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Bagheri S, Haddadi R, Saki S, Kourosh-Arami M, Rashno M, Mojaver A, Komaki A. Neuroprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 on neurological diseases: a review article. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1188839. [PMID: 37424991 PMCID: PMC10326389 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1188839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders affect the nervous system. Biochemical, structural, or electrical abnormalities in the spinal cord, brain, or other nerves lead to different symptoms, including muscle weakness, paralysis, poor coordination, seizures, loss of sensation, and pain. There are many recognized neurological diseases, like epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia 2 (ARCA2), Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), and spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive 9 (SCAR9). Different agents, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), exert neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage. Online databases, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed/MEDLINE were systematically searched until December 2020 using keywords, including review, neurological disorders, and CoQ10. CoQ10 is endogenously produced in the body and also can be found in supplements or foods. CoQ10 has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and plays a role in energy production and mitochondria stabilization, which are mechanisms, by which CoQ10 exerts its neuroprotective effects. Thus, in this review, we discussed the association between CoQ10 and neurological diseases, including AD, depression, MS, epilepsy, PD, LHON, ARCA2, SCAR9, and stroke. In addition, new therapeutic targets were introduced for the next drug discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokufeh Bagheri
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rasool Haddadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sahar Saki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kourosh-Arami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masome Rashno
- Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Ali Mojaver
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Brahadeeswaran S, Lateef M, Calivarathan L. An Insight into the Molecular Mechanism of Mitochondrial Toxicant-induced Neuronal Apoptosis in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:63-75. [PMID: 35125081 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220203163631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorders affecting approximately 1% of the world's population at the age of 50 and above. Majority of PD cases are sporadic and show symptoms after the age of 60 and above. At that time, most of the dopaminergic neurons in the region of substantia nigra pars compacta have been degenerated. Although in past decades, discoveries of genetic mutations linked to PD have significantly impacted our current understanding of the pathogenesis of this devastating disorder, it is likely that the environment also plays a critical role in the etiology of sporadic PD. Recent epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that exposure to environmental agents, including a number of agricultural and industrial chemicals, may contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including PD. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and several forms of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and PD. Interestingly, substantia nigra of patients with PD has been shown to have a mild deficiency in mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) activity. This review discusses the role of mitochondrial toxicants in the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons targeting the electron transport system that leads to Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Brahadeeswaran
- Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi Campus, Thiruvarur - 610005, India
| | - Mohammad Lateef
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Nunar Campus, Ganderbal - 191201, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Latchoumycandane Calivarathan
- Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi Campus, Thiruvarur - 610005, India
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Martínez A, Vargas R, Pérez-Figueroa SE, Ramos E. Copper and neurodegenerative disorders: potential drugs for possible successful treatment. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pang H, Xue W, Shi A, Li M, Li Y, Cao G, Yan B, Dong F, Xiao W, He G, Du G, Hu X, Cheng G. Multiple-Ascending-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety Evaluation of Baicalein Chewable Tablets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Clin Drug Investig 2017; 36:713-724. [PMID: 27352310 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-016-0418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Baicalein, a flavonoid isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is a neuroprotective agent under development to treat Parkinson's disease. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of baicalein after a multiple-ascending-dose protocol in healthy Chinese volunteers. METHODS In this single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, participants were randomized to receive baicalein (n = 8 per dose regimen) or placebo (n = 2 per dose regimen). Dosing regimens were 200, 400, and 800 mg once daily on days 1 and 10, twice daily on days 3-9. Plasma, urine, and feces samples were assayed for baicalein and its predominant metabolite baicalin using validated HPLC-MS/MS methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters were computed using standard non-compartmental analysis. Dose proportionality was assessed with a method combining equivalence criterion and power model. Drug safety and tolerability were assessed by monitoring adverse events and laboratory parameters. RESULTS Thirty-three of 36 enrolled participants completed the study. A total of 44 adverse events occurred in 23 participants. A steady-state concentration of analytes in plasma was achieved on day 8 after repeated dosing. Analytes concentrations and exposure increased with increasing dose. The dose proportionality constant (β) for AUCss of baicalein and baicalin was 0.922 (90 % confidence interval, 0.650-1.195) and 0.942 (90 % confidence interval, 0.539-1.345), respectively. The accumulation index varied from 1.66 to 2.07 for baicalein and from 1.68 to 2.45 for baicalin. CONCLUSION In dose range of 200-800 mg, multiple-dose oral baicalein administration was safe and well tolerated, dose proportionality was inconclusive, and no serious accumulation of baicalein was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Aixin Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical CO.LTD, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorong He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Risk and Personalized Medication Evaluation, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, No.1 Dahua Road, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Jahromi SR, Haddadi M, Shivanandappa T, Ramesh SR. Attenuation of neuromotor deficits by natural antioxidants of Decalepis hamiltonii in transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2015; 293:136-50. [PMID: 25754960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is believed to be a major factor for the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we have investigated oxidative status in transgenic Drosophila model of PD. Our results revealed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in A30P and A53T α-synuclein PD model flies compared to control. We have demonstrated for the first time the ameliorating potential of natural antioxidants characterized from the roots of Dh in A30P and A53T α-synuclein PD model flies. Feeding of transgenic flies with aqueous Dh root extract for 21 days significantly improved their climbing ability and circadian rhythm of locomotor activity which was associated with reduction in levels of ROS and LPO and enhancement in the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Dh protected against paraquat (PQ) sensitivity in α-synuclein transgenic flies and delayed the onset of PD-like symptoms which appears to be mediated by suppression of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Jahromi
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - M Haddadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - T Shivanandappa
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - S R Ramesh
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India.
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Santra S, Xu L, Shah M, Johnson M, Dutta A. D-512 and D-440 as novel multifunctional dopamine agonists: characterization of neuroprotection properties and evaluation of in vivo efficacy in a Parkinson's disease animal model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1382-92. [PMID: 23906010 DOI: 10.1021/cn400106n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we have demonstrated the in vivo efficacy of D-512 and D-440 in a 6-OHDA-induced unilaterally lesioned rat model experiment, a Parkinson's disease animal model. D-512 is a novel highly potent D2/D3 agonist, and D-440 is a novel highly selective D3 agonist. We evaluated the neuroprotective properties of D-512 and D-440 in the dopaminergic MN9D cells. Cotreatment of these two drugs with 6-OHDA and MPP+ significantly attenuated and reversed 6-OHDA- and MPP+-induced toxicity in a dose-dependent manner in the dopaminergic MN9D cells. The inhibition of caspase 3/7 and lipid peroxidation activities along with the restoration of tyrosine hydroxylase levels by D-512 in 6-OHDA-treated cells may partially explain the mechanism of its neuroprotective property. Furthermore, studies were carried out to elucidate the time-dependent changes in the pERK1/2 and pAkt, two kinases implicated in cell survival and apoptosis, levels upon treatment with 6-OHDA in presence of D-512. The neuroprotective property exhibited by these drugs was independent of their dopamine-agonist activity, which is consistent with our multifunctional drug-development approach that is focused on the generation of disease-modifying symptomatic-treatment agents for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumava Santra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
| | - Mrudang Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
| | - Aloke Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
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Hirsch MA, Iyer SS, Englert D, Sanjak M. Promoting exercise in Parkinson's disease through community-based participatory research. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2011; 1:365-377. [PMID: 22545069 PMCID: PMC3337755 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.11.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, as-of-yet incurable, neurodegenerative condition affecting the nigro-striatal dopaminergic system. Emerging evidence suggests the importance of exercise in improving the trajectory of PD. Yet few people with PD are physically active. One challenge that healthcare professionals face in the 21st century is how to deliver physical activity programs to the population of individuals living with PD. A novel approach to delivering physical activity to people with PD is introduced - termed community-based participatory research (CBPR) - which engages people with PD and patient advocates as co-researchers in the development and implementation of community-based exercise programs. The authors describe the CBPR approach and provide several recent examples of community exercise programs that are steps in the direction of developing the CBPR model. This is followed by a discussion of what a more fully realized CBPR model might look like. Finally, the authors describe some obstacles to conducting CBPR and suggest strategies for overcoming them. It is argued that people with PD are an integral component of delivering the exercise intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hirsch
- Carolinas Rehabilitation, Carolinas Medical Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 1100 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
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Ribeiro FM, Pires RGW, Ferguson SSG. Huntington's disease and Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 43:1-11. [PMID: 21153060 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary body movement, cognitive impairment and psychiatric disturbance. A polyglutamine expansion in the amino-terminal region of the huntingtin (htt) protein is the genetic cause of HD. Htt protein interacts with a wide variety of proteins, and htt mutation causes cell signaling alterations in various neurotransmitter systems, including dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and cannabinoid systems, as well as trophic factor systems. This review will overview recent findings concerning htt-promoted alterations in cell signaling that involve different neurotransmitters and trophic factor systems, especially involving mGluR1/5, as glutamate plays a crucial role in neuronal cell death. The neuronal cell death that takes place in the striatum and cortex of HD patients is the most important factor underlying HD progression. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and mGluR5) have a very controversial role in neuronal cell death and it is not clear whether mGluR1/5 activation either protects or exacerbates neuronal death. Thus, understanding how mutant htt protein affects glutamatergic receptor signaling will be essential to further establish a role for glutamate receptors in HD and develop therapeutic strategies to treat HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Castillo CA, León DA, Ballesteros-Yáñez I, Albasanz JL, Martín M. Glutamate differently modulates excitatory and inhibitory adenosine receptors in neuronal and glial cells. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:33-42. [PMID: 20399823 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a neuromodulator which acts through adenosine receptors regulating functions such as inhibition of glutamate release. Adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptor activations most often regulate opposing actions. Primary rat cortical neurons and rat C6 cells, an astrocytic derived cell line, were exposed to 100muM l-glutamate, and cell viability and transduction pathways mediated by both A(1) and A(2A) receptors were analyzed. Glutamate-induced excitotoxic damage was found only in cortical neurons, with C6 cells preserved. In C6 cells, adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors were increased and decreased, respectively. Consequently, A(1)-mediated adenylyl cyclase inhibition and A(2A)-mediated adenylyl cyclase stimulation were, respectively, increased and decreased after glutamate exposure. In cortical neurons, glutamate treatment increased both A(1) and A(2A) receptors. Moreover, adenylyl cyclase responsiveness to A(1) or A(2A) receptor agonists was heightened in these cells, in which pharmacological activation of AC induced cell death. Finally, activation of A(1) receptor or blockade of A(2A) receptor during glutamate treatment partially prevented the glutamate-induced cell death detected in cultured cortical neurons. Results show that adenosine receptors are regulated by glutamate, and that this regulation is dependent on the cell type, suggesting that adenosine receptors might be promising targets in the therapy against excitotoxic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Castillo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Avenida Camilo José Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Gu Y, Huang CS, Inoue T, Yamashita T, Ishida T, Kang KM, Nakao A. Drinking hydrogen water ameliorated cognitive impairment in senescence-accelerated mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 46:269-76. [PMID: 20490324 PMCID: PMC2872234 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen has been reported to have neuron protective effects due to its antioxidant properties, but the effects of hydrogen on cognitive impairment due to senescence-related brain alterations and the underlying mechanisms have not been characterized. In this study, we investigated the efficacies of drinking hydrogen water for prevention of spatial memory decline and age-related brain alterations using senescence-accelerated prone mouse 8 (SAMP8), which exhibits early aging syndromes including declining learning ability and memory. However, treatment with hydrogen water for 30 days prevented age-related declines in cognitive ability seen in SAMP8 as assessed by a water maze test and was associated with increased brain serotonin levels and elevated serum antioxidant activity. In addition, drinking hydrogen water for 18 weeks inhibited neurodegeneration in hippocampus, while marked loss of neurons was noted in control, aged brains of mice receiving regular water. On the basis of our results, hydrogen water merits further investigation for possible therapeutic/preventative use for age-related cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeunhwa Gu
- Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293, Japan
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Glutamate differently modulates metabotropic glutamate receptors in neuronal and glial cells. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1050-63. [PMID: 20309728 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter implicated in learning and memory processes, but at high concentrations it acts as an excitotoxin causing degeneration and neuronal death. The aim of this work was to determine the excitotoxic effect of glutamate and the regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) during excitotoxicity in neurons and C6 glioma cells. Results show that glutamate causes excitotoxic damage only in cortical neurons. Loss of cell viability in neurons was glutamate concentration- and time-dependent. Total mGluR levels were significantly reduced in these cells when exposed to glutamate. However, in C6 cells, which have been used as a model of glial cells, these receptors were regulated in a biphasic manner, decreased after 6 h, and increased after 24/48 h of treatment. Results show a cell dependent mGluR regulation by glutamate exposure which could mediate the vulnerability or not to glutamate mediated excitotoxicity.
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Nielsen MS, Sørensen JC, Bjarkam CR. The substantia nigra pars compacta of the Göttingen minipig: an anatomical and stereological study. Brain Struct Funct 2009; 213:481-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-009-0217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Somayajulu-Niţu M, Sandhu JK, Cohen J, Sikorska M, Sridhar TS, Matei A, Borowy-Borowski H, Pandey S. Paraquat induces oxidative stress, neuronal loss in substantia nigra region and parkinsonism in adult rats: neuroprotection and amelioration of symptoms by water-soluble formulation of coenzyme Q10. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:88. [PMID: 19635141 PMCID: PMC2724477 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease, for which currently there is no cure, develops as a result of progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the brain; thus, identification of any potential therapeutic intervention for disease management is of a great importance. Results Here we report that prophylactic application of water-soluble formulation of coenzyme Q10 could effectively offset the effects of environmental neurotoxin paraquat, believed to be a contributing factor in the development of familial PD. In this study we utilized a model of paraquat-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in adult rats that received three weekly intra-peritoneal injections of the herbicide paraquat. Histological and biochemical analyses of rat brains revealed increased levels of oxidative stress markers and a loss of approximately 65% of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra region. The paraquat-exposed rats also displayed impaired balancing skills on a slowly rotating drum (rotorod) evidenced by their reduced spontaneity in gait performance. In contrast, paraquat exposed rats receiving a water-soluble formulation of coenzyme Q10 in their drinking water prior to and during the paraquat treatment neither developed neurodegeneration nor reduced rotorod performance and were indistinguishable from the control paraquat-untreated rats. Conclusion Our data confirmed that paraquat-induced neurotoxicity represents a convenient rat model of Parkinsonian neurodegeneration suitable for mechanistic and neuroprotective studies. This is the first preclinical evaluation of a water-soluble coenzyme Q10 formulation showing the evidence of prophylactic neuroprotection at clinically relevant doses.
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Wu J, Hecker JG, Chiamvimonvat N. Antioxidant enzyme gene transfer for ischemic diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:351-63. [PMID: 19233238 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The balance of redox is pivotal for normal function and integrity of tissues. Ischemic insults occur as results of a variety of conditions, leading to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an imbalanced redox status in the tissues. The oxidant stress may activate signaling mechanisms provoking more toxic events, and eventually cause tissue damage. Therefore, treatments with antioxidants, free radical scavengers and their mimetics, as well as gene transfer approaches to overexpress antioxidant genes represent potential therapeutic options to correct the redox imbalance. Among them, antioxidant gene transfer may enhance the production of antioxidant scavengers, and has been employed to experimentally prevent or treat ischemic injury in cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, intestinal, central nervous or other systems in animal models. With improvements in vector systems and delivery approaches, innovative antioxidant gene therapy has conferred better outcomes for myocardial infarction, reduced restenosis after coronary angioplasty, improved the quality and function of liver grafts, as well as outcome of intestinal and cerebral ischemic attacks. However, it is crucial to be mindful that like other therapeutic armentarium, the efficacy of antioxidant gene transfer requires extensive preclinical investigation before it can be used in patients, and that it may have unanticipated short- or long-term adverse effects. Thus, it is critical to balance between the therapeutic benefits and potential risks, to develop disease-specific antioxidant gene transfer strategies, to deliver the therapy with an optimal time window and in a safe manner. This review attempts to provide the rationale, the most effective approaches and the potential hurdles of available antioxidant gene transfer approaches for ischemic injury in various organs, as well as the possible directions of future preclinical and clinical investigations of this highly promising therapeutic modality.
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Spindler M, Beal MF, Henchcliffe C. Coenzyme Q10 effects in neurodegenerative disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2009; 5:597-610. [PMID: 19966907 PMCID: PMC2785862 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s5212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential cofactor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and as a dietary supplement it has recently gained attention for its potential role in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders derives from animal models, studies of mitochondria from patients, identification of genetic defects in patients with neurodegenerative disease, and measurements of markers of oxidative stress. Studies of in vitro models of neuronal toxicity and animal models of neurodegenerative disorders have demonstrated potential neuroprotective effects of CoQ10. With this data in mind, several clinical trials of CoQ10 have been performed in Parkinson's disease and atypical Parkinson's syndromes, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer disease, Friedreich's ataxia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with equivocal findings. CoQ10 is widely available in multiple formulations and is very well tolerated with minimal adverse effects, making it an attractive potential therapy. Phase III trials of high-dose CoQ10 in large sample sizes are needed to further ascertain the effects of CoQ10 in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Spindler
- Department of Neurology, Weill Medical, College of Cornell University, 525 east 68th Street, Suite F610, New York, NY, USA.
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VIRMANI ASHRAF, GAETANI FRANCO, BINIENDA ZBIGNIEW. Effects of Metabolic Modifiers Such as Carnitines, Coenzyme Q10, and PUFAs against Different Forms of Neurotoxic Insults: Metabolic Inhibitors, MPTP, and Methamphetamine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2005.tb00024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Methionine sulfoxide reductase A and a dietary supplement S-methyl-L-cysteine prevent Parkinson's-like symptoms. J Neurosci 2007; 27:12808-16. [PMID: 18032652 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0322-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disease, is caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the underlying cause of the neuronal loss is unknown, oxidative stress is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of PD. The amino acid methionine is readily oxidized to methionine sulfoxide, and its reduction is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs). The reversible oxidation-reduction cycle of methionine involving MSRs has been postulated to act as a catalytic antioxidant system protecting cells from oxidative damage. Here, we show that one member of the MSR family, MSRA, inhibits development of the locomotor and circadian rhythm defects caused by ectopic expression of human alpha-synuclein in the Drosophila nervous system. Furthermore, we demonstrate that one way to enhance the MSRA antioxidant system is dietary supplementation with S-methyl-L-cysteine (SMLC), found abundantly in garlic, cabbage, and turnips. SMLC, a substrate in the catalytic antioxidant system mediated by MSRA, prevents the alpha-synuclein-induced abnormalities. Therefore, interventions focusing on the enzymatic reduction of oxidized methionine catalyzed by MSRA represent a new prevention and therapeutic approach for PD and potentially for other neurodegenerative diseases involving oxidative stress.
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Seibyl JP, Chen W, Silverman DH. 3,4-Dihydroxy-6-[18F]-Fluoro-L-Phenylalanine Positron Emission Tomography in Patients With Central Motor Disorders and in Evaluation of Brain and Other Tumors. Semin Nucl Med 2007; 37:440-50. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dietz GPH, Valbuena PC, Dietz B, Meuer K, Müeller P, Weishaupt JH, Bähr M. Application of a blood-brain-barrier-penetrating form of GDNF in a mouse model for Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2006; 1082:61-6. [PMID: 16703672 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal survival in several in vitro and in vivo models. As the demise of dopaminergic neurons is the cause for Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms, GDNF is a promising agent for its treatment. However, this neurotrophin is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, which has complicated its clinical use. Therefore, ways to deliver GDNF into the central nervous system in an effective manner are needed. The HIV-1-Tat-derived cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) provides a means to deliver fusion proteins into the brain. We generated a fusion protein between the 11 amino acid CPP of Tat and the rat GDNF mature protein to deliver GDNF across the blood-brain barrier. We showed previously that Tat-GDNF enhances the neuroprotective effect of GDNF in in vivo models for nerve trauma and ischemia. Here, we tested its effect in a subchronic scheme of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) application into the mouse as a model for PD to evaluate the effect of Tat-GDNF fusion protein in dopaminergic neuron survival. We showed that the fusion protein did indeed reach the dopaminergic neurons. However, the in vivo application of Tat-GDNF did not provide neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons, as revealed by immunohistochemistry and counting of the number of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Possibly, GDNF does protect nigro-striatal projections of those neurons that survive MPTP treatment but does not increase the number of surviving dopaminergic neurons. A concomitant treatment of Tat-GDNF with an anti-apoptotic Tat-fusion protein might be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar P H Dietz
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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Nyholm D. Pharmacokinetic optimisation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease : an update. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006; 45:109-36. [PMID: 16485914 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200645020-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease is focused on dopaminergic drugs, mainly the dopamine precursor levodopa and dopamine receptor agonists. The elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of levodopa from plasma (in combination with a decarboxylase inhibitor) of about 1.5 hours becomes more influential as the disease progresses. The long-duration of response to levodopa, which is evident in early Parkinson's disease, diminishes and after a few years of treatment motor performance is closely correlated to the fluctuating plasma concentrations of levodopa. Absorption of levodopa in the proximal small intestine depends on gastric emptying, which is erratic and may be slowed in Parkinson's disease. The effects of levodopa on motor function are dependent on gastric emptying in patients in the advanced stages of disease. The current treatment concept is continuous dopaminergic stimulation (CDS). Sustained-release formulations of levodopa may provide more stable plasma concentrations. Oral liquid formulations shorten the time to reach peak concentration and onset of effect but do not affect plasma levodopa variability. The t(1/2) of levodopa can be prolonged by adding a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor (entacapone or tolcapone), which may reduce fluctuations in plasma concentrations, although both peak and trough concentrations are increased with frequent administration. Intravenous and enteral (duodenal/jejunal) infusions of levodopa yield stable plasma levodopa concentrations and motor performance. Enteral infusion is feasible on a long-term basis in patients with severe fluctuations. Among the dopamine receptor agonists the ergot derivatives bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine and pergolide, and the non-ergot derivatives piribedil, pramipexole and ropinirole, have longer t(1/2) compared with levodopa. Thus, they stimulate dopamine receptors in a less pulsatile manner, yet pharmacokinetic studies of repeated doses of dopamine receptor agonists are few. Optimisation of these drugs is often performed with standardised titration schedules. Apomorphine and lisuride have short t(1/2) and are suitable for subcutaneous infusion, with results similar to those of levodopa infusion. Transdermal administration of dopamine receptor agonists such as rotigotine might be an alternative in the future. In general, initial dopamine receptor agonist monotherapy is associated with poorer motor performance and lower incidence of motor complications compared with levodopa. Buccal administration of the monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor selegiline (deprenyl) provides better absorption and less formation of metabolites compared with standard tablets. To conclude, several new drugs, formulations and routes of administration have been introduced in the treatment of Parkinson's disease during the last decade, mainly with CDS as the aim. CDS can be approached by optimising the use of dopaminergic drugs based on pharmacokinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Nyholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wu Y, Zhang AQ, Wai MSM, Lai HWL, Wu SX, Yew DT. Changes of apoptosis-related proteins in hippocampus of SAM mouse in development and aging. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:782.e1-782.e10. [PMID: 16198025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Caspase and Bcl-2 proteins was examined in the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mice (SAM, P8 and R1 strain) from E19 to 16 months of age. Immunoblotting analysis showed no upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins (caspase-2L, -3, -6, -8, -9, and Bax) with age while all the anti-apoptotic proteins (caspase-2S, Bcl-2, and Bcl-XL) remained unchanged during aging. Terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and electron microscopy on the hippocampus of 3- and 16-month-old SAM revealed very few TUNEL positive cells in both groups. Morphometric study further showed neuronal loss in the hippocampus was not age-related. Our results suggest apoptosis and cell loss are minor events in the hippocampus of SAM mice and are unlikely to be the cause of functional decline during aging in SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Anatomy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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Jenner P. Istradefylline, a novel adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 14:729-38. [PMID: 16004599 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.6.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine replacement therapy effectively treats the early motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its association with the development of motor complications limits its usefulness in late stages of the disease. Adenosine A(2A) receptors are localised to the indirect striatal output function and control motor behaviour. They are active in predictive experimental models of PD and appear to be promising as the first major non-dopaminergic therapy for PD. Istradefylline is a novel adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist currently in Phase III clinical trials for efficacy in patients with PD; results from Phase II clinical trials demonstrated that it provides a clinically meaningful reduction in 'off' time and an increased 'on' time with non-troublesome dyskinesia in levodopa-treated patients with established motor complications, and is safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Truong L, Allbutt H, Kassiou M, Henderson JM. Developing a preclinical model of Parkinson's disease: a study of behaviour in rats with graded 6-OHDA lesions. Behav Brain Res 2006; 169:1-9. [PMID: 16413939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Injection of increasing concentrations of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) can be used to establish a graded model of different clinical stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). We investigated the relationship between behavioural alterations and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with either (i) 4 microg (ii) 8 microg or (iii) 16 microg 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to mimic the preclinical, mild and advanced clinical stages of PD, respectively. Vehicle was injected in a separate control group. Behaviours analysed included postural asymmetry, balance, locomotion, sensorimotor deficits and apomorphine rotation. At post-mortem the degree of tyrosine immunoreactive dopaminergic cell (TH-ir) loss was then estimated. There was a graded and consistent trend in each of the behaviours studied with respect to cell loss between the different sized lesion groups when examined using correlation analysis (all comparisons, r > 0.8, p < 0.001). Rats with large lesions demonstrated more significant behavioural changes over 8 weeks of testing than those with intermediate and smaller lesions (group comparisons p < 0.001). PD symptomatology became overt when cell loss reached 70%, however some significant changes can be observed with as little as 40% dopaminergic cell loss. Thus, injection with increasing concentrations 6-OHDA into the MFB can produce increasing extents of cell loss and behavioural changes, which were well correlated. This graded model can be useful for testing potential neuroprotective compounds for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Truong
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Biochemical Research, Bosch Building, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Post TM, Freijer JI, DeJongh J, Danhof M. Disease System Analysis: Basic Disease Progression Models in Degenerative Disease. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1038-49. [PMID: 16028004 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-5641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the disease status of degenerative diseases (i.e., type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease) as function of disease process and treatment effects, a family of disease progression models is introduced. METHODS Disease progression is described using a progression rate (Rdp) acting on the synthesis or elimination parameters of the indirect response model. Symptomatic effects act as disease-dependent or -independent effects on the synthesis or elimination parameters. Protective drug effects act as disease dependent or -independent effects on Rdp. RESULTS Simulations with the ten disease models show distinctly different signature profiles of treatment effects on disease status. Symptomatic effects result in improvement of disease status with a subsequent deterioration. Treatment cessation results in a disease status equal to the situation where treatment had not been applied. Protective effects result in a lasting reduction, or even reversal, of the disease progression rate and the resulting disease status during the treatment period. After cessation of treatment the natural disease course will continue from the disease status at that point. CONCLUSION Disease system analysis constitutes a scientific basis for the distinction between symptomatic versus protective drug effects in relation to specific disease processes as well as the identification of the exposure-response relationship during the time-course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun M Post
- Leiden Experts on Advanced Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Leiden, The Netherlands
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