1
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N Hegde V, J S S, B S C, Benedict Leoma M, N K L. Structural, computational and in silico studies of 4-bromo-3-flurobenzonitrile as anti-Alzheimer and anti-Parkinson agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4619-4643. [PMID: 37418246 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2226755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel dimer of the 4-bromo-3-fluorobenzonitrile was crystallized and studied using a spectroscopic method such as the scanning electron microscope method. The computational simulations substantiated the structural analysis findings. The Hirshfeld surface analysis has been performed for visualizing, exploring and quantifying the intra and inter-molecular interactions that stabilize the crystal packing of the compound. The NBO and QTAIM analyses were applied to study the nature and origin of the attractive forces involved in the crystal structure. Further, the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound were evaluated, indicating good brain-blood barrier and central nervous system penetration capability. Hence, in silico studies was carried out to explore the binding pattern of the titled compound against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme proteins using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations approach. Further, the titled compound is compared with standard drugs through molecular docking studies. The in silico studies finally predicts that the compound under investigation may act as a good inhibitor for treating Alzheimer's disease and further in vitro and in vivo studies may provide its therapeutic potential.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyambhargav J S
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Chethan B S
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Lokanath N K
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
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2
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Zhu H, Tonelli F, Turk M, Prescott A, Alessi DR, Sun J. Rab29-dependent asymmetrical activation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2. Science 2023; 382:1404-1411. [PMID: 38127736 PMCID: PMC10786121 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi9926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in LRRK2, which encodes the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), are the most common genetic cause of late-onset Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 is recruited to membrane organelles and activated by Rab29, a Rab guanosine triphosphatase encoded in the PARK16 locus. We present cryo-electron microscopy structures of Rab29-LRRK2 complexes in three oligomeric states, providing key snapshots during LRRK2 recruitment and activation. Rab29 induces an unexpected tetrameric assembly of LRRK2, formed by two kinase-active central protomers and two kinase-inactive peripheral protomers. The central protomers resemble the active-like state trapped by the type I kinase inhibitor DNL201, a compound that underwent a phase 1 clinical trial. Our work reveals the structural mechanism of LRRK2 spatial regulation and provides insights into LRRK2 inhibitor design for Parkinson's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Zhu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Martin Turk
- Cryo-EM and Tomography Center, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alan Prescott
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ji Sun
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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3
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Hu L, Tian S, Wu R, Tong Z, Jiang W, Hu P, Xiao X, Zhang X, Zhou H, Tong Q, Lu Y, Huang Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Identification of anti-Parkinson's Disease Lead Compounds from Aspergillus ochraceus Targeting Adenosin Receptors A 2A. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:630-638. [PMID: 34102706 PMCID: PMC8186885 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel alkaloids compounds together with fifteen know metabolites were identified from Aspergillus ochraceus. The stereochemistry features of the new molecules were determined via HRESIMS, NMR, ECD, and XRD analyses. Amongst these, compounds two compounds exhibited potential efficacy as anti-Parkinson's disease with the EC50 values of 2.30 and 2.45 μM, respectively. ADMET prediction showed that these compounds owned favorable drug-like characteristics and safe toxicity scores towards CNS drugs. Virtual screening analyses manifested that the compounds exhibited not only robust and reliable interactions to adenosine receptors A2A , but also higher binding selectivity to A2A receptors than to A1 and A3 receptors. Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated the reliability of molecular docking results and the stability of the complexes obtained with the novel compounds and A2A receptors in natural environments. It is the first time that anti-PD lead compounds have been identified from Aspergillus ochraceus and targeting adenosine A2A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhen Hu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Green Transformation of Bio-ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesHubei University430062WuhanChina
| | - Shuying Tian
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Green Transformation of Bio-ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesHubei University430062WuhanChina
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Green Transformation of Bio-ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesHubei University430062WuhanChina
| | - Zhou Tong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Green Transformation of Bio-ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesHubei University430062WuhanChina
| | - Wen Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Green Transformation of Bio-ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesHubei University430062WuhanChina
| | - Ping Hu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Green Transformation of Bio-ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesHubei University430062WuhanChina
| | - Xueyang Xiao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Green Transformation of Bio-ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesHubei University430062WuhanChina
| | - Xueke Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Green Transformation of Bio-ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesHubei University430062WuhanChina
| | - Hui Zhou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Green Transformation of Bio-ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesHubei University430062WuhanChina
| | - Qingyi Tong
- School of PharmacyTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology430030WuhanChina
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei ProvinceTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology430070WuhanChina
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Green Transformation of Bio-ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesHubei University430062WuhanChina
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences300308TianjinChina
| | - Yong Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Green Transformation of Bio-ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesHubei University430062WuhanChina
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- School of PharmacyTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology430030WuhanChina
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4
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Naghian E, Shahdost-Fard F, Najafi M, Manafi MR, Torkian L, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M. Voltammetric measurement of entacapone in the presence of other medicines against Parkinson's disease by a screen-printed electrode modified with sulfur-tin oxide nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:92. [PMID: 33608774 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A screen-printed electrode (SPE) is described modified with sulfur-tin oxide nanoparticles (S@SnO2NP) for the determination of entacapone (ENT) in the presence of other medicines against Parkinson's disease (PD). The S@SnO2NP was synthesized through the hydrothermal method and used in the modification of the SPE. The smart utilization of the S@SnO2NP and the SPE provided excellent properties such as high surface area and current density amplification by embedding an efficient sensing interface for highly selective electrochemical measurement. Under optimized experimental conditions, the anodic peak current related to the ENT oxidation onto the sensor surface at 0.46 V presented a linear response towards different ENT concentration sin the range 100 nM to 75 μM. The limit of detection (LOD) and electrochemical sensitivity were estimated to be 0.010 μM and 2.27 μA·μM-1·cm-2, respectively. The applicability of the sensor was evaluated during ENT determination in the presence of other conventional medicines againts, including levodopa (LD), carbidopa (CD), and pramipexole (PPX). The results of the analysis of human urine and pharmaceutical formulation as real samples using the developed sensor were in good agreement withre sults of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a standard method. These findings demonstrated that the strategy based on the SPE is a cost-effective platform creating a promising candidate for practical determination of ENT in routine clinical testing.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Naghian
- Department of Chemistry, South Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Najafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Manafi
- Department of Chemistry, South Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Torkian
- Department of Chemistry, South Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahimi-Nasrabadi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Murugan NA, Muvva C, Jeyarajpandian C, Jeyakanthan J, Subramanian V. Performance of Force-Field- and Machine Learning-Based Scoring Functions in Ranking MAO-B Protein-Inhibitor Complexes in Relevance to Developing Parkinson's Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207648. [PMID: 33081086 PMCID: PMC7589968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) is expressed in the mitochondrial membrane and has a key role in degrading various neurologically active amines such as benzylamine, phenethylamine and dopamine with the help of Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. The Parkinson’s disease associated symptoms can be treated using inhibitors of MAO-B as the dopamine degradation can be reduced. Currently, many inhibitors are available having micromolar to nanomolar binding affinities. However, still there is demand for compounds with superior binding affinity and binding specificity with favorable pharmacokinetic properties for treating Parkinson’s disease and computational screening methods can be majorly recruited for this. However, the accuracy of currently available force-field methods for ranking the inhibitors or lead drug-like compounds should be improved and novel methods for screening compounds need to be developed. We studied the performance of various force-field-based methods and data driven approaches in ranking about 3753 compounds having activity against the MAO-B target. The binding affinities computed using autodock and autodock-vina are shown to be non-reliable. The force-field-based MM-GBSA also under-performs. However, certain machine learning approaches, in particular KNN, are found to be superior, and we propose KNN as the most reliable approach for ranking the complexes to reasonable accuracy. Furthermore, all the employed machine learning approaches are also computationally less demanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Arul Murugan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Chitra Jeyarajpandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women, Karaikudi 630 004, India;
| | | | - Venkatesan Subramanian
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India;
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6
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Wang D, Murtaza M, Wood SA, Mellick GD, Miao WG, Guymer GP, Forster PI, Feng Y, Quinn RJ. A Grand Challenge. 3. Unbiased Phenotypic Function of Metabolites from Australia Plants Gloriosa superba and Alangium villosum against Parkinson's Disease. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:1440-1452. [PMID: 32372642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As part of a continuing research program aiming to identify chemical probes to interrogate Parkinson's disease (PD), we have investigated the Australian plants Gloriosa superba and Alangium villosum. The chemical investigations of G. superba resulted in the isolation of four new alkaloids, β-lumicolchicosides A-C (1-3) and γ-lumicolchicoside A (4), together with four lumicolchicine derivatives (5-8) and six colchicine analogues (9-14) as known structures. The chemical investigations of A. villosum resulted in the isolation of four new benzoquinolizidine N-oxides, tubulosine Nβ5-oxide (15), isotubulosine Nα5-oxide (16), 9-demethyltubulosine Nβ5-oxide (17), and 9-demethylisotubulosine Nα5-oxide (18), together with five known benzoquinolizidine alkaloids (19-23). The chemical structures of the new compounds (1-4 and 15-18) were characterized unambiguously by extensive analysis of their NMR and MS data. Unbiased multidimensional profiling was used to investigate the phenotypic profiles of all of the metabolites. The results show that the lead probes have different effects on cellular organelles that are implicated in PD in patient-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Mariyam Murtaza
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Stephen A Wood
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - William Gang Miao
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Gordon P Guymer
- Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, QLD 4066, Australia
| | - Paul I Forster
- Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, QLD 4066, Australia
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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7
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Cometa S, Bonifacio MA, Trapani G, Di Gioia S, Dazzi L, De Giglio E, Trapani A. In vitro investigations on dopamine loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113257. [PMID: 32199326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons leads to depletion of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in Parkinson's disease (PD). The hydrophilicity of DA, hindering its cross of the Blood Brain Barrier, makes impossible its therapeutic administration. This work aims at investigating some physicochemical features of novel Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) intended to enhance DA brain delivery for PD patients by intranasal administration. For this aim, novel SLN were formulated in the presence of Glycol Chitosan (GCS), and it was found that SLN containing GCS and DA were smaller than DA-loaded SLN, endowed with a slightly positive zeta potential value and, remarkably, incorporated 81 % of the initial DA content. The formulated SLN were accurately characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy in Attenuated Total Reflectance mode (FT-IT/ATR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to highlight SLN solid-state properties as a preliminary step forward biological assay. Overall, in vitro characterization shows that SLN are promising for DA incorporation and stable from a thermal viewpoint. Further studies are in due course to test their potential for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giuseppe Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Laura Dazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elvira De Giglio
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Adriana Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
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8
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Zhang H, Jiang X, Song W, Yang Z. Review-Novel synthetic curcuminoids: Not merely an anticancer agent. Pak J Pharm Sci 2019; 32:1723-1747. [PMID: 31608897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa L), has proven to exhibit biological activity towards different kinds of diseases. But the low oral bioavailability results in a limited application in clinic treatment. Recently, numerous curcumin derivatives were synthesized by the modification of three important functional groups: The aromatic o-methoxy phenolic group, a seven conjugated carbon linker and the β-diket one moiety. However, many people know curcumin only as an anticancer agent and overlook the diverse biological activities of curcumin and curcumin-based derivatives. In this article, we summarized the novel synthetic curcuminoids by different therapeutic activities including antioxidant activity, anti-HIV activity, stimulating activity of gastric emptying, anti-inflammatory activity, ACE inhibition activity, prevention of Parkinson's disease, anti-parasitism, anti-obesity, prevention of Alzheimer's disease, and antibacterial activity. The relation between structural features and activities were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
| | - Zhangqun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
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9
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Abstract
The cinnoline nucleus is a very important bicyclic heterocycle that is used as the structural subunit of many compounds with interesting pharmaceutical properties. Cinnoline derivatives exhibit broad spectrum of pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic and antitumor activities. Some of them are under evaluation in clinical trials. In the present review, we have compiled studies focused on the biological properties of cinnoline derivatives conducted by many research groups worldwide between 2005 and 2019. Comprehensive and target oriented information clearly indicate that the development of cinnoline based molecules constitute a significant contribution to the identification of lead compounds with optimized pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Szumilak
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Stanczak
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
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10
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Cheong SL, Federico S, Spalluto G, Klotz KN, Pastorin G. The current status of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: transition from single-target to multitarget therapy. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1769-1783. [PMID: 31102728 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Motor features such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability are common traits of PD. Current treatment options provide symptomatic relief to the condition but are unable to reverse disease progression. The conventional single-target therapeutic approach might not always induce the desired effect owing to the multifactorial nature of PD. Hence, multitarget strategies have been proposed to simultaneously target multiple proteins involved in the development of PD. Herein, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis of PD and the current pharmacotherapies. Furthermore, rationales and examples of multitarget approaches that have been tested in preclinical trials for the treatment of PD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew L Cheong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Malaysia.
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Rosebraugh M, Kalluri HV, Liu W, Locke C, Sidhu D, Han J, Benesh J. Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel high concentration formulation is clinically bioequivalent to commercial formulation. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00473. [PMID: 30977301 PMCID: PMC6452870 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) system featuring a higher levodopa/carbidopa (LD/CD) concentration and viscosity, LCIG-HV, is being developed to reduce the intrajejunal volume of LD/CD that is administered as compared to the current commercial formulation, LCIG-LV. This study characterizes the LCIG-HV formulation and compares it to the LCIG-LV formulation via dissolution testing and a clinical pharmacokinetic bioequivalence study. In vitro release profiles of LD/CD were determined using a USP Dissolution Apparatus 2 with 500 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) operating at 25 RPM. A single dose, open-label study was conducted according to a two-period, randomized, crossover design in 28 healthy subjects. The point estimate (PE) of the levodopa Cmax geometric mean for the LCIG-HV formulation was 4% higher than that of the LCIG-LV formulation. PEs of levodopa AUCt and AUCinf geometric means were comparable for both formulations. PEs of carbidopa Cmax , AUCt and AUCinf geometric means for the LCIG-HV formulation were 3%-5% higher than those of the LCIG-LV formulation. For both formulations, the median Tmax for levodopa was 1.0 and 3.0 hours for carbidopa. The levodopa half-life harmonic mean was 1.6 hour for both formulations. The carbidopa half-life harmonic mean was 1.9 and 2.0 hour, respectively, for the LCIG-HV and LCIG-LV formulations. Cmax , AUCt and AUCinf of LD/CD carbidopa were comparable for both formulations. The current study demonstrates that the LCIG-LV and LCIG-HV formulations are clinically bioequivalent for LD/CD according to FDA guidance. However, the dissolution method was over discriminatory of formulation differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Liu
- AbbVie Inc.North Chicagollinois
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12
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Rinaldi F, Seguella L, Gigli S, Hanieh PN, Del Favero E, Cantù L, Pesce M, Sarnelli G, Marianecci C, Esposito G, Carafa M. inPentasomes: An innovative nose-to-brain pentamidine delivery blunts MPTP parkinsonism in mice. J Control Release 2018; 294:17-26. [PMID: 30529726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical evidences have demonstrated that astroglial-derived S100B protein is a key element in neuroinflammation underlying the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), so much as that S100B inhibitors have been proposed as promising candidates for PD targeted therapy. Pentamidine, an old-developed antiprotozoal drug, currently used for pneumocystis carinii is one of the most potent inhibitors of S100B activity, but despite this effect, is limited by its low capability to cross blood brain barrier (BBB). To overcome this problem, we developed a non-invasive intranasal delivery system, chitosan coated niosomes with entrapped pentamidine (inPentasomes), in the attempt to provide a novel pharmacological approach to ameliorate parkinsonism induced by subchronic MPTP administration in C57BL-6 J mice. inPentasomes, prepared by evaporation method was administered daily by intranasal route in subchronic MPTP-intoxicated rodents and resulted in a dose-dependent manner (0.001-0.004 mg/kg) capable for a significant Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) positive neuronal density rescue in both striatum and substantia nigra of parkinsonian mice. In parallel, inPentasomes significantly decreased the extent of glial-related neuroinflammation through the reduction of specific gliotic markers (Iba-1, GFAP, COX-2, iNOS) with consequent PGE2 and NO2- release reduction, in nigrostriatal system. inPentasomes-mediated S100B inhibition resulted in a RAGE/NF-κB pathway downstream inhibition in the nigrostriatal circuit, causing a marked amelioration of motor performances in intoxicated mice. On the basis of our results, chitosan coated niosomes loaded with pentamidine, the inPentasome system, self-candidates as a promising new intranasal approach to mitigate parkinsonism in humans and possibly paves the way for a possible clinical repositioning of pentamidine as anti-PD drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rinaldi
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (ITT), Rome, Italy
| | - L Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Gigli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - P N Hanieh
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - L Cantù
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - M Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - G Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - C Marianecci
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - G Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Carafa
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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13
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Yurchenko EA, Menchinskaya ES, Pislyagin EA, Trinh PTH, Ivanets EV, Smetanina OF, Yurchenko AN. Neuroprotective Activity of Some Marine Fungal Metabolites in the 6-Hydroxydopamin- and Paraquat-Induced Parkinson's Disease Models. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E457. [PMID: 30469376 PMCID: PMC6265791 DOI: 10.3390/md16110457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A new melatonin analogue 6-hydroxy-N-acetyl-β-oxotryptamine (1) was isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. KMM 4672. It is the second case of melatonin-related compounds isolation from microfilamentous fungi. The neuroprotective activities of this metabolite, as well as 3-methylorsellinic acid (2) and 8-methoxy-3,5-dimethylisochroman-6-ol (3) from Penicillium sp. KMM 4672, candidusin A (4) and 4″-dehydroxycandidusin A (5) from Aspergillus sp. KMM 4676, and diketopiperazine mactanamide (6) from Aspergillus flocculosus, were investigated in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)- and paraquat (PQ)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) cell models. All of them protected Neuro2a cells against the damaging influence of 6-OHDA to varying degrees. This effect may be realized via a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging pathway. The new melatonin analogue more effectively protected Neuro2A cells against the 6-OHDA-induced neuronal death, in comparison with melatonin, as well as against the PQ-induced neurotoxicity. Dehydroxylation at C-3″ and C-4″ significantly increased free radical scavenging and neuroprotective activity of candidusin-related p-terphenyl polyketides in both the 6-OHDA- and PQ-induced PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Yurchenko
- Laboratory of Bioassays and Mechanism of Action of Biologically Active Substances, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina S Menchinskaya
- Laboratory of Bioassays and Mechanism of Action of Biologically Active Substances, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Evgeny A Pislyagin
- Laboratory of Bioassays and Mechanism of Action of Biologically Active Substances, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Phan Thi Hoai Trinh
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 02 Hung Vuong, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Elena V Ivanets
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Microbial Metabolites, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Olga F Smetanina
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Microbial Metabolites, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Anton N Yurchenko
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Microbial Metabolites, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
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14
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Kolesnikova SA, Lyakhova EG, Kalinovsky AI, Popov RS, Yurchenko EA, Stonik VA. Oxysterols from a Marine Sponge Inflatella sp. and Their Action in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Cell Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E458. [PMID: 30469397 PMCID: PMC6267020 DOI: 10.3390/md16110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new oxysterols 1⁻4 along with previously known oxygenated sterols 5⁻14 were isolated from the sponge Inflatella sp., collected from the Sea of Okhotsk. Structures of 1⁻4 were elucidated by the detailed NMR spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric analyses as well as by comparison of the corresponding experimental data with those reported in literature. The influence of compounds 1⁻14 on the viability of neuronal Neuro2a cells treated by 6-hydroxydopamine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in these cells was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A Kolesnikova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (PIBOC), Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina G Lyakhova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (PIBOC), Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Anatoly I Kalinovsky
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (PIBOC), Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Roman S Popov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (PIBOC), Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina A Yurchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (PIBOC), Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Valentin A Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (PIBOC), Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
- School of Natural Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova St., 8, Vladivostok 690000, Russia.
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15
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Ugarte A, Corbacho D, Aymerich MS, García-Osta A, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, Oyarzabal J. Impact of Neurodegenerative Diseases on Drug Binding to Brain Tissues: From Animal Models to Human Samples. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:742-750. [PMID: 29675823 PMCID: PMC6095788 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug efficacy in the central nervous system (CNS) requires an additional step after crossing the blood-brain barrier. Therapeutic agents must reach their targets in the brain to modulate them; thus, the free drug concentration hypothesis is a key parameter for in vivo pharmacology. Here, we report the impact of neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) compared with healthy controls) on the binding of 10 known drugs to postmortem brain tissues from animal models and humans. Unbound drug fractions, for some drugs, are significantly different between healthy and injured brain tissues (AD or PD). In addition, drugs binding to brain tissues from AD and PD animal models do not always recapitulate their binding to the corresponding human injured brain tissues. These results reveal potentially relevant implications for CNS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ugarte
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Corbacho
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Imaging Unit and Cancer Imaging Laboratory, University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María S Aymerich
- Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Neurosciences Division, University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana García-Osta
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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16
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Shao YM, Ma X, Paira P, Tan A, Herr DR, Lim KL, Ng CH, Venkatesan G, Klotz KN, Federico S, Spalluto G, Cheong SL, Chen YZ, Pastorin G. Discovery of indolylpiperazinylpyrimidines with dual-target profiles at adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors for Parkinson's disease treatment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0188212. [PMID: 29304113 PMCID: PMC5755735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the human brain, leading to depletion of dopamine production. Dopamine replacement therapy remains the mainstay for attenuation of PD symptoms. Nonetheless, the potential benefit of current pharmacotherapies is mostly limited by adverse side effects, such as drug-induced dyskinesia, motor fluctuations and psychosis. Non-dopaminergic receptors, such as human A2A adenosine receptors, have emerged as important therapeutic targets in potentiating therapeutic effects and reducing the unwanted side effects. In this study, new chemical entities targeting both human A2A adenosine receptor and dopamine D2 receptor were designed and evaluated. Two computational methods, namely support vector machine (SVM) models and Tanimoto similarity-based clustering analysis, were integrated for the identification of compounds containing indole-piperazine-pyrimidine (IPP) scaffold. Subsequent synthesis and testing resulted in compounds 5 and 6, which acted as human A2A adenosine receptor binders in the radioligand competition assay (Ki = 8.7-11.2 μM) as well as human dopamine D2 receptor binders in the artificial cell membrane assay (EC50 = 22.5-40.2 μM). Moreover, compound 5 showed improvement in movement and mitigation of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila models of PD. Furthermore, in vitro toxicity studies on compounds 5 and 6 did not reveal any mutagenicity (up to 100 μM), hepatotoxicity (up to 30 μM) or cardiotoxicity (up to 30 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aaron Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kah Leong Lim
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (GP); (SLC); (YZC)
| | - Yu Zong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (GP); (SLC); (YZC)
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (GP); (SLC); (YZC)
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17
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that compromises multiple neurochemical substrates including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamate systems. Loss of these transmitter systems initiates a cascade of neurological deficits beginning with motor function and ending with dementia. Current therapies primarily address the motor symptoms of the disease via dopamine replacement therapy. Exogenous dopamine replacement brings about additional challenges since after years of treatment it almost invariably gives rise to dyskinesia as a side effect. Therefore there is a clear unmet clinical need for improved PD therapeutics. Opioid receptors and their respective peptides are expressed throughout the basal ganglia and cortex where monoaminergic denervation strongly contributes to PD pathology. Delta opioid receptors are of particular interest because of their dense localization in basal ganglia and because activating this system is known to enhance locomotor activity under a variety of conditions. This chapter will outline much of the work that has demonstrated the effectiveness of delta opioid receptor activation in models of PD and its neuroprotective properties. It also discusses some of the challenges that must be addressed before moving delta opioid receptor agonists into a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Mabrouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 930 North University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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18
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Liu H, Ding H, Zhang D, Fengsi , Sun C. Report: Preparation of levodopa/carbidopa compound drug resins. Pak J Pharm Sci 2018; 31:205-211. [PMID: 29348105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to prepare the levodopa/carbidopa compound drug resins and investigate affecting factors such as drug concentration, temperature, particle size. The drug resins were made by bath method and the effects of above factors during the process of preparation was studied. Studies on the stabilities of drugs and drug resins were carried out by HPLC. The Results showed that the preparation of drug resins was influenced by drug concentration, resin particle size, reaction temperature and solvent concentration. In certain conditions the degradation peaks were found in the chromatograms of levodopa and carbidopa while the drug-resins remained undegraded. The study indicates that the drug resin technology is an effective way of improving stability of the drug and possesses certain sustained-release effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiang men, China / College of pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhen Jiang, China
| | - Hui Ding
- College of pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhen Jiang, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qing Dao, China
| | - - Fengsi
- College of pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhen Jiang, China
| | - Changshan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shen yang Pharmaceutical University, Shen Yang, China
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19
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Gupta M, Kant K, Sharma R, Kumar A. Evaluation of In Silico Anti-parkinson Potential of β-asarone. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2018; 18:128-135. [PMID: 29658442 DOI: 10.2174/1871524918666180416153742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease is affecting millions of people worldwide. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease is 0.3% globally, rising to 1% in more than 60 years of age and 4% in more than 80 years of age and the figures are thought to be doubled by 2030. Thus, there is a great need to identify novel therapeutic strategies or candidate drug molecule which can rescue neuronal degeneration. β -asarone has the potential to act as a neuroprotective agent but regarding its role in Parkinson's disease, very few reports are available. Thus, this study was undertaken to unlock the potential of β-asarone against Parkinson's disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) analysis has been done by using Swiss ADME Predictor. The interactions of β-asarone with dopaminergic receptors were investigated by Glide Program 5.0. The crystal structures of dopamine receptors were retrieved from Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics- Protein Data Bank (RCSB-PDB). The structure of β-asarone was drawn in Chem Draw Ultra 7.0.1. Finally, the toxicity of β-asarone has been predicted by using online web-servers like Lazar and Protox. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The ADME data of current investigation has shown good oral bioavailability of β-asarone. It also showed a good binding affinity towards dopaminergic receptors. Further, it was found to be interacting through hydrogen bond with different amino acid residues of D2 and D3 receptors. However, β-asarone was predicted to be toxic in various species of rodents, as per the results of toxicity online web servers. CONCLUSION Based on the current finding from ADME and docking studies, these preliminary results may act as effective precursor tool for the development of β-asarone as a promising anti-Parkinson agent. However, furthermore experimental validation using in-vitro & in-vivo studies is needed to explore their therapeutic andtoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Kamal Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi -835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ruchika Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Professional Studies (ISFCPS), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy (ISFCP), Moga, Punjab, India
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20
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Lemos A, Melo R, Preto AJ, Almeida JG, Moreira IS, Cordeiro MNDS. In Silico Studies Targeting G-protein Coupled Receptors for Drug Research Against Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:786-848. [PMID: 29521236 PMCID: PMC6080095 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180308161642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a long-term neurodegenerative brain disorder that mainly affects the motor system. The causes are still unknown, and even though currently there is no cure, several therapeutic options are available to manage its symptoms. The development of novel antiparkinsonian agents and an understanding of their proper and optimal use are, indeed, highly demanding. For the last decades, L-3,4-DihydrOxyPhenylAlanine or levodopa (L-DOPA) has been the gold-standard therapy for the symptomatic treatment of motor dysfunctions associated to PD. However, the development of dyskinesias and motor fluctuations (wearing-off and on-off phenomena) associated with long-term L-DOPA replacement therapy have limited its antiparkinsonian efficacy. The investigation for non-dopaminergic therapies has been largely explored as an attempt to counteract the motor side effects associated with dopamine replacement therapy. Being one of the largest cell membrane protein families, G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) have become a relevant target for drug discovery focused on a wide range of therapeutic areas, including Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases. The modulation of specific GPCRs potentially implicated in PD, excluding dopamine receptors, may provide promising non-dopaminergic therapeutic alternatives for symptomatic treatment of PD. In this review, we focused on the impact of specific GPCR subclasses, including dopamine receptors, adenosine receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, on the pathophysiology of PD and the importance of structure- and ligand-based in silico approaches for the development of small molecules to target these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Lemos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007Porto, Portugal
- GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000Liège, Belgium
| | - Rita Melo
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (ao km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Antonio Jose Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jose Guilherme Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Irina Sousa Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CH, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Natalia Dias Soeiro Cordeiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007Porto, Portugal
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21
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Jenner P, Katzenschlager R. Apomorphine - pharmacological properties and clinical trials in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 33 Suppl 1:S13-S21. [PMID: 27979722 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Apomorphine is often considered an archetypal dopamine agonist used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it can be clearly differentiated from most other commonly used dopamine agonists on the basis of its pharmacology and on its unique clinical profile. Like levodopa and dopamine, apomorphine acts as a potent, direct and broad spectrum dopamine agonist activating all dopamine receptor subtypes. It also has affinity for serotonin receptors, and α-adrenergic receptors. Apomorphine is usually titrated to a dose that provides an equivalent antiparkinsonian response to that provided by levodopa, and its subcutaneous delivery allows a rapid onset of action, usually within 7-10 min. The mode of apomorphine delivery impacts on its clinical profile so as to provide two very different approaches to therapy in PD. When administered as an acute subcutaneous injection, it induces reliable and rapid relief from OFF periods underscoring its utility as a rescue medication. When given as a subcutaneous infusion, it significantly improves overall daily OFF time and there is also evidence to suggest that, in those patients who replace most or all of their oral drugs with apomorphine infusion, dyskinesia may also improve. In this paper, we review the rich pharmacology of apomorphine and review its efficacy in PD based on data from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Regina Katzenschlager
- Department of Neurology and Karl Landsteiner Institute for Neuroimmunological and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Danube Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Niswender CM, Jones CK, Lin X, Bubser M, Gray AT, Blobaum AL, Engers DW, Rodriguez AL, Loch MT, Daniels JS, Lindsley CW, Hopkins CR, Javitch JA, Conn PJ. Development and Antiparkinsonian Activity of VU0418506, a Selective Positive Allosteric Modulator of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 4 Homomers without Activity at mGlu2/4 Heteromers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1201-11. [PMID: 27441572 PMCID: PMC5073817 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu4) is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for numerous central nervous system indications, including Parkinson's disease (PD). As the glutamate binding sites among the eight mGlu receptors are highly conserved, modulation of receptor activity via allosteric sites within the receptor transmembrane domains using positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively) has become a common strategy. We and others have used PAMs targeting mGlu4 to show that potentiation of receptor signaling induces antiparkinsonian activity in a variety of PD animal models, including haloperidol-induced catalepsy and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion. Recently, mGlu4 has been reported to form heteromeric complexes with other mGlu receptor subtypes, such as mGlu2, and the resulting heteromer exhibits a distinct pharmacological profile in response to allosteric modulators. For example, some mGlu4 PAMs do not appear to potentiate glutamate activity when mGlu2 and mGlu4 are coexpressed, whereas other compounds potentiate mGlu4 responses regardless of mGlu2 coexpression. We report here the discovery and characterization of VU0418506, a novel mGlu4 PAM with activity in rodent PD models. Using pharmacological approaches and Complemented Donor-Acceptor resonance energy transfer (CODA-RET) technology, we find that VU0418506 does not potentiate agonist-induced activity when mGlu2 and mGlu4 are heterodimerized, suggesting that the antiparkinsonian action of mGlu4 PAMs can be induced by compounds without activity at mGlu2/4 heteromers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Michael Bubser
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Analisa Thompson Gray
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Darren W. Engers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L. Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew T. Loch
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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23
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Das B, Vedachalam S, Luo D, Antonio T, Reith MEA, Dutta AK. Development of a Highly Potent D2/D3 Agonist and a Partial Agonist from Structure-Activity Relationship Study of N(6)-(2-(4-(1H-Indol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-N(6)-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole-2,6-diamine Analogues: Implication in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9179-95. [PMID: 26555041 PMCID: PMC6250127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our structure-activity relationship studies with N(6)-(2-(4-(1H-indol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-N(6)-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole-2,6-diamine derivatives led to development of a lead compound (-)-21a which exhibited very high affinity (Ki, D2 = 16.4 nM, D3 = 1.15 nM) and full agonist activity (EC50 (GTPγS); D2 = 3.23 and D3 = 1.41 nM) at both D2 and D3 receptors. A partial agonist molecule (-)-34 (EC50 (GTPγS); D2 = 21.6 (Emax = 27%) and D3 = 10.9 nM) was also identified. In a Parkinson's disease (PD) animal model, (-)-21a was highly efficacious in reversing hypolocomotion in reserpinized rats with a long duration of action, indicating its potential as an anti-PD drug. Compound (-)-34 was also able to elevate locomotor activity in the above PD animal model significantly, implying its potential application in PD therapy. Furthermore, (-)-21a was shown to be neuroprotective in protecting neuronal PC12 from toxicity of 6-OHDA. This report, therefore, underpins the notion that a multifunctional drug like (-)-21a might have the potential not only to ameliorate motor dysfunction in PD patients but also to modify disease progression by protecting DA neurons from progressive degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banibrata Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Seenuvasan Vedachalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Tamara Antonio
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Maarten E. A. Reith
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Aloke K. Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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24
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Ikram H, Bano K, Jameel M, Azhar M, Saeed K, Sufian M. Conformational analysis and geometry optimization of apomorphine as an Anti-parkinsonian agen. Pak J Pharm Sci 2015; 28:1685-1690. [PMID: 26408888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Apomorphine, a dopamine D₁/D₂agonist, is an important drug of choice for the treatment of Parkinson's and related disorders. The present study was designed to perform the conformational analysis and geometry optimization of apomorphine. Resultant optimized structure corresponds to a substance as it is found in nature. This could be used for a variety of experimental and theoretical investigations especially in the field of pharmacokinetics. The results indicate that the best conformation of the molecule is present at minimum potential energy -88702.9595 kcal/mol. At this point molecule will be more active as histamine H1 receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Ikram
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalida Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jameel
- Department of Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azhar
- Department of Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Saeed
- Department of Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sufian
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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25
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Pourbasheer E, Shokouhi Tabar S, Masand VH, Aalizadeh R, Ganjali MR. 3D-QSAR and docking studies on adenosine A2A receptor antagonists by the CoMFA method. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2015; 26:461-477. [PMID: 26055215 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2015.1049666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease affects millions of people around the world. Recently, adenosine A2A receptor antagonists have been identified as a drug target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Consequently, there is an immediate need to develop new classes of A2A receptor antagonists. In the present analysis, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies were performed on a series of pyrimidines, using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). The best prediction was obtained with a CoMFA standard model (q(2) = 0.475, r(2) = 0.977) and a CoMFA region focusing model (q(2) = 0.637, r(2) = 0.976) combined with steric and electrostatic fields. The structural insights derived from the contour maps helped to better interpret the structure-activity relationships. Also, to understand the structure-activity correlation of A2A receptor antagonists, we have carried out molecular docking analysis. Based on the results obtained from the present 3D-QSAR and docking studies, we have identified some key features for increasing the activity of compounds, which have been used to design new A2A receptor antagonists. The newly designed molecules showed high activity with the obtained models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pourbasheer
- a Department of Chemistry , Payame Noor University (PNU) , Tehran , Iran
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26
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Abstract
Levodopa is the main pharmacologic treatment for Parkinson's disease. However, the long-term administration of levodopa is associated with the development of motor complications which can seriously compromise patient function. Increasing evidence indicates that such problems are related to abnormal pulsatile stimulation of striatal dopamine receptors and that treatments providing more continuous stimulation reduce the risk of motor complications. It is possible that administering levodopa with a reversible catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor at frequent intervals might reduce the risk of these complications. Stalevo (Orion) combines levodopa, the dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa and the catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor entacapone in a single tablet. This review provides an overview of the initial clinical experience gained with Stalevo during clinical trials, including several case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dee E Silver
- Coastal Neurological Medical Group, 9850 Genesee Avenue, Suite 740, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors inhibit dopamine metabolism and are therefore effective in treating Parkinson's disease, a condition associated with progressive striatal dopamine deficiency secondary to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Selegiline is currently the most widely used monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor for Parkinson's disease, but has a low and variable bioavailability, and is metabolized to L-methamphetamine and L-amphetamine that carry a risk for potential neurotoxicity. There are two new approaches that circumvent these potential disadvantages. First, selegiline orally disintegrating tablets provide a novel delivery form of selegiline, avoiding first pass metabolism by rapid absorption through the oral mucosa, thus leading to significantly lower plasma concentrations of L-metamphetamine and L-amphetamine. Selegiline orally disintegrating tablets prove to be clinically effective and safe in patients with moderately advanced Parkinson's disease. Second, rasagiline is a new monoamine oxidase inhibitor, without known neurotoxic metabolites. In large clinical trials, rasagiline proves effective as monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease, as well as adjunctive therapy to levodopa in advanced disease. Clinical data suggest, in addition, a disease-modifying effect of rasagiline that may correlate with neuroprotective activity of monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors in animal models of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Henchcliffe
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, 428 East 72, Street, Suite 400, NY 10021, USA.
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28
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Abstract
The nonergot dopamine agonist pramipexole is an efficient and safe drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clinicians may favor pramipexole over other dopamine agonists because of its suggested higher tolerability with respect to peripheral dopaminergic side effects. Importantly, nonergot dopamine agonists such as pramipexole may not cause restrictive valvular heart disease and may therefore represent the first choice in patients with valvular lesions under treatment with ergot dopamine agonists. However, particular caution has to be exercised in younger Parkinson's disease patients with a shorter disease duration regarding the occurrence of sudden onset of sleep. In light of cost-effectiveness and quality-of-life issues, its final significance for the initial treatment of patients with early Parkinson's disease remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Carsten Möller
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Rudolf-Bultmann-Str. 8, 35039 Marburg, Germany.
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29
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Titova NV, Katunina EA. [Levodopa: the story continues]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2014; 114:93-99. [PMID: 25473661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The history of development of the drug levodopa is described. It is emphasized that the conception of continuous dopaminergic stimulation in treatment of Parkinson's disease is of great importance. Special attention is drawn to the studies on efficacy and safety of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel, quality of life of patients treated with this drug as well as to the experience of long-term treatment.
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30
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Toll L. The use of bifunctional NOP/mu and NOP receptor selective compounds for the treatment of pain, drug abuse, and psychiatric disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:7451-7460. [PMID: 23448477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The NOP receptor, the fourth receptor in the opioid receptor family, is found throughout the brain and is involved in a variety of CNS systems and pathways. The endogenous ligand for NOP receptors, nociceptin/orphanin FQ (now called N/OFQ), was originally thought to increase a painful stimulus since intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of this heptadecapeptide led to a decrease in tail-flick and hot-plate latency in mice. Further studies suggested that N/OFQ blocks opiate analgesia when administered i.c.v. but potentiates opiate analgesia and has antinociceptive activity when administered intrathecally. I.c.v. administration of N/OFQ has other beneficial actions including inhibition of reward induced by several different abused drugs, as well as anti-anxiety activity. Recent work has demonstrated that individual small molecules that activate both NOP and mu receptors possess mu-mediated antinociceptive activity with reduced reward, as determined by conditioned place preference tests. Furthermore, selective NOP receptor agonists appear to be active in certain chronic pain models and reduce both drug craving and anxiety. NOP receptor antagonists may also have therapeutic benefits since both peptide and small molecule antagonists have anti-depressant activity in two different animal models. Therefore, both selective NOP receptor compounds and non-selective compounds, with both NOP receptor and mu opioid receptor activity, appear to have potential for clinical use for several neurological and psychiatric disorders including acute and chronic pain, drug abuse, anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Toll
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
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31
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Pereira RL, Paim CS, Barth AB, Raffin RP, Guterres SS, Schapoval EES. Levodopa microparticles for pulmonary delivery: photodegradation kinetics and LC stability-indicating method. Pharmazie 2012; 67:605-610. [PMID: 22888517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Levodopa, (S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid, is still considered the gold standard treatment for Parkinson's disease. However, oral levodopa shows poor pharmacokinetics and its efficacy becomes problematic with the progression of the disease. Pulmonary delivery using the association of the polymers: chitosan, hyaluronic acid and HPMC, represents a novel approach to overcome this problem. A stability-indicating liquid chromatography method for the quantitative determination of levodopa microparticles for pulmonary delivery was developed as well as its photodegradation kinetics in solution. The developed and validated method was applied for the analyses of the novel formulation as well as for protocols of stability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.
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32
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Paim CS, Palma EC, Malesuik MD, Steppe M. LC/MS/MS study for identification of entacapone degradation product obtained by photodegradation kinetics. J AOAC Int 2010; 93:1856-1861. [PMID: 21313812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Entacapone is indicated for clinical use as an adjunct to levodopalcarbidopa to treat patients with idiopathic Parkinson's Disease who experience the signs and symptoms of end-of-dose wearing-off. The aim of this study was to determine the photodegradation kinetics and to elucidate the structure of the main degradation product. The stability of entacapone was studied in order to investigate the degradation kinetics of this drug using LC as a stability indicator. Entacapone was subjected to accelerated photodegradation. This study was carried out with methanolic solutions, prepared from coated tablets, in quartz cells under UV light at 254 nm. The degradation process of entacapone in solutions can be described by second-order kinetics under the experimental conditions used in this study. The LC/MS/MS determinations revealed that in the above conditions the photodegraded product formed the geometric isomer of entacapone (Z-entacapone). The obtained results show the importance of appropriate light protection during the drug development process, storage, and handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clésio S Paim
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduaçãio em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.
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33
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Tolstikova TG, Pavlova AV, Morozova YA, Ardashov OV, Il'ina IV, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF, Tolstikov GA. A highly effective antiparkinsonian drug of a new structural type. Dokl Biol Sci 2010; 435:398-399. [PMID: 21221892 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496610060074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T G Tolstikova
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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34
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Mehta PD, Sengar NPS, Pathak AK. 2-Azetidinone--a new profile of various pharmacological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5541-60. [PMID: 20970895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2-azetidinone, a β-lactam four member heterocyclic compound involved in research aimed to evaluate new products that possess interesting biological activities. These compounds reported for their antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Successful introduction of aztreonam as a potent inhibitor of cephalosporinase and ezetimibe as a cholesterol absorption inhibitor proved potential of 2-azetidinone moiety. Subsequently 2-azetidinones were highlighted as a potent mechanism based inhibitor of several enzymes like human tryptase, chymase, thrombin, leukocyte elastase, human cytomegalovirus protease and serine protease enzyme. These derivatives also known to possess antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-HIV, antiparkinsonian, antidiabetic and vasopressin V1a antagonist activity. The present review article focuses on the pharmacological profile of 2-azetidinones with their potential activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul D Mehta
- Department of Pharmacy, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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35
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Shah U, Hodgson R. Recent progress in the discovery of adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2010; 13:466-480. [PMID: 20597030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Antagonism of the adenosine A2A receptor has emerged as a promising non-dopaminergic approach for the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several pharmaceutical and academic institutions have ongoing research programs in this area, and orally efficacious A2A receptor antagonists have been advanced into clinical development. Traditionally, antagonists of the A2A receptor are classified as xanthine and non-xanthine derivatives. This review provides a detailed summary of the recent SAR development that has led to the discovery of promising non-xanthine-based A2A receptor antagonists. The current clinical status and the potential utility of A2A receptor antagonists in indications other than PD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unmesh Shah
- Merck Research Laboratories, Chemical Research, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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36
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Choudhary H, Agrawal AK, Malviya R, Yadav SK, Jaliwala YA, Patil UK. Evaluation and optimization of preparative variables for controlled-release floating microspheres of levodopa/carbidopa. Pharmazie 2010; 65:194-198. [PMID: 20383939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Levodopa, a prodrug of dopamine, is the first line drug in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. All current levodopa products are formulated in combination with aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors such as carbidopa or benserazide to prevent the peripheral metabolism of levodopa. The objective of the present investigation was to produce floating microspheres of carbidopa (CD)/levodopa (LD) to enhance their efficacy by increasing their gastric residence time, which is major technique to improve efficacy of narrow absorption window drugs. The microspheres were prepared by the o/w emulsion-solvent diffusion method using polymers hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose K15 M (HPMC K15 M) and ethyl cellulose (EC). The effects of various formulation and process variables on the particle size, in vitro floating behavior, percent drug entrapment, and in vitro drug release were studied. The size and surface morphology of prepared microspheres were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. In vitro drug release studies were performed and drug release kinetics was evaluated using the linear regression analysis. The prepared microspheres exhibited prolonged drug release (approximately 10h) and remained buoyant for >12 h. Spherical and smooth-surfaced microspheres with encapsulation efficiency ranging from 43% to 80% were obtained. In vitro studies demonstrated diffusion-controlled drug release from the microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Choudhary
- Nano Carriers Research Laboratory, V. N.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Neelbud, Bhopal (M.P.), India
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37
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Katunina EA, Avakian GN, Titova NV, Bezdol'nyĭ IN, Malykhina EA. [Levodopa: from a discovery to new elaborations]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2010; 110:97-103. [PMID: 20597201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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38
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential protective role of Cistanche extracts on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) cellular model, and to find out whether this effect is achieved through the regulation of growth arrest- and DNA damage-induced gene 153 (GADD153). METHODS MPP(+))-induced cellular injury and the protective effect of Cistanche extracts on the SH-SY5Y cell line viability treated by MPP(+)) were investigated by using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The mRNA of GADD153 in SH-SY5Y cell line treated by MPP(+)) and Cistanche extracts were evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The protein level of GADD153 in SH-SY5Y was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS Cistanche extracts (100 mug/ml) increased the cell viability (P<0.01). And the mRNA of GADD153 in the Cistanche extracts pretreatment group was much less than that in the MPP(+)) group (P<0.01). The result of Western blotting showed that GADD153 had a lower level in the Cistanche extracts pretreatment group, compared with MPP(+)) group, especially in the 100 microg/ml group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Cistanche extracts pretreatment has a protective effect on the MPP(+))-treated SH-SY5Y cell line, and its down-regulation of GADD153 may contribute to the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- Unit of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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39
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Azam F, Ibn-Rajab IA, Alruiad AA. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists as novel anti-Parkinsonian agents: a review of structure-activity relationships. Pharmazie 2009; 64:771-795. [PMID: 20095134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The adenosine A2A receptor (AA2AR) has emerged as an attractive target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Evidence suggests that antagonists of the AA2AR may be neuroprotective and may help to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. During last decade, many efforts have been accomplished searching potent and selective AA2AR antagonists. In this field, various xanthines and non-xanthine heterocyclic compounds of monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic nucleus possessing very good affinity with a broad range of selectivity have been proposed. The aim of this article is to summarize available data on different chemical classes of AA2AR antagonists including those in clinical development, and briefly present an overview of the structure-activity relationships found for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seventh of October University, Misurata, Libya.
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40
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Pillay S, Pillay V, Choonara YE, Naidoo D, Khan RA, du Toit LC, Ndesendo VMK, Modi G, Danckwerts MP, Iyuke SE. Design, biometric simulation and optimization of a nano-enabled scaffold device for enhanced delivery of dopamine to the brain. Int J Pharm 2009; 382:277-90. [PMID: 19703530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the design, biometric simulation and optimization of an intracranial nano-enabled scaffold device (NESD) for the site-specific delivery of dopamine (DA) as a strategy to minimize the peripheral side-effects of conventional forms of Parkinson's disease therapy. The NESD was modulated through biometric simulation and computational prototyping to produce a binary crosslinked alginate scaffold embedding stable DA-loaded cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) nanoparticles optimized in accordance with Box-Behnken statistical designs. The physicomechanical properties of the NESD were characterized and in vitro and in vivo release studies performed. Prototyping predicted a 3D NESD model with enhanced internal micro-architecture. SEM and TEM revealed spherical, uniform and non-aggregated DA-loaded nanoparticles with the presence of CAP (FTIR bands at 1070, 1242 and 2926 cm(-1)). An optimum nanoparticle size of 197 nm (PdI=0.03), a zeta potential of -34.00 mV and a DEE of 63% was obtained. The secondary crosslinker BaCl(2) imparted crystallinity resulting in significant thermal shifts between native CAP (T(g)=160-170 degrees C; T(m)=192 degrees C) and CAP nanoparticles (T(g)=260 degrees C; T(m)=268 degrees C). DA release displayed an initial lag phase of 24 h and peaked after 3 days, maintaining favorable CSF (10 microg/mL) versus systemic concentrations (1-2 microg/mL) over 30 days and above the inherent baseline concentration of DA (1 microg/mL) following implantation in the parenchyma of the frontal lobe of the Sprague-Dawley rat model. The strategy of coupling polymeric scaffold science and nanotechnology enhanced the site-specific delivery of DA from the NESD.
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MESH Headings
- Alginates/chemistry
- Animals
- Antiparkinson Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiparkinson Agents/cerebrospinal fluid
- Antiparkinson Agents/chemistry
- Antiparkinson Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Biometry
- Calorimetry, Differential Scanning
- Cellulose/analogs & derivatives
- Cellulose/chemistry
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Computer Simulation
- Computer-Aided Design
- Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
- Dopamine/administration & dosage
- Dopamine/cerebrospinal fluid
- Dopamine/chemistry
- Dopamine/pharmacokinetics
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Compounding
- Drug Implants
- Frontal Lobe/metabolism
- Glucuronic Acid/chemistry
- Hexuronic Acids/chemistry
- Kinetics
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Models, Molecular
- Models, Statistical
- Molecular Conformation
- Nanoparticles
- Particle Size
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Solubility
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
- Surface Properties
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Pillay
- University of the Witwatersrand, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
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41
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Lindsley CW, Niswender CM, Engers DW, Hopkins CR. Recent progress in the development of mGluR4 positive allosteric modulators for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2009; 9:949-963. [PMID: 19754407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article describes recent advances in the development and biological evaluation of small molecule mGluR4 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), and, to a lesser extent, orthosteric agonists. Due to its expression in the basal ganglia, the Family 3 GPCR metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 (mGluR4) has recently garnered a great deal of attention as a putative target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and a variety of other CNS disorders. Until 2008, with the exception of the prototypical mGluR4 PAM (-)-PHCCC, very few small molecule tools existed to probe the role of selective activation of mGluR4. This review will focus on the explosion of novel mGluR4 PAMs reported in the past year and the further preclinical validation of mGluR4 activation as a potentially groundbreaking treatment for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder which involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Current therapy is essentially symptomatic, and L-Dopa (LD), the direct precursor of dopamine (DA), is the treatment of choice in more advanced stages of the disease. Substitution therapy with LD is, however, associated with a number of acute problems. The peripheral conversion of LD by amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) to DA is responsible for the typical gastrointestinal (nausea, emesis) and cardiovascular (arrhythmia, hypotension) side effects. To minimize the conversion to DA outside the central nervous system (CNS) LD is usually given in combination with peripheral inhibitors of AADC (carbidopa and benserazide). In spite of that, other central nervous side effects such as dyskinesia, on-off phenomenon and end-of-dose deterioration still remain. The main factors responsible for the poor bioavailability and the wide range of inter- and intra-patient variations of plasma levels are the drug’s physical-chemical properties: low water and lipid solubility, resulting in unfavourable partition, and the high susceptibility to chemical and enzymatic degradation. In order to improve the bioavailability, the prodrug approach appeared to be the most promising and some LD prodrugs have been prepared in an effort to solve these problems. We report here a review of progress in antiparkinson prodrugs, focusing on chemical structures mainly related to LD, DA and dopaminergic agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Stefano
- Department of Drug Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, School of Pharmacy, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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Abstract
Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug widely used to treat seizures worldwide. In addition to epilepsy, zonisamide may have beneficial efficacy in various neurological or psychiatric diseases. This article reviews the structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and possible antiparkinsonian action of zonisamide. A multicentered, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in Japan provided data suggesting that zonisamide, as an add-on treatment, has efficacy in treating motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Zonisamide may be effective in reducing the duration of 'off' time in patients with PD treated with L-DOPA. The therapeutic doses of zonisamide for the treatment of PD are 50-100 mg/day, considerably lower than those for the treatment of epilepsy (200-400 mg/day). It is expected that zonisamide will be safe and tolerated in patients with PD, as it has been used as an antiepileptic for more than 15 years; however, further studies are required to evaluate its safety and tolerability in the treatment of PD. The pharmacological mechanisms of the beneficial actions of zonisamide in PD remain unclear. Various hypotheses have been proposed, but the supporting data are not yet sufficient to draw any conclusions. Further basic research is required to advance our understanding of the antiparkinsonian mechanism of zonisamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Miwa
- Wakayama Medical University, Department of Neurology, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama city, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan.
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Abstract
Motor fluctuations, refractory to conventional medical management, are one of the most troubling aspects of Parkinson's disease. Apomorphine is a dopaminergic agent that has been known to the medical community for more than a century, but has only recently been developed to treat such motor fluctuations. In this article, the authors review the historical background, structure, mechanism of action, pharmacologic properties, clinical trials, indications and side effects, as well as avenues of further research, of apomorphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukmini Menon
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Abstract
Altinicline (SIB-1508Y), an anti-Parkinson's agent, was prepared in five steps from natural nicotine in 32% overall yield via a regioselective substitution of the pyridine ring of (S)-nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence F Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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46
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Abstract
A densitometric high performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of L-DOPA in tablets. Chromatographic separation was achieved on precoated silica gel F 254 HPTLC plates using a mixture of acetone-chloroform-n-butanol-acetic acid glacial-water (60:40:40:40:35 v/v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. Quantitative analysis was carried out at a wavelength of 497 nm. The method was linear between 100 and 500 ng/microL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The intra-assay variation was between 0.26 and 0.65% and the interassay was between 0.52 and 2.04%. The detection limit was 1.12 ng/microL, and the quantification limit was 3.29 ng/microL. The accuracy ranged from 100.40 to 101.09%, with a CV not higher than 1.40%. The method was successfully applied to quantify L-DOPA in real pharmaceutical samples, including the comparison with HPLC measurements. The method was fast, specific, with a good precision, and accurate for the quantitative determination of L-DOPA in tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Mennickent
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Dinç E, Kaya S, Doganay T, Baleanu D. Continuous wavelet and derivative transforms for the simultaneous quantitative analysis and dissolution test of levodopa–benserazide tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:991-5. [PMID: 17512691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous analyses and dissolution tests of levodopa-benserazide tablets were carried out by continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and classic derivative spectrophotometry (DS) without using any chemical separation step. The developed two spectrophotometric resolutions are based on the transformation of the original UV spectra. The original absorption spectra of levodopa and benserazide in the concentration range of 1-80 microg/mL and 5-240 microg/mL in USP simulated gastric juice were registered in the spectral range of 250-310 nm, respectively. Various wavelet families and different spectrophotometric derivative orders were tested to find the optimal signal processing for obtaining desirable calibration graphs and reliable determinations of the investigated drugs. Under the optimized conditions of the methods, symlets wavelet family using a=128 with sixth order (SYM6-CWT) and the first derivative transform with Deltalambda=10nm were identified as optimal signal processing methods for the determinations and dissolution tests. The calibration functions for each drug were obtained by measuring the values of the CWT and derivative amplitudes. The validation of the developed methods was confirmed by analyzing various synthetic mixtures of the investigated drugs. Mean recovery values were found between 99.1% and 104.7% for DS and 100% and 102.9% for CWT, respectively for determination of BEN and LEV in synthetic mixtures. Each developed approaches were successfully applied to the simultaneous determination and dissolution test of levodopa and benserazide in their commercial tablets and a good agreement was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Dinç
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey.
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Sibille P, Lopez S, Brabet I, Valenti O, Oueslati N, Gaven F, Goudet C, Bertrand HO, Neyton J, Marino MJ, Amalric M, Pin JP, Acher FC. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-amino-2-phosphonomethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids, new group III metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3585-95. [PMID: 17602546 DOI: 10.1021/jm070262c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stereoisomers of 1-amino-2-phosphonomethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (APCPr), conformationally restricted analogues of L-AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid), have been prepared and evaluated at recombinant group III metabotropic glutamate receptors. They activate these receptors over a broad range of potencies. The most potent isomer (1S,2R)-APCPr displays a similar pharmacological profile as that of L-AP4 (EC50 0.72, 1.95, >500, 0.34 microM at mGlu4, 6, 7, 8 receptors, respectively, and no effect at group I/II mGluRs). It was characterized on native receptors located in the basal ganglia (BG) where it induced a robust and reversible inhibition of synaptic transmission. It was tested in vivo in haloperidol-induced catalepsy, a model of Parkinsonian akinesia, by direct infusion in the globus pallidus of the BG. At a dose of 0.5 nmol/microL, catalepsy was significantly antagonized. This study reveals that (1S,2R)-APCPr is a potent group III mGluR agonist and confirms that these receptors may be considered as a therapeutic target in the Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Sibille
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR-8601, University Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Péres, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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Zhao DL, Zou LB, Zhou LF, Zhu P, Zhu HB. A cell-based model of alpha-synucleinopathy for screening compounds with therapeutic potential of Parkinson's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:616-26. [PMID: 17439717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a cell-based model by stable transfection of SH-SY5Y with mutant A53T human alpha-synuclein, recapitulating neurotoxicity of alpha -synuclein overexpression. METHODS The overexpression of mutant alpha -synuclein was analyzed by Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, and RT-PCR. Cell viability was processed when treated with different concentrations of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and exogenous dopamine (DA) for 24, 48, and 72 h by 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Early apoptosis and late apoptosis/necrosis were analyzed by flow cytometry using Annexin V and propidium iodide double staining, respectively. DNA was isolated and applied to agarose gel for electrophoresis; the typical DNA "ladder"represented severe apoptosis. We also used this model to screen 99 compounds with therapeutic potential by MTT assay. RESULTS One of the stably-transfected clones overexpressed exogenous genes on both the protein level and the transcriptive level. Significant differences in cytotoxicity were found between the pcDNA3.1(+) group and the pcDNA3.1(+)-hm alpha-synuclein group in the presence of the same concentration of MPP+ and DA within the same incubation time. The level of either early apoptosis or late apoptosis/necrosis was remarkably increased in transfected cells compared with the control after treatment with 100 micromol/L MPP+ for 24 h. In addition, the presence of the typical DNA "ladder" was observed in the pcDNA3.1(+)-hm alpha-synuclein group when treated with 200 micromol/L MPP+ for 48 h. After the screening experiment, 12 of the 99 compounds were found to decrease DA-induced cytotoxicity on cell viability. CONCLUSION We established a cell-based model which is useful for studying the function of alpha-synuclein and screening compounds with therapeutic potential. In addition, it was identified that cells overexpressing A53T mutant alpha-synuclein were significantly vulnerable against MPP+ or dopamine exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Long Zhao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Almeida AA, Campos DR, Bernasconi G, Calafatti S, Barros FAP, Eberlin MN, Meurer EC, Paris EG, Pedrazzoli J. Determination of memantine in human plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 848:311-6. [PMID: 17098483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of memantine (I) in human plasma is presented. Sample preparation consisted of the addition of amantadine (II) as internal standard (IS), liquid-liquid extraction in basic conditions using a mixture of diethyl ether-chloroform (7:3, v/v) as extracting solvent, followed by centrifugation, solvent evaporation and sample reconstitution in methanol. Both I and II (internal standard) were analyzed using a C18 column and a mobile phase composed of methanol-water-formic acid (80:20:0.1, v/v/v). Eluted compounds were monitored using positive mode electrospray (ES) tandem mass spectrometry. The analyses were carried out by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) using the parent to daughter combinations of m/z 180>163 (memantine) and m/z 152>135 (amantadine). The peak areas from the analyte and IS were used for quantification of I. The achieved limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.1 ng/mL; the assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.1-50.0 ng/mL with a determination coefficient (r2) of at least 0.98. Validation results on linearity, specificity, accuracy, precision and stability, as well as on application to the analysis of samples taken up to 320 h after oral administration of 20mg (two 10mg capsules) of I in healthy volunteers demonstrated the applicability to bioequivalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Almeida
- Core Clinical Research, 12914-160 Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
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