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Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia in a Child: A Case Report of Palliative Chemotherapy and Literature Review Applied to Limited Resources Centers. Case Rep Hematol 2022; 2022:1185140. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1185140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare hematopoietic malignancy in children, with an incidence of 1.2 per million children per year. At this moment, we present a case report and a brief literature review of JMML in a child, primarily focused on its applicability in low-middle income countries. A 3.5-year-old male was referred to our tertiary center due to pallor, enlarging abdomen and neck mass, recurrent fever, and chronic diarrhea. Initial laboratory workup showed hemoglobin of 6.4 g/dl, white blood cell of 315.62 × 103/μL, and platelet of 17 × 103/μL. Blood smears showed 10% suspected blasts, 17% myelocytes, and 17% metamyelocytes with thrombocytopenic crisis. The HbF level was 5.8%. BCR-ABL gene tested negative. The patient was diagnosed with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Considering that HSCT could not be done in our center and lack other financial possibilities to seek treatment abroad, the family agreed to do the palliative treatment. The patient was treated with oral 6-mercaptopurine and subcutaneous cytarabine. Four weeks after receiving 6-mercaptopurine, the white blood cell count decreased to 10.6 × 103/μL and the spleen size was half of the original size. The patient continued chemotherapy until week 15, chemotherapy was stopped, but 16 weeks after the diagnosis of JMML, he developed severe thrombocytopenia, endophthalmitis, and sepsis and passed away. As a conclusion, in JMML cases in developing countries without HSCT, palliative chemotherapy is acceptable, and palliative care is an important aspect.
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Imaizumi T, Meyer J, Wakamatsu M, Kitazawa H, Murakami N, Okuno Y, Yoshida T, Sajiki D, Hama A, Kojima S, Takahashi Y, Loh M, Stieglitz E, Muramatsu H. Clinical parameter-based prediction of DNA methylation classification generates a prediction model of prognosis in patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14753. [PMID: 36042365 PMCID: PMC9427938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare heterogeneous hematological malignancy of early childhood characterized by causative RAS pathway mutations. Classifying patients with JMML using global DNA methylation profiles is useful for risk stratification. We implemented machine learning algorithms (decision tree, support vector machine, and naïve Bayes) to produce a DNA methylation-based classification according to recent international consensus definitions using a well-characterized pooled cohort of patients with JMML (n = 128). DNA methylation was originally categorized into three subgroups: high methylation (HM), intermediate methylation (IM), and low methylation (LM), which is a trichotomized classification. We also dichotomized the subgroups as HM/IM and LM. The decision tree model showed high concordances with 450k-based methylation [82.3% (106/128) for the dichotomized and 83.6% (107/128) for the trichotomized subgroups, respectively]. With an independent cohort (n = 72), we confirmed that these models using both the dichotomized and trichotomized classifications were highly predictive of survival. Our study demonstrates that machine learning algorithms can generate clinical parameter-based models that predict the survival outcomes of patients with JMML and high accuracy. These models enabled us to rapidly and effectively identify candidates for augmented treatment following diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Imaizumi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Julia Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Manabu Wakamatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Hironobu Kitazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Norihiro Murakami
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Department of Virology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taro Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Daichi Sajiki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Asahito Hama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Medical Center, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiji Kojima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Mignon Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Elliot Stieglitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Hideki Muramatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan.
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Marcu A, Colita A, Radu LE, Jercan CG, Bica AM, Asan M, Coriu D, Tanase AD, Diaconu CC, Mambet C, Botezatu A, Pasca S, Teodorescu P, Anton G, Gurban P, Colita A. Single-Center Experience With Epigenetic Treatment for Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2020; 10:484. [PMID: 32328464 PMCID: PMC7161089 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm diagnosed in young children, characterized by somatic or germline mutations that lead to hyperactive RAS signaling. The only curative option is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Recent data showing that aberrant DNA methylation plays a significant role in pathogenesis and correlates with clinical risk suggest a possible benefit of hypomethylating agents (HMA) in JMML treatment. Aim: The aim is to report the results of HMA-based therapy with 5-azacytidine (AZA) in three JMML patients treated in a single center, non-participating in EWOG-MDS study. Methods: The diagnosis and treatment response were evaluated according to international consensus criteria. AZA 75 mg/m2 intravenous (i.v.) was administered once daily on days 1–7 of each 28-day cycle. All patients were monitored for hematologic response, spleen size, and evolution of extramedullary disease. Targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) were performed after the 3rd AZA cycle and before SCT to evaluate the molecular alterations and genetic response. Results: Three patients diagnosed with JMML were treated with AZA (off-label indication) in Pediatric Department of Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania between 2017 and 2019. There were two females and one male with median age 11 months, range 2–16 months. The cytogenetic analysis showed normal karyotype in all patients. Molecular analysis confirmed KRAS G13D mutation in two patients and NRAS G12D mutation in one patient. The clinical evaluation showed important splenomegaly and hepatomegaly in all 3 pts. One patient received AZA for early relapse after haploidentical HSCT and the other two patients received upfront AZA, as bridging therapy before HSCT. After HMA therapy, 2/3 patients achieved clinical partial response (cPR), 1/3 had clinical stable disease (cSD) and all had genetic stable disease (gSD) after 3 cycles and were able to receive the planned HSTC. One patient achieved clinical and genetic complete response before HSCT. During 22 cycles of AZA there were only four adverse events but only one determined dose reduction and treatment delay. Conclusion: Our data show that AZA monotherapy is safe and effective in controlling disease both in upfront and relapsed patients in order to proceed to HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Marcu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Colita
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Coltea Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Letitia Elena Radu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Georgiana Jercan
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Bica
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Minodora Asan
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Coriu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Daniela Tanase
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Titu Maiorescu University of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen C Diaconu
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Mambet
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Department, Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Botezatu
- Molecular Virology Department, Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Patric Teodorescu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela Anton
- Molecular Virology Department, Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petruta Gurban
- Personal Genetics-Medical Genetics Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Colita
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a unique, aggressive hematopoietic disorder of infancy/early childhood caused by excessive proliferation of cells of monocytic and granulocytic lineages. Approximately 90% of patients carry either somatic or germline mutations of PTPN-11, K-RAS, N-RAS, CBL, or NF1 in their leukemic cells. These genetic aberrations are largely mutually exclusive and activate the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the therapy of choice for most patients with JMML, curing more than 50% of affected children. We recommend that this option be promptly offered to any child with PTPN-11-, K-RAS-, or NF1-mutated JMML and to the majority of those with N-RAS mutations. Because children with CBL mutations and few of those with N-RAS mutations may have spontaneous resolution of hematologic abnormalities, the decision to proceed to transplantation in these patients must be weighed carefully. Disease recurrence remains the main cause of treatment failure after HSCT. A second allograft is recommended if overt JMML relapse occurs after transplantation. Recently, azacytidine, a hypomethylating agent, was reported to induce hematologic/molecular remissions in some children with JMML, and its role in both reducing leukemia burden before HSCT and in nontransplant settings requires further studies.
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Kuijpers TW, van Bruggen R, Kamerbeek N, Tool ATJ, Hicsonmez G, Gurgey A, Karow A, Verhoeven AJ, Seeger K, Sanal O, Niemeyer C, Roos D. Natural history and early diagnosis of LAD-1/variant syndrome. Blood 2007; 109:3529-37. [PMID: 17185466 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-021402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The syndrome of leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) combined with a severe Glanzmann-type bleeding disorder has been recognized as a separate disease entity. The variability in clinical and cell biological terms has remained largely unclear. We present data on 9 cases from 7 unrelated families, with 3 patients being actively followed for more than 12 years. The disease entity, designated LAD-1/variant syndrome, presents early in life and consists of nonpussing infections from bacterial and fungal origin, as well as a severe bleeding tendency. This is compatible with 2 major blood cell types contributing to the clinical symptoms (ie, granulocytes and platelets). In granulocytes of the patients, we found adhesion and chemotaxis defects, as well as a defect in NADPH oxidase activity triggered by unopsonized zymosan. This last test can be used as a screening test for the syndrome. Many proteins and genes involved in adhesion and signaling, including small GTPases such as Rap1 and Rap2 as well as the major Rap activity-regulating molecules, were normally present. Moreover, Rap1 activation was intact in patients' blood cells. Defining the primary defect awaits genetic linkage analysis, which may be greatly helped by a more precise understanding and awareness of the disease combined with the early identification of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taco W Kuijpers
- Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Reimann C, Arola M, Bierings M, Karow A, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Hasle H, Niemeyer CM, Kratz CP. A novel somatic K-Ras mutation in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2006; 20:1637-8. [PMID: 16826224 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kratz CP, Niemeyer CM, Castleberry RP, Cetin M, Bergsträsser E, Emanuel PD, Hasle H, Kardos G, Klein C, Kojima S, Stary J, Trebo M, Zecca M, Gelb BD, Tartaglia M, Loh ML. The mutational spectrum of PTPN11 in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia and Noonan syndrome/myeloproliferative disease. Blood 2005; 106:2183-5. [PMID: 15928039 PMCID: PMC1895140 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ line PTPN11 mutations cause 50% of cases of Noonan syndrome (NS). Somatic mutations in PTPN11 occur in 35% of patients with de novo, nonsyndromic juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs), either transient or more fulminant forms, can also occur in infants with NS (NS/MPD). We identified PTPN11 mutations in blood or bone marrow specimens from 77 newly reported patients with JMML (n = 69) or NS/MPD (n = 8). Together with previous reports, we compared the spectrum of PTPN11 mutations in 3 groups: (1) patients with JMML (n = 107); (2) patients with NS/MPD (n = 19); and (3) patients with NS (n = 243). Glu76 was the most commonly affected residue in JMML (n = 45), with the Glu76Lys alteration (n = 29) being most frequent. Eight of 19 patients with NS/MPD carried the Thr73Ile substitution. These data suggest that there is a genotype/phenotype correlation in the spectrum of PTPN11 mutations found in patients with JMML, NS/MPD, and NS. This supports the need to characterize the spectrum of hematologic abnormalities in individuals with NS and to better define the impact of the PTPN11 lesion on the disease course in patients with NS/MPD and JMML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Kratz
- University of California, Room HSE-302 Box 0519, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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