1
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Das AS, McKeown M, Jordan SA, Li K, Regenhardt RW, Feske SK. Risk factors for neurological complications in left-sided infective endocarditis. J Neurol Sci 2022; 442:120386. [PMID: 36030704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurological complications following infective endocarditis (IE) directly contribute to long-term morbidity. We examined the risk factors for different neurological complications of left-sided IE. METHODS Using a database of consecutive adults admitted to a health system with left-sided IE from 2015 to 2019, the frequency of cerebral infarcts, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, cerebral microbleeds (CMB), mycotic aneurysm, and encephalopathy was determined. Variables with significant differences comparing each neurological complication (p < 0.1) were entered into regression models along with age to determine predictors. RESULTS 211 patients with mean age 54 (±18) years, and 69 (33%) females were included. Infarcts were found in 118 (56%) patients, intraparenchymal hemorrhage was found in 17 (8%) patients, CMB were found in 58 (27%) patients, mycotic aneurysms were found in 22 (10%) patients, and encephalopathy occurred in 16 (8%) patients. In multivariable models, vegetation size ≥15 mm was associated with a higher risk of infarcts (aOR 2.26, 95% CI (1.12-4.57)), and the presence of a mycotic aneurysm was a risk factor for intraparenchymal hemorrhage (aOR 18.79, 95% CI (3.97-88.97)). Prosthetic valves (aOR 2.89, 95% CI (1.11-7.54)) and Staphylococcus aureus infection (aOR 3.50, 95% CI (1.08-11.36)) were associated with CMB. No risk factors emerged as predictors of encephalopathy. CONCLUSIONS Large vegetation size is associated with stroke in patients with IE. Mycotic aneurysms are found at a higher frequency in young patients and are the primary cause of intraparenchymal hemorrhage. CMB may be related to prosthetic valves and Staphylococcus aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin S Das
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, United States of America.
| | - Morgan McKeown
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America.
| | - Stephanie A Jordan
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America.
| | - Karen Li
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America.
| | - Robert W Regenhardt
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America.
| | - Steven K Feske
- Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, United States of America.
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2
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Leigh RJ, McKenna C, McWade R, Lynch B, Walsh F. Comparative genomics and pangenomics of vancomycin-resistant and susceptible Enterococcus faecium from Irish hospitals. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction.
Enterococcus faecium
has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen, which is increasingly difficult to treat due to the genetic acquisition of vancomycin resistance. Ireland has a recalcitrant vancomycin-resistant bloodstream infection rate compared to other developed countries.
Hypothesis/Gap statement. Vancomycin resistance rates persist amongst
E. faecium
isolates from Irish hospitals. The evolutionary genomics governing these trends have not been fully elucidated.
Methodology. A set of 28 vancomycin-resistant isolates was sequenced to construct a dataset alongside 61 other publicly available Irish genomes. This dataset was extensively analysed using in silico methodologies (comparative genomics, pangenomics, phylogenetics, genotypics and comparative functional analyses) to uncover distinct evolutionary, coevolutionary and clinically relevant population trends.
Results. These results suggest that a stable (in terms of genome size, GC% and number of genes), yet genetically diverse population (in terms of gene content) of
E. faecium
persists in Ireland with acquired resistance arising via plasmid acquisition (vanA) or, to a lesser extent, chromosomal recombination (vanB). Population analysis revealed five clusters with one cluster partitioned into four clades which transcend isolation dates. Pangenomic and recombination analyses revealed an open (whole genome and chromosomal specific) pangenome illustrating a rampant evolutionary pattern. Comparative resistomics and virulomics uncovered distinct chromosomal and mobilomal propensity for multidrug resistance, widespread chromosomal point-mutation-mediated resistance and chromosomally harboured arsenals of virulence factors. Interestingly, a potential difference in biofilm formation strategies was highlighted by coevolutionary analysis, suggesting differential biofilm genotypes between vanA and vanB isolates.
Conclusions. These results highlight the evolutionary history of Irish
E. faecium
isolates and may provide insight into underlying infection dynamics in a clinical setting. Due to the apparent ease of vancomycin resistance acquisition over time, susceptible
E. faecium
should be concurrently reduced in Irish hospitals to mitigate potential resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Leigh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Mariavilla, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Chloe McKenna
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Mariavilla, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Robert McWade
- Department of Microbiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St., Dublin 7, D07 R2WY, Ireland
| | - Breda Lynch
- Department of Microbiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St., Dublin 7, D07 R2WY, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Mariavilla, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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3
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Kouijzer JJP, Noordermeer DJ, van Leeuwen WJ, Verkaik NJ, Lattwein KR. Native valve, prosthetic valve, and cardiac device-related infective endocarditis: A review and update on current innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:995508. [PMID: 36263017 PMCID: PMC9574252 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.995508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening microbial infection of native and prosthetic heart valves, endocardial surface, and/or indwelling cardiac device. Prevalence of IE is increasing and mortality has not significantly improved despite technological advances. This review provides an updated overview using recent literature on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, imaging, causative pathogens, treatment, and outcomes in native valve, prosthetic valve, and cardiac device-related IE. In addition, the experimental approaches used in IE research to improve the understanding of disease mechanisms and the current diagnostic pipelines are discussed, as well as potential innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This will ultimately help towards deriving better diagnostic tools and treatments to improve IE patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joop J. P. Kouijzer
- Thoraxcenter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Joop J. P. Kouijzer,
| | - Daniëlle J. Noordermeer
- Thoraxcenter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. van Leeuwen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nelianne J. Verkaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kirby R. Lattwein
- Thoraxcenter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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4
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Wang J, Wen B, Zeng Y, Wang H, Zhao W, Zhou Y, Liu L, Wang P, Pan K, Jing B, Ni X, Zeng D. Assessment the role of some Bacillus strains in improvement rex rabbits resistance against ETEC challenge. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Forouzandeh A, Blavi L, Abdelli N, Melo-Duran D, Vidal A, Rodríguez M, Monteiro ANTR, Pérez JF, Darwich L, Solà-Oriol D. Effects of dicopper oxide and copper sulfate on growth performance and gut microbiota in broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101224. [PMID: 34157560 PMCID: PMC8237351 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of two sources of copper (Cu) from copper sulfate (CuSO4) and dicopper oxide (Cu2O, CoRouge) at three levels of inclusion (15, 75, and 150 mg/kg) on growth performance and gut microbiota of broilers. A total of 840 one-d-old male chickens (Ross 308) were weighed and randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments: negative control (NC, a basal diet without Cu addition), and the NC supplemented with 15, 75, or 150 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4 or Cu2O (12 replicate pens/treatment, 10 chicks per pen). Broilers were challenged by reusing an old litter with high concentrations in Clostridium perfringens to promote necrotic enteritis. Broiler performance was registered at d 21, 35, and 42. Excreta samples were collected at d 14, 28, and 42 for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) analyses. At d 43, one broiler per pen was euthanized to obtain ileal content for microbial characterization. Body weight d 35 and daily gain d 42 improved (P < 0.05) in Cu2O as Cu dose inclusion increased from 15 mg/kg to 150 mg/kg. Supplementation of 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu2O decreased the abundance (P < 0.01) of some families such as Streptococcaceae and Corynebacteriaceae and increased the abundance (P < 0.05) of some commensal bacteria like Clostridiaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae. Phenotypic AMR was not different among treatments on d 14 and 28. Isolated Enterococcus spp. from broilers fed the NC diet on d 42 showed higher (P < 0.05) resistance to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol compared with Cu treatments. By contrast, the isolated Escherichia coli from broilers fed 150 mg/kg of Cu, either from CuSO4 or Cu2O, showed higher (P < 0.05) resistance to streptomycin and chloramphenicol compared to the NC. This study suggests that supplementing 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu2O establishes changes in the gut microbiota by regulating the bacterial population in the ileum, which may explain the positive impact on broilers' growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Forouzandeh
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L Blavi
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - N Abdelli
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D Melo-Duran
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Vidal
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - J F Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L Darwich
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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6
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Kalfopoulou E, Huebner J. Advances and Prospects in Vaccine Development against Enterococci. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112397. [PMID: 33147722 PMCID: PMC7692742 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are the second most common Gram-positive pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. Due to the limited number of new antibiotics that reach the medical practice and the resistance of enterococci to the current antibiotic options, passive and active immunotherapies have emerged as a potential prevention and/or treatment strategy against this opportunistic pathogen. In this review, we explore the pathogenicity of these bacteria and their interaction with the host immune response. We provide an overview of the capsular polysaccharides and surface-associated proteins that have been described as potential antigens in anti-enterococcal vaccine formulations. In addition, we describe the current status in vaccine development against enterococci and address the importance and the current advances toward the development of well-defined vaccines with broad coverage against enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermioni Kalfopoulou
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Johannes Huebner
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-44005-7970
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7
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Lee S, Kim JY, Yi MH, Lee IY, Lee WJ, Moon HS, Yong D, Yong TS. Comparative Microbiome Analysis of Three Species of Laboratory-Reared Periplaneta Cockroaches. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:537-542. [PMID: 33202505 PMCID: PMC7672242 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cockroaches inhabit various habitats, which will influence their microbiome. Although the microbiome can be influenced by the diet and environmental factors, it can also differ between species. Therefore, we conducted 16S rDNA-targeted high-throughput sequencing to evaluate the overall bacterial composition of the microbiomes of 3 cockroach species, Periplaneta americana, P. japonica, and P. fuliginosa, raised in laboratory for several generations under the same conditions. The experiments were conducted using male adult cockroaches. The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was not significantly different among the 3 species. With regard to the Shannon and Pielou indexes, higher microbiome values were noted in P. americana than in P. japonica and P. fuliginosa. Microbiome composition was also evaluated, with endosymbionts accounting for over half of all OTUs in P. japonica and P. fuliginosa. Beta diversity analysis further showed that P. japonica and P. fuliginosa had similar microbiome composition, which differed from that of P. americana. However, we also identified that P. japonica and P. fuliginosa host distinct OTUs. Thus, although microbiome compositions may vary based on multiple conditions, it is possible to identify distinct microbiome compositions among different Periplaneta cockroach species, even when the individuals are reared under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogwon Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ju Yeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Yi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - In-Yong Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hye Su Moon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dongeun Yong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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8
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Bin-Asif H, Abid Ali S. The Genus Enterococcus and Its Associated Virulent Factors. Microorganisms 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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9
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Reza A, Sutton JM, Rahman KM. Effectiveness of Efflux Pump Inhibitors as Biofilm Disruptors and Resistance Breakers in Gram-Negative (ESKAPEE) Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040229. [PMID: 31752382 PMCID: PMC6963839 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance represents a significant threat to the modern healthcare provision. The ESKAPEE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli), in particular, have proven to be especially challenging to treat, due to their intrinsic and acquired ability to rapidly develop resistance mechanisms in response to environmental threats. The development of biofilm has been characterised as an essential contributing factor towards antimicrobial-resistance and tolerance. Several studies have implicated the involvement of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance, both directly, via drug extrusion and indirectly, through the formation of biofilm. As a result, the underlying mechanism of these pumps has attracted considerable interest due to the potential of targeting these protein structures and developing novel adjunct therapies. Subsequent investigations have revealed the ability of efflux pump-inhibitors (EPIs) to block drug-extrusion and disrupt biofilm formation, thereby, potentiating antibiotics and reversing resistance of pathogen towards them. This review will discuss the potential of EPIs as a possible solution to antimicrobial resistance, examining different challenges to the design of these compounds, with an emphasis on Gram-negative ESKAPEE pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akif Reza
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK;
| | - J. Mark Sutton
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK;
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)207-848-1891
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10
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Dec M, Stępień-Pyśniak D, Gnat S, Fratini F, Urban-Chmiel R, Cerri D, Winiarczyk S, Turchi B. Antibiotic Susceptibility and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Isolates from Wild Mammals Living in Tuscany, Italy. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 26:505-519. [PMID: 31663834 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is of great importance to human and animal health, but wild environments are still poorly understood in terms of their function as reservoirs of dangerous microbes and resistance determinants. The aim of the study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility and virulence factors of Enterococcus bacteria from wildlife in Tuscany, Italy. Of the 36 mammalian fecal samples, 52 isolates were derived and classified as Enterococcus faecium (46% of isolates), Enterococcus hirae (19%), Enterococcus faecalis (13%), Enterococcus gallinarum (8%), Enterococcus casseliflavus (6%), Enterococcus durans (4%), Enterococcus mundtii (2%), and Enterococcus canintestini (2%) using both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and methods based on analysis of genetic material. The isolates tested showed the most frequent resistance to tetracycline (36.5% isolates), ciprofloxacin (36.5%), and erythromycin (25%). Three isolates showed high level of resistance (minimal inhibitory concentration ≥1,024 μg/mL) to vancomycin and teicoplanin, and 15% of the isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance. No isolate resistant to ampicillin, linezolid, or streptomycin was found. Among resistance genes, aac(6)-Ii (50% isolates), msrA/B (48%), msrC (42%), and tetM (31%) were identified most frequently. All E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates were positive for the efaAfm and efaAfs genes, respectively. Other virulence-associated genes, that is, gelE, cylA, asa1, esp, ace, orf1481, ptsD, and sgrA, were found in the majority of E. faecalis and several E. faecium isolates. Multilocus sequence typing analysis performed for selected isolates revealed three new sequence types. The results obtained indicate that wild mammals might act as reservoirs of resistance and virulence determinants that could be transferred between different ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dec
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dagmara Stępień-Pyśniak
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Renata Urban-Chmiel
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stanisław Winiarczyk
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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11
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O'Connor CT, O'Rourke S, Buckley A, Murphy R, Crean P, Foley B, Maree A, Ryan R, Tolan M, Young V, O'Connell B, Daly C. Infective endocarditis: a retrospective cohort study. QJM 2019; 112:663-667. [PMID: 31147713 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) is a potentially life-threatening infection of the heart's endocardial surface. Despite advances in the diagnosis and management of IE, morbidity and mortality remain high. AIM To characterize the demographics, bacteriology and outcomes of IE cases presenting to an Irish tertiary referral centre. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Patients were identified using Hospital Inpatient Enquiry and Clinical Microbiology inpatient consult data, from January 2005 to January 2014. Patients were diagnosed with IE using Modified Duke Criteria. Standard Bayesian statistics were employed for analysis and cases were compared to contemporary international registries. RESULTS Two hundred and two patients were diagnosed with IE during this period. Mean age 54 years. Of these, 136 (67%) were native valve endocarditis (NVE), 50 (25%) were prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) and 22 (11%) were cardiovascular implantable electronic device-associated endocarditis. Culprit organism was identified in 176 (87.1%) cases and Staphylococcal species were the most common (57.5%). Fifty-nine per cent of NVE required surgery compared to 66% of PVE. Mean mortality rate was 17.3%, with NVE being the lowest (12.5%) and PVE the highest (32%). Increasing age was also associated with increased mortality. Fifty-three (26.2%) patients had embolic complications. CONCLUSIONS This Irish cohort exhibited first-world demographic patterns comparable to those published in contemporary international literature. PVE required surgery more often and was associated with higher rates of mortality than NVE. Embolic complications were relatively common and represent important sequelae, especially in the intravenous drug user population. It is also pertinent to aggressively treat older cohorts as they were associated with increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T O'Connor
- Department of Cardiology, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 FD2W
| | - S O'Rourke
- Department of Microbiology, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 K0Y5
| | - A Buckley
- Department of Cardiology, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 FD2W
| | - R Murphy
- Department of Cardiology, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 FD2W
| | - P Crean
- Department of Cardiology, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 FD2W
| | - B Foley
- Department of Cardiology, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 FD2W
| | - A Maree
- Department of Cardiology, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 FD2W
| | - R Ryan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 FD2W, Ireland
| | - M Tolan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 FD2W, Ireland
| | - V Young
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 FD2W, Ireland
| | - B O'Connell
- Department of Microbiology, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 K0Y5
| | - C Daly
- Department of Cardiology, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin D08 FD2W
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12
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Fiore E, Van Tyne D, Gilmore MS. Pathogenicity of Enterococci. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0053-2018. [PMID: 31298205 PMCID: PMC6629438 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0053-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are unusually well adapted for survival and persistence in a variety of adverse environments, including on inanimate surfaces in the hospital environment and at sites of infection. This intrinsic ruggedness undoubtedly played a role in providing opportunities for enterococci to interact with other overtly drug-resistant microbes and acquire additional resistances on mobile elements. The rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance among hospital-adapted enterococci has rendered hospital-acquired infections a leading therapeutic challenge. With about a quarter of a genome of additional DNA conveyed by mobile elements, there are undoubtedly many more properties that have been acquired that help enterococci persist and spread in the hospital setting and cause diseases that have yet to be defined. Much remains to be learned about these ancient and rugged microbes, particularly in the area of pathogenic mechanisms involved with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fiore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael S Gilmore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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13
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Damasco PV, Correal JCD, Cruz-Campos ACD, Wajsbrot BR, Cunha RGD, Fonseca AGD, Castier MB, Fortes CQ, Jazbick JC, Lemos ERSD, Rossen JW, Leão RDS, Hirata Junior R, Guaraldi ALDM. Epidemiological and clinical profile of infective endocarditis at a Brazilian tertiary care center: an eight-year prospective study. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e2018375. [PMID: 31188916 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0375-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infective endocarditis (IE) is a systemic infectious disease requiring a multidisciplinary team for treatment. This study presents the epidemiological and clinical data of 73 cases of IE in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS This observational prospective cohort study of endocarditis patients during an eight-year study period described 73 episodes of IE in 70 patients (three had IE twice). Community-associated (CAIE) and healthcare-acquired infective endocarditis (HAIE) were diagnosed according to the modified Duke criteria. The collected data included demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics, including results of blood cultures, echocardiographic findings, surgical interventions, and outcome. RESULTS Analysis of data from the eight-year study period and 73 cases (70 patients) of IE showed a mean age of 46 years (SD=2.5 years; 1-84 years) and that 65.7% were male patients. The prevalence of CAIE and HAIE was 32.9% and 67.1%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus (30.1%), Enterococcus spp. (19.1%), and Streptococcus spp. (15.0%) were the prevalent microorganisms. The relevant signals and symptoms were fever (97.2%; mean 38.6 + 0.05°C) and heart murmur (87.6%). Vegetations were observed in the mitral (41.1%) and aortic (27.4%) valves. The mortality rate of the cases was 47.9%. CONCLUSIONS In multivariate analysis, chronic renal failure (relative risk [RR]= 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.55), septic shock (RR= 2.19; 95% CI 1.499-3.22), and age over 60 years (RR= 2.28; 95% CI 1.44-3.59) were indirectly associated with in-hospital mortality. The best prognosis was related to the performance of cardiovascular surgery (hazard ratio [HR]= 0.51; 95% CI 0.26-0.99).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira Damasco
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Julio Cesar Delgado Correal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Da Cruz-Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Bruno Reznik Wajsbrot
- Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Guimarães da Cunha
- Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Márcia Bueno Castier
- Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Claudio Querido Fortes
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - João Carlos Jazbick
- Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - Robson de Souza Leão
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Raphael Hirata Junior
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Luíza de Mattos Guaraldi
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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14
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Peker N, Garcia-Croes S, Dijkhuizen B, Wiersma HH, van Zanten E, Wisselink G, Friedrich AW, Kooistra-Smid M, Sinha B, Rossen JWA, Couto N. A Comparison of Three Different Bioinformatics Analyses of the 16S-23S rRNA Encoding Region for Bacterial Identification. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:620. [PMID: 31040829 PMCID: PMC6476902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and reliable identification of bacterial pathogens directly from patient samples is required for optimizing antimicrobial therapy. Although Sanger sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene is used as a molecular method, species identification and discrimination is not always achievable for bacteria as their 16S rRNA genes have sometimes high sequence homology. Recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S–23S rRNA encoding region has been proposed for reliable identification of pathogens directly from patient samples. However, data analysis is laborious and time-consuming and a database for the complete 16S–23S rRNA encoding region is not available. Therefore, a better, faster, and stronger approach is needed for NGS data analysis of the 16S–23S rRNA encoding region. We compared speed and diagnostic accuracy of different data analysis approaches: de novo assembly followed by Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), operational taxonomic unit (OTU) clustering, or mapping using an in-house developed 16S–23S rRNA encoding region database for the identification of bacterial species. De novo assembly followed by BLAST using the in-house database was superior to the other methods, resulting in the shortest turnaround time (2 h and 5 min), approximately 2 h less than OTU clustering and 4.5 h less than mapping, and a sensitivity of 80%. Mapping was the slowest and most laborious data analysis approach with a sensitivity of 60%, whereas OTU clustering was the least laborious approach with 70% sensitivity. Although the in-house database requires more sequence entries to improve the sensitivity, the combination of de novo assembly and BLAST currently appears to be the optimal approach for data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Peker
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sharron Garcia-Croes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Brigitte Dijkhuizen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henry H Wiersma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Evert van Zanten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Certe, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Guido Wisselink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Certe, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alex W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Kooistra-Smid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Certe, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bhanu Sinha
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - John W A Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Natacha Couto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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15
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Liu L, Zeng D, Yang M, Wen B, Lai J, Zhou Y, Sun H, Xiong L, Wang J, Lin Y, Pan K, Jing B, Wang P, Ni X. Probiotic Clostridium butyricum Improves the Growth Performance, Immune Function, and Gut Microbiota of Weaning Rex Rabbits. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 11:1278-1292. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Qing X, Zeng D, Wang H, Ni X, Liu L, Lai J, Khalique A, Pan K, Jing B. Preventing subclinical necrotic enteritis through Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 by ameliorating lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. AMB Express 2017; 7:139. [PMID: 28655217 PMCID: PMC5484656 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing studies have focused on the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus johnsonii in certain diseases. Here, we studied the prevention ability of a probiotic strain, L. johnsonii BS15 on subclinical necrotic enteritis (SNE), and its underlying mechanism. 180 male Cobb 500 chicks were randomly allotted into three groups and administrated with BS15 (1 × 106 cfu/g) or Man Rogosa Sharpe liquid medium throughout a 28-day experimental period. With the exception of the normal group, SNE infection was treated for the remaining experimental period after the chicks were fed with normal diet 14 days. Results showed that BS15 notably suppressed the SNE-induced loss of average daily gain and liver functional abnormality. Additionally, BS15 facilitated lipid metabolism of SNE boilers when the contents of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and adipose triglyceride lipase in adipose tissue and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased. BS15 also attenuated the hepatic lipid accumulation of stricken chicks by suppressing the genes expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c as well as stimulating the genes expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. Moreover, BS15 enhanced the development of SNE gut by improving the intestinal development and digestion as well as adjusting the gut microflora. Therefore, BS15 may provide a promising natural preventative strategy against SNE, which may be contributed to the amelioration of lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora.
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17
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Comparative Pharmacodynamics of Single-Dose Oritavancin and Daily High-Dose Daptomycin Regimens against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Isolates in an In Vitro Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model of Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01265-17. [PMID: 28784674 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01265-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited therapeutic options to treat infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm). The lipoglycopeptide oritavancin exhibits in vitro activity against this pathogen, although its utility against infections caused by VREfm has not been clinically established. In this study, the pharmacodynamic activity of free-drug levels associated with 12 mg/kg/day of daptomycin and a single 1,200-mg dose of oritavancin were determined against three VanA VREfm isolates in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model.
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18
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Miller WR, Murray BE, Rice LB, Arias CA. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci: Therapeutic Challenges in the 21st Century. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2017; 30:415-439. [PMID: 27208766 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci are serious health threats due in part to their ability to persist in rugged environments and their propensity to acquire antibiotic resistance determinants. Enterococci have now established a home in our hospitals and possess mechanisms to defeat most currently available antimicrobials. This article reviews the history of the struggle with this pathogen, what is known about the traits associated with its rise in the modern medical environment, and the current understanding of therapeutic approaches in severe infections caused by these microorganisms. As the 21st century progresses, vancomycin-resistant enterococci continue to pose a daunting clinical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Barbara E Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Louis B Rice
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Cesar A Arias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Avenue Cra 9 No. 131 A - 02, Bogotá, Colombia.
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19
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Wang H, Ni X, Qing X, Zeng D, Luo M, Liu L, Li G, Pan K, Jing B. Live Probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 Promotes Growth Performance and Lowers Fat Deposition by Improving Lipid Metabolism, Intestinal Development, and Gut Microflora in Broilers. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1073. [PMID: 28659893 PMCID: PMC5466961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have focused on the beneficial effects of probiotics in animals. Even so, additional information should be obtained about the mechanisms by which a useful probiotic strain successfully exerts such beneficial effects. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the dietary supplementation of both live and disrupted Lactobacillus johnsonii (LJ) strain BS15 in broilers at different ages. Specifically, growth performance, lipid metabolism, gut microbiota, intestinal development, and digestive ability of the broilers were assessed. A total of 180 1-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were randomly distributed into three groups. These chicks were fed diets supplemented with 1 × 106 colony-forming units (cfu) LJ per gram of feed (LJ group); 1 × 106 cfu disrupted LJ per gram of feed (D-LJ group); and de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe liquid medium (control group), respectively, throughout a 42-day experimental period. The results demonstrated that LJ supplementation of feed had a positive effect on the average daily gain and starter feed conversion ratio. In addition, LJ supplementation of feed decreased serum triglyceride and low-density lipid cholesterol levels, as well as abdominal fat deposition. LJ also reduced the mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 in the liver. LJ diminished the mRNA quantities of the sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c and fatty acid synthase, as well as increased the level of serum high-density lipid cholesterol. LJ increased the mRNA quantities of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, acyl-CoA oxidase in the liver, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. LJ also improved the intestinal development and digestive ability mainly by increasing the villus height/crypt depth ratio in the ileum. The probiotic increased the levels of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1, as well as the activities of trypsin and lipase in the jejunum and ileum. LJ exerted beneficial effects on the intestinal flora. Specifically, LJ markedly enhanced the population of Bacteroidetes and Lactobacillus spp. Moreover, the probiotic reduced the population of Enterobacteriaceae and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Slight changes caused by disrupted LJ were detected. These findings indicated that live LJ supplementation may promote growth performance and lower fat deposition in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesong Wang
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xiaodan Qing
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Min Luo
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Ya'an Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd.Ya'an, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
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20
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Sun H, Ni X, Song X, Wen B, Zhou Y, Zou F, Yang M, Peng Z, Zhu H, Zeng Y, Wang H, Fu X, Shi Y, Yin Z, Pan K, Jing B, Zeng D, Wang P. Fermented Yupingfeng polysaccharides enhance immunity by improving the foregut microflora and intestinal barrier in weaning rex rabbits. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8105-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Semedo-Lemsaddek T, Tavares M, São Braz B, Tavares L, Oliveira M. Enterococcal Infective Endocarditis following Periodontal Disease in Dogs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146860. [PMID: 26752198 PMCID: PMC4709084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, one of the major factors associated with infective endocarditis (IE) is the concurrent presence of periodontal disease (PD). However, in veterinary medicine, the relevance of PD in the evolution of dogs’ endocarditis remains poorly understood. In order to try to establish a correlation between mouth-associated Enterococcus spp. and infective endocarditis in dogs, the present study evaluated the presence and diversity of enterococci in the gum and heart of dogs with PD. Samples were collected during necropsy of 32 dogs with PD and visually diagnosed with IE, which died of natural causes or euthanasia. Enterococci were isolated, identified and further characterized by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE); susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and pathogenicity potential was also evaluated. In seven sampled animals, PFGE-patterns, resistance and virulence profiles were found to be identical between mouth and heart enterococci obtained from the same dog, allowing the establishment of an association between enterococcal periodontal disease and endocarditis in dogs. These findings represent a crucial step towards understanding the pathogenesis of PD-driven IE, and constitute a major progress in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300–477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Tavares
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300–477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Berta São Braz
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300–477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300–477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300–477 Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ali L, Spiess M, Wobser D, Rodriguez M, Blum HE, Sakιnç T. Identification and functional characterization of the putative polysaccharide biosynthesis protein (CapD) of Enterococcus faecium U0317. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 37:215-24. [PMID: 26611826 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most bacterial species produce capsular polysaccharides that contribute to disease pathogenesis through evasion of the host innate immune system and are also involved in inhibiting leukocyte killing. In the present study, we identified a gene in Enterococcus faecium U0317 with homologies to the polysaccharide biosynthesis protein CapD that is made up of 336 amino acids and putatively catalyzes N-linked glycosylation. A capD deletion mutant was constructed and complemented by homologous recombination that was confirmed by PCR and sequencing. The mutant revealed different growth behavior and morphological changes compared to wild-type by scanning electron microscopy, also the capD mutant showed a strong hydrophobicity and that was reversed in the reconstituted mutant. For further characterization and functional analyses, in-vitro cell culture and in-vivo a mouse infection models were used. Antibodies directed against alpha lipotechoic acid (αLTA) and the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (αPpiC), effectively mediated the opsonophagocytic killing in the capD knock-out mutant, while this activity was not observed in the wild-type and reconstituted mutant. By comparison more than 2-fold decrease was seen in mutant colonization and adherence to both T24 and Caco2 cells. However, a significant higher bacterial colonization was observed in capD mutant during bacteremia in the animal model, while virulence in a mouse UTI (urinary tract infection) model, there were no obvious differences. Further studies are needed to elucidate the function of capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene clusters and its involvement in the disease pathogenesis with the aim to develop targeted therapies to treat multidrug-resistant E. faecium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaqat Ali
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Meike Spiess
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Wobser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Rodriguez
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hubert E Blum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Türkân Sakιnç
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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23
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Pericás JM, Zboromyrska Y, Cervera C, Castañeda X, Almela M, Garcia-de-la-Maria C, Mestres C, Falces C, Quintana E, Ninot S, Llopis J, Marco F, Moreno A, Miró JM. Enterococcal endocarditis revisited. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1215-40. [PMID: 26118390 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Enterococcus species is the third main cause of infective endocarditis (IE) worldwide, and it is gaining relevance, especially among healthcare-associated cases. Patients with enterococcal IE are older and have more comorbidities than other types of IE. Classical treatment options are limited due to the emergence of high-level aminoglycosides resistance (HLAR), vancomycin resistance and multidrug resistance in some cases. Besides, few new antimicrobial alternatives have shown real efficacy, despite some of them being recommended by major guidelines (including linezolid and daptomycin). Ampicillin plus ceftriaxone 2 g iv./12 h is a good option for Enterococcus faecalis IE caused by HLAR strains, but randomized clinical trials are essential to demonstrate its efficacy for non-HLAR EFIE and to compare it with ampicillin plus short-course gentamicin. The main mechanisms of resistance and treatment options are also reviewed for other enterococcal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pericás
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Pi i Sunyer), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Y Zboromyrska
- Clinical Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Cervera
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Pi i Sunyer), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Castañeda
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Pi i Sunyer), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Almela
- Clinical Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Garcia-de-la-Maria
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Pi i Sunyer), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Mestres
- Cardiovascular Surgery Service, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Falces
- Cardiology Service, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Quintana
- Cardiovascular Surgery Service, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Ninot
- Cardiovascular Surgery Service, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Llopis
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Marco
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Pi i Sunyer), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Miró
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Pi i Sunyer), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Pericas J, Cervera C, del Rio A, Moreno A, Garcia de la Maria C, Almela M, Falces C, Ninot S, Castañeda X, Armero Y, Soy D, Gatell J, Marco F, Mestres C, Miro J, The Hospital Clinic Endocarditis Study Group. Changes in the treatment of Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis in Spain in the last 15 years: from ampicillin plus gentamicin to ampicillin plus ceftriaxone. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O1075-83. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Piszczek J, Hutchinson J, Partlow E. Failure of combination therapy with daptomycin and synergistic ceftriaxone for enterococcal endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:623-4. [PMID: 25246438 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Piszczek
- Department of Pharmacy, Island Health, 1952 Bay St, Victoria, BC V8R 1J8, Canada
| | - James Hutchinson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Microbiology Division, Island Health, 1952 Bay St, Victoria, BC V8R 1J8, Canada Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Eric Partlow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Island Health, 1952 Bay St, Victoria, BC V8R 1J8, Canada
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Daptomycin for the treatment of bacteraemia due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 44:387-95. [PMID: 25261158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of severe infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) is challenging due to the scarcity of reliable therapeutic alternatives. In this context, daptomycin (DAP), a lipopeptide antibiotic, has emerged as an interesting alternative as it is one of the few compounds that retain in vitro bactericidal activity against VRE isolates, although it has not been approved for this purpose by regulatory agencies. In this review, we will summarise the clinical, animal and in vitro evidence evaluating the efficacy of DAP for the management of deep-seated VRE infections. In addition, we will address important clinical concerns such as the emergence of DAP resistance during therapy and reports of therapeutic failure with DAP monotherapy. Finally, we will discuss possible future strategies (such as the use of higher doses and/or combination therapies) to optimise the use of this antibiotic against VRE.
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Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are among the common pathogens causing infective endocarditis (IE). Despite major medical advances and new potent antimicrobial agents, the mortality has not significantly improved for several decades. The usual lack of bactericidal activity of penicillin or ampicillin, the toxicity from the combination of penicillin plus aminoglycosides, and the increased reports of high-level resistance to aminoglycosides have led to the exploration of other regimens for treatment of Enterococcus faecalis IE. As an example, ampicillin plus ceftriaxone is now a well-recognized regimen for this organism. However, the emerging of new drug resistances in Enterococcus faecium dramatically reduces the therapeutic alternatives for this organism in IE which continues to be an immense challenge for clinicians even with the availability of newer antimicrobial agents. This article summarizes the current treatment options for enterococcal endocarditis and reviews of recent publications on the topic.
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Pai MP, Rodvold KA. Aminoglycoside dosing in patients by kidney function and area under the curve: the Sawchuk-Zaske dosing method revisited in the era of obesity. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 78:178-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Dahl A, Bruun NE. Enterococcus faecalisinfective endocarditis: focus on clinical aspects. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 11:1247-57. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2013.832482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Slipczuk L, Codolosa JN, Davila CD, Romero-Corral A, Yun J, Pressman GS, Figueredo VM. Infective endocarditis epidemiology over five decades: a systematic review. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82665. [PMID: 24349331 PMCID: PMC3857279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To Assess changes in infective endocarditis (IE) epidemiology over the last 5 decades. METHODS AND RESULTS We searched the published literature using PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE from inception until December 2011. DATA FROM Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA were also included. Criteria for inclusion in this systematic review included studies with reported IE microbiology, IE definition, description of population studied, and time frame. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed manuscript quality. One hundred sixty studies (27,083 patients) met inclusion criteria. Among hospital-based studies (n=142; 23,606 patients) staphylococcal IE percentage increased over time, with coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) increasing over each of the last 5 decades (p<0.001) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) in the last decade (21% to 30%; p<0.05). Streptococcus viridans (SV) and culture negative (CN) IE frequency decreased over time (p<0.001), while enterococcal IE increased in the last decade (p<0.01). Patient age and male predominance increased over time as well. In subgroup analysis, SA frequency increased in North America, but not the rest of the world. This was due, in part, to an increase in intravenous drug abuse IE in North America (p<0.001). Among population-based studies (n=18; 3,477 patients) no significant changes were found. CONCLUSION Important changes occurred in IE epidemiology over the last half-century, especially in the last decade. Staphylococcal and enterococcal IE percentage increased while SV and CN IE decreased. Moreover, mean age at diagnosis increased together with male:female ratio. These changes should be considered at the time of decision-making in treatment of and prophylaxis for IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Slipczuk
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - J. Nicolas Codolosa
- Einstein Institute for Heart and Vascular Health, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carlos D. Davila
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abel Romero-Corral
- Einstein Institute for Heart and Vascular Health, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeong Yun
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregg S. Pressman
- Einstein Institute for Heart and Vascular Health, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vincent M. Figueredo
- Einstein Institute for Heart and Vascular Health, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Werdan K, Dietz S, Löffler B, Niemann S, Bushnaq H, Silber RE, Peters G, Müller-Werdan U. Mechanisms of infective endocarditis: pathogen–host interaction and risk states. Nat Rev Cardiol 2013; 11:35-50. [DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2013.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Reyes K, Zervos M. Endocarditis Caused by Resistant Enterococcus: An Overview. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013; 15:320-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-013-0348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Efficacy of tigecycline alone and in combination with gentamicin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3392-4. [PMID: 23587961 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00646-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of tigecycline in a rabbit model of experimental endocarditis caused by a linezolid-resistant clinical strain of Enterococcus faecium. Tigecycline-treated animals had a 2.8-log10-CFU/g reduction in microbial counts in excised vegetations compared with controls. Addition of gentamicin caused a further arithmetical reduction in colony counts. The therapeutic effect was sustained 5 days after completion of treatment, as shown by relapse studies performed in treatment groups.
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