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Ishi Y, Zhang Y, Zhang A, Sasaki T, Piunti A, Suri A, Watanabe J, Abe K, He X, Katagi H, Bhalla P, Natsumeda M, Zou L, Shilatifard A, Hashizume R. Therapeutic Targeting of EZH2 and BET BRD4 in Pediatric Rhabdoid Tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:715-726. [PMID: 35247919 PMCID: PMC9081147 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activity of the H3K27 modifiers EZH2 and BRD4 is an important oncogenic driver for atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), and each is potentially a possible therapeutic target for treating AT/RT. We, therefore, determined whether targeting distinct histone modifier activities was an effective approach for treating AT/RT. The effects of EZH2 and BRD4 inhibition on histone modification, cell proliferation, and cell invasion were analyzed by immunoblotting, MTS assay, colony formation assay, and cell invasion assay. RNA- and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing were used to determine transcriptional and epigenetic changes in AT/RT cells treated with EZH2 and BRD4 inhibitors. We treated mice bearing human AT/RT xenografts with EZH2 and BRD4 inhibitors. Intracranial tumor growth was monitored by bioluminescence imaging, and the therapeutic response was evaluated by animal survival. AT/RT cells showed elevated levels of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac), with expression of EZH2 and BRD4, and lack of SMARCB1 proteins. Targeted inhibition of EZH2 and BRD4 activities reduced cell proliferation and invasiveness of AT/RT in association with decreasing H3K27me3 and H3K27ac. Differential genomic occupancy of H3K27me3 and H3K27ac regulated specific gene expression in response to EZH2 and BRD4 inhibitions. A combination of EZH2 and BRD4 inhibition increased the therapeutic benefit in vitro and in vivo, outperforming either monotherapy. Overall, histones H3K27me3 and H3K27ac were elevated in AT/RT cells and distributed in distinct chromatin regions to regulate specific gene expression and to promote AT/RT growth. Targeting EZH2 and BRD4 activity is, therefore, a potential combination therapy for AT/RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitomo Ishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yongzhan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ali Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgical Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Takahiro Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgical Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Andrea Piunti
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Amreena Suri
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jun Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kouki Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xingyao He
- Department of Neurosurgical Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hiroaki Katagi
- Department of Neurosurgical Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Pankaj Bhalla
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Manabu Natsumeda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Lihua Zou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cells Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Thompson KW, Marquez SB, Lu L, Reisman D. Induction of functional Brm protein from Brm knockout mice. Oncoscience 2015; 2:349-61. [PMID: 26097869 PMCID: PMC4468321 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Once the knockout of the Brm gene was found to be nontumorigenic in mice, the study of BRM's involvement in cancer seemed less important compared with that of its homolog, Brg1. This has likely contributed to the disparity that has been observed in the publication ratio between BRG1 and BRM. We show that a previously published Brm knockout mouse is an incomplete knockout whereby a truncated isoform of Brm is detected in normal tissue and in tumors. We show that this truncated Brm isoform has functionality comparable to wild type Brm. By immunohistochemistry (IHC), this truncated Brm is undetectable in normal lung tissue and is minimal to very low in Brmnull tumors. However, it is significant in a subset (~40%) of Brg1/Brm double knockout (DKO) tumors that robustly express this truncated BRM, which in part stems from an increase in Brm mRNA levels. Thus, it is likely that this mutant mouse model does not accurately reflect the role that Brm plays in cancer development. We suggest that the construction of a completely new mouse Brm knockout, where Brm is functionally absent, is needed to determine whether or not Brm is actually tumorigenic and if Brm might be a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Thompson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stefanie B. Marquez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David Reisman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Kaur H, Hütt-Cabezas M, Weingart MF, Xu J, Kuwahara Y, Erdreich-Epstein A, Weissman BE, Eberhart CG, Raabe EH. The chromatin-modifying protein HMGA2 promotes atypical teratoid/rhabdoid cell tumorigenicity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:177-85. [PMID: 25575139 PMCID: PMC4695975 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is an aggressive pediatric central nervous system tumor. The poor prognosis of AT/RT warrants identification of novel therapeutic targets and strategies. High-mobility Group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) is a developmentally important chromatin-modifying protein that positively regulates tumor growth, self-renewal, and invasion in other cancer types. High-mobility group A2 was recently identified as being upregulated in AT/RT tissue, but the role of HMGA2 in brain tumors remains unknown. We used lentiviral short-hairpin RNA to suppress HMGA2 in AT/RT cell lines and found that loss of HMGA2 led to decreased cell growth, proliferation, and colony formation and increased apoptosis. We also found that suppression of HMGA2 negatively affected in vivo orthotopic xenograft tumor growth, more than doubling median survival of mice from 58 days to 153 days. Our results indicate a role for HMGA2 in AT/RT in vitro and in vivo and demonstrate that HMGA2 is a potential therapeutic target in these lethal pediatric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- From the Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (HK, MH-C, MFW, CGE, EHR), Division of Pediatric Oncology (EHR), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bloomberg Children's Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (YK, BEW); and Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (JX, AE-E); and the University of Southern California (AE-E), Los Angeles, California
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Abedalthagafi M, Phillips JJ, Kim GE, Mueller S, Haas-Kogen DA, Marshall RE, Croul SE, Santi MR, Cheng J, Zhou S, Sullivan LM, Martinez-Lage M, Judkins AR, Perry A. The alternative lengthening of telomere phenotype is significantly associated with loss of ATRX expression in high-grade pediatric and adult astrocytomas: a multi-institutional study of 214 astrocytomas. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1425-32. [PMID: 23765250 PMCID: PMC6054791 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function of alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) protein leads to a phenotype called alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) in some tumors. High-grade astrocytomas comprise a heterogeneous group of central nervous system tumors. We examined a large cohort of adult (91) and pediatric (n=88) high-grade astrocytomas as well as lower grade forms (n=35) for immunohistochemical loss of ATRX protein expression and the presence of ALT using telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization, with further correlation to other known genetic alterations. We found that in pediatric high-grade astrocytomas, 29.6% of tumors were positive for ALT and 24.5% were immunonegative for the ATRX protein, these two alterations being highly associated with one another (P<0.0001). In adult high-grade astrocytomas, 26.4% of tumors were similarly positive for ALT, including 80% of ATRX protein immunonegative cases (P<0.0001). Similar frequencies were found in 11 adult low-grade astrocytomas, whereas all 24 pilocytic astrocytomas were negative for ALT. We did not find any significant correlations between isocitrate dehydrogenase status and either ALT positivity or ATRX protein expression in our adult high-grade astrocytomas. In both cohorts, however, the ALT positive high-grade astrocytomas showed more frequent amplification of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha gene (PDGFRA; 45% and 50%, respectively) than the ALT negative counterparts (18% and 26%; P=0.03 for each). In summary, our data show that the ALT and ATRX protein alterations are common in both pediatric and adult high-grade astrocytomas, often with associated PDGFRA gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Abedalthagafi
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Division of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grace E Kim
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Mueller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daphne A Haas-Kogen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roxanne E Marshall
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sidney E Croul
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mariarita R Santi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jing Cheng
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shengmei Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa M Sullivan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Martinez-Lage
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander R Judkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arie Perry
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mao TL, Shih IM. The roles of ARID1A in gynecologic cancer. J Gynecol Oncol 2013; 24:376-81. [PMID: 24167674 PMCID: PMC3805919 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2013.24.4.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the exciting findings in recent cancer genome studies is the discovery of somatic mutations in several chromatin remodeling genes. These studies not only illuminate the emerging roles of chromatin remodeling in the pathogenesis of human cancer but also provide molecular genetic basis of aberrant epigenomic regulation as one of the key mechanisms driving cancer development. This is because chromatin remodeling influences a variety of DNA activities such as replication, transcription, repair, methylation, and recombination. Among the mutated chromatin remodeling genes reported, ARID1A is frequently mutated in a variety of human cancers, especially in endometrium-related neoplasms including ovarian clear cell carcinoma, ovarian endometrioid carcinomas, and uterine endometrioid carcinomas, all of which arise from endometrial epithelium. This review will summarize the recent advances in studying the roles of ARID1A mutations in gynecologic cancers with special emphasis on how this new knowledge will further extend our understanding of the pathogenesis of endometrium-related carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Lien Mao
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Modena P, Sardi I, Brenca M, Giunti L, Buccoliero AM, Pollo B, Biassoni V, Genitori L, Antonelli M, Maestro R, Giangaspero F, Massimino M. Case report: long-term survival of an infant syndromic patient affected by atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumor. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:100. [PMID: 23510391 PMCID: PMC3600022 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) patients display a dismal median overall survival of less than 1 year. A consistent fraction of cases carries de-novo SMARCB1/INI1 constitutional mutations in the setting of the “rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome” and the outcome is worst in infant syndromic ATRT patients. Case presentation We here describe a patient affected by mosaic Klinefelter syndrome and by rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome caused by constitutional SMARCB1/INI1 heterozygous mutation c.118C>T (Arg40X). Patient’s ATRT primary tumor occurred at 2 years of age concurrent with metastatic lesions. The patient was rendered without evidence of disease by combined surgery, high-dose poli-chemotherapy and craniospinal irradiation, followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. At the onset of a spinal lesion 5.5 years later, both tumors were pathologically and molecularly evaluated at the national central pathology review board and defined as ATRT in a syndromic patient, with strong evidence of a clonal origin of the two lesions. The patient was then treated according to SIOP guidelines and is now alive without evidence of disease 24 months after the detection of metastatic disease and 90 months after the original diagnosis. Conclusion The report underscores the current utility of multiple comprehensive approaches for the correct diagnosis and clinical management of patients affected by rare and atypical brain neoplasms. Successful local control of disease and achievement of long-term survival is possible in ATRT patients even in the setting of rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome, infant age at diagnosis and metastatic spread of disease, thus justifying the efforts for the management of this severe condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Modena
- Unit of Experimental Oncology 1, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, 33081, Italy.
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Abstract
Cancer genome analyses have revealed that the enzymes involved in epigenetic gene regulation are frequently deregulated in cancer. Here we describe the enzymes that control the epigenetic state of the cell, how they are affected in cancer and how this knowledge can be exploited to treat cancer with a new arsenal of selective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-J Geutjes
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Centre for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Centre, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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An integrated genomic approach identifies ARID1A as a candidate tumor-suppressor gene in breast cancer. Oncogene 2011; 31:2090-100. [PMID: 21892209 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) have been classically defined as genes whose loss of function in tumor cells contributes to the formation and/or maintenance of the tumor phenotype. TSGs containing nonsense mutations may not be expressed because of nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD). We combined inhibition of the NMD process, which clears transcripts that contain nonsense mutations, with the application of high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays analysis to discriminate allelic content in order to identify candidate TSGs in five breast cancer cell lines. We identified ARID1A as a target of NMD in the T47D breast cancer cell line, likely as a consequence of a mutation in exon-9, which introduces a premature stop codon at position Q944. ARID1A encodes a human homolog of yeast SWI1, which is an integral member of the hSWI/SNF complex, an ATP-dependent, chromatin-remodeling, multiple-subunit enzyme. Although we did not find any somatic mutations in 11 breast tumors, which show DNA copy-number loss at the 1p36 locus adjacent to ARID1A, we show that low ARID1A RNA or nuclear protein expression is associated with more aggressive breast cancer phenotypes, such as high tumor grade, in two independent cohorts of over 200 human breast cancer cases each. We also found that low ARID1A nuclear expression becomes more prevalent during the later stages of breast tumor progression. Finally, we found that ARID1A re-expression in the T47D cell line results in significant inhibition of colony formation in soft agar. These results suggest that ARID1A may be a candidate TSG in breast cancer.
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Enguita-Germán M, Gurrea M, Schiapparelli P, Zhu TS, Crowley JG, Hamm LL, Costello MA, He X, Talsma CE, Flack CG, Hervey-Jumper SL, Heth JA, Muraszko KM, Rey JA, Fan X, Castresana JS. KIT expression and methylation in medulloblastoma and PNET cell lines and tumors. J Neurooncol 2010; 103:247-53. [PMID: 20853134 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The stem cell factor/kit tyrosine kinase receptor pathway is related to tumor growth and progression in several cancers including Ewing sarcoma, a peripheral PNET (pPNET). Identifying additional groups of tumors that may use the pathway is important as they might be responsive to imatinib mesylate treatment. MB and central PNET (cPNET) are embryonal tumors of the CNS that share similar undifferentiated morphology with Ewing sarcomas and display aggressive clinical behavior. cPNET outcome is significantly lower than MB outcome, even for localized tumors treated with high-risk MB therapy. The elucidation of signaling pathways involved in MB and cPNET pathogenesis, and the discovery of new therapeutic targets is necessary to improve the treatment of these neoplasms. We analyzed KIT expression in 2 MB, one pPNET, one cPNET and 2 rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell lines. Also, in 13 tumor samples (12 MB and one cPNET), we found KIT overexpression in the most aggressive cell lines (metastatic MB and pPNET). Hypermethylation of KIT was clear in the RMS non-expressing cell lines. Among MB tumors, we could see variable levels of KIT expression; a subset of them (25%) might be related in its growth pattern to KIT up-regulation. No methylated KIT was detected in the tumors expressing the lowest levels of KIT. Our results point to methylation as an epigenetic regulatory mechanism for KIT inhibition only in the KIT non-expressing RMS cell lines, and neither in the rest of the cell lines nor in the tumor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Enguita-Germán
- Brain Tumor Biology Unit-CIFA, University of Navarra School of Sciences, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
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Tihan T, Bloomer MM. Astrocytic neoplasms of the central nervous system and orbit: a morphologic perspective. Semin Diagn Pathol 2010; 27:114-21. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hashizume R, Gupta N, Berger MS, Banerjee A, Prados MD, Ayers-Ringler J, James CD, VandenBerg SR. Morphologic and molecular characterization of ATRT xenografts adapted for orthotopic therapeutic testing. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:366-76. [PMID: 20308314 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a malignant tumor of the central nervous system that most commonly arises in young children. The aggressive growth and propensity for early dissemination throughout the neuraxis confers a dismal prognosis. Large clinical trials that could test new therapeutic agents are difficult to conduct due to the low incidence of this cancer. For this reason, high throughput preclinical testing with suitable animal models for ATRT would serve a critical need for identifying the most efficacious treatments. In response to this need, we have adapted ATRT cell lines for bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of intracranial (orthotopic) xenografts established in athymic mice. Our results indicate that following supratentorial or infratentorial injection in athymic mice, ATRT cells produce rapidly growing tumors, often with intraventricular spread or neuraxis dissemination. When established as orthotopic xenografts, the tumors predominantly display cells with a rhabdoid-like cellular morphology that show a spectrum of immunophenotypes similar to primary ATRT tumors. To demonstrate the feasibility of this orthotopic ATRT xenograft model for therapeutic testing with correlation to biomarker analysis, we examined the responses of luciferase-modified ATRT cells to temozolomide (TMZ). These xenografts, which highly express MGMT, are resistant to TMZ treatment when compared with an orthotopic glioblastoma xenograft that is MGMT deficient and responsive to TMZ. These data suggest that an orthotopic ATRT xenograft model, in which BLI is used for monitoring tumor growth and response to therapy, should contribute to the identification of effective therapeutics and regimens for treating this highly aggressive pediatric brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Hashizume
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University ofCalifornia, San Diego, CA, USA
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Abstract
The mammalian SWI/SNF complexes mediate ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling processes that are critical for differentiation and proliferation. Not surprisingly, loss of SWI/SNF function has been associated with malignant transformation, and a substantial body of evidence indicates that several components of the SWI/SNF complexes function as tumor suppressors. This review summarizes the evidence that underlies this conclusion, with particular emphasis upon the two catalytic subunits of the SWI/SNF complexes, BRM, the mammalian ortholog of SWI2/SNF2 in yeast and brahma in Drosophila, and Brahma-related gene-1 (BRG1).
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13
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Stiles CD, Rowitch DH. Glioma stem cells: a midterm exam. Neuron 2008; 58:832-46. [PMID: 18579075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several years ago, the discovery of a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of stem-like cells embedded within fresh surgical isolates of malignant gliomas lent support to a new paradigm in cancer biology--the cancer stem cell hypothesis. At the same time, these "glioma stem cells" seemed to resolve a long-standing conundrum on the cell of origin for primary cancers of the brain. However, central tenets of the cancer stem cell hypothesis have recently been challenged, and the cellular origins of stem-like cells within malignant glioma are still contended. Here, we summarize the issues that are still in play with respect to the cancer stem cell hypothesis, and we revisit the developmental origins of malignant glioma. Do glioma stem cells arise from developmentally stalled neural progenitors or from dedifferentiated astrocytes? Five separate predictions of a neural progenitor cell of origin are put to the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Stiles
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Rivera AL, Pelloski CE, Sulman E, Aldape K. Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Glioma and Other Neuroepithelial Tumors. Curr Probl Cancer 2008; 32:97-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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