grudziński IP. Conjugation of polyethylenimine and its derivatives to carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17912b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylenimine and its pre-synthesized derivatives were conjugated to carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | | | - Olga Łabędź
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Warsaw
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
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Eldridge S, Guo L, Mussio J, Furniss M, Hamre J, Davis M. Examining the protective role of ErbB2 modulation in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:547-59. [PMID: 25055963 PMCID: PMC4200050 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are being used as an in vitro model system in cardiac biology and in drug discovery (e.g., cardiotoxicity testing). Qualification of these cells for use in mechanistic investigations will require detailed evaluations of cardiomyocyte signaling pathways and cellular responses. ErbB signaling and the ligand neuregulin play critical roles in survival and functional integrity of cardiac myocytes. As such, we sought to characterize the expression and activity of the ErbB family of receptors. Antibody microarray analysis performed on cell lysates derived from maturing hiPSC-CMs detected expression of ∼570 signaling proteins. EGFR/ErbB1, HER2/ErbB2, and ErbB4, but not ErbB3 receptors, of the epidermal growth factor receptor family were confirmed by Western blot. Activation of ErbB signaling by neuregulin-1β (NRG, a natural ligand for ErbB4) and its modulation by trastuzumab (a monoclonal anti-ErbB2 antibody) and lapatinib (a small molecule ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor) were evaluated through assessing phosphorylation of AKT and Erk1/2, two major downstream kinases of ErbB signaling, using nanofluidic proteomic immunoassay. Downregulation of ErbB2 expression by siRNA silencing attenuated NRG-induced AKT and Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Activation of ErbB signaling with NRG, or inhibition with trastuzumab, alleviated or aggravated doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte damage, respectively, as assessed by a real-time cellular impedance analysis and ATP measurement. Collectively, these results support the expanded use of hiPSC-CMs to examine mechanisms of cardiotoxicity and support the value of using these cells in early assessments of cardiotoxicity or efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoprotection
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/toxicity
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Lapatinib
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Neuregulin-1/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Eldridge
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Liang Guo
- Laboratory of Investigative Toxicology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Jodie Mussio
- Laboratory of Investigative Toxicology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Mike Furniss
- Laboratory of Investigative Toxicology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - John Hamre
- Laboratory of Investigative Toxicology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Myrtle Davis
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Abstract
Damage to heart cells leading to heart failure is a known complication of well-established cancer therapies including anthracycline antibiotics and radiation therapy, and the cardiovascular complications of these therapies has been controlled in large part through dose limitations and modifications of delivery methods. Recent research into the cellular and molecular mechanisms for the cardiovascular effects of these therapies may lead to other cardioprotective strategies that improve effectiveness of cancer treatments. Newer cancer therapies that have been developed based upon specifically targeting oncogene signaling also have been associated with heart failure. Rapid development of a detailed understanding of how these agents cause cardiac dysfunction promises to improve outcomes in cancer patients, as well as stimulate concepts of cardiovascular homeostasis that will likely accelerate development of cardiovascular therapies.
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Watanabe T, Sato K, Itoh F, Iso Y. Pathogenic involvement of heregulin-β1 in anti-atherogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 175:11-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wadugu B, Kühn B. The role of neuregulin/ErbB2/ErbB4 signaling in the heart with special focus on effects on cardiomyocyte proliferation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2139-47. [PMID: 22427524 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00063.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The signaling complex consisting of the growth factor neuregulin-1 (NRG1) and its tyrosine kinase receptors ErbB2 and ErbB4 has a critical role in cardiac development and homeostasis of the structure and function of the adult heart. Recent research results suggest that targeting this signaling complex may provide a viable strategy for treating heart failure. Clinical trials are currently evaluating the effectiveness and safety of intravenous administration of recombinant NRG1 formulations in heart failure patients. Endogenous as well as administered NRG1 has multiple possible activities in the adult heart, but how these are related is unknown. It has recently been demonstrated that NRG1 administration can stimulate proliferation of cardiomyocytes, which may contribute to repair failing hearts. This review summarizes the current knowledge of how NRG1 and its receptors control cardiac physiology and biology, with special emphasis on its role in cardiomyocyte proliferation during myocardial growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wadugu
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Albini A, Cesana E, Donatelli F, Cammarota R, Bucci EO, Baravelli M, Anzà C, Noonan DM. Cardio-oncology in targeting the HER receptor family: the puzzle of different cardiotoxicities of HER2 inhibitors. Future Cardiol 2012; 7:693-704. [PMID: 21929348 DOI: 10.2217/fca.11.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The HER family of tyrosine kinase receptors includes several members that are clinically important targets in cancer therapies, in particular HER1 (the EGF receptor) and HER2, other members include HER3 and HER4. Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody and lapatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, are drugs that target HER2, which is highly expressed in 20-30% of breast cancers. Trastuzumab is recommended as an adjuvant therapy for lymph node positive, HER2-positive breast cancers, or node-negative cancer with high-risk of recurrence, as well as in stage IV cancers. One serious side effect of trastuzumab is cardiomyocyte dysfunction, resulting in reduced heart contractile efficiency. The incidence of collateral effects on the heart with trastuzumab therapy increases in people with cardiovascular risk factors, heart disease and when combined with other chemotherapeutics. When cardiotoxicity was observed with trastuzumab, several studies have addressed potential cardiac damage of trastuzumab itself and lapatinib. The differences in cardiovascular effects of these two compounds are somewhat unexpected and suggest distinct mechanisms of action, which have clear implications in clinical application and prevention of cardiotoxicity in cardio-oncological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albini
- Oncology Research Division, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico-IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Fantoli 16/15-20138, Milan, Italy.
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Hedhli N, Russell KS. Cardiotoxicity of molecularly targeted agents. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 7:221-33. [PMID: 22758623 PMCID: PMC3322440 DOI: 10.2174/157340311799960636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac toxicity of molecularly targeted cancer agents is increasingly recognized as a significant side effect of chemotherapy. These new potent therapies may not only affect the survival of cancer cells, but have the potential to adversely impact normal cardiac and vascular function. Unraveling the mechanisms by which these therapies affect the heart and vasculature is crucial for improving drug design and finding alternative therapies to protect patients predisposed to cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the classification and side effects of currently approved molecularly targeted chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Hedhli
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kerry S Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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