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Bonilla C, Mejia-Lancheros C. The Skin We Live in: Pigmentation Traits and Tanning Behaviour in British Young Adults, an Observational and Genetically-Informed Study. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:896. [PMID: 35627282 PMCID: PMC9140533 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer incidence has been increasing worldwide, representing a particularly high burden for populations of European ancestry. Outdoor and indoor tanning using ultraviolet (UV) radiation devices are major risk factors for skin cancer. While tanning behaviours can be modified by targeted interventions to reduce skin cancer rates, there is insufficient evidence on the motivations for tanning preferences and their relationship with pigmentation phenotypes. The present observational and genetically-informed study investigates motives for tanning and the role that pigmentation phenotypes play on outdoor and indoor tanning behaviour in British young adults. This study included 3722 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in South West England, with data on pigmentation features, tanning ability and preferences, and SNP genotypes. Liking to tan and outdoor tanning were strongly influenced by pigmentary traits and tanning ability. However, the association of these phenotypes with UV indoor tanning was weaker. Our results provide evidence to support the implementation of skin cancer preventative interventions that consider individual biological characteristics and motives for undergoing outdoor and indoor tanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bonilla
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 01246-903, Brazil
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Cilia Mejia-Lancheros
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada;
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2
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Martin-Gorgojo A, Gilaberte Y, Nagore E. Vitamin D and Skin Cancer: An Epidemiological, Patient-Centered Update and Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:4292. [PMID: 34959844 PMCID: PMC8709188 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current vitamin D deficiency epidemic is accompanied by an increase in endemic skin cancer. There are still multiple controversies. This review aims to give practical recommendations regarding vitamin D among people at risk or with a personal history of skin cancer. METHODS Narrative review including human research articles published between 2011 and 2021, elaborated bearing in mind an epidemiological, patient-centered approach. RESULTS Ultraviolet (UV) exposure (neither artificial nor natural) is not the ideal source to synthesize vitamin D. There is conflicting epidemiological evidence regarding vitamin D, non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and cutaneous melanoma (CMM), confounded by the effect of sun exposure and other factors. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence is controversial, and there are no widely applicable strategies. We propose three practical recommendations. Firstly, sun protection recommendations should be kept among people at risk or with a personal history of skin cancer. Secondly, vitamin D should preferably be sourced through diet. In patients with melanoma or at risk of cutaneous cancer, serum vitamin D checks are warranted to detect and avoid its insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Dermatology Department, Universidad Catolica de Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
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3
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Battaglia L, Scomparin A, Dianzani C, Milla P, Muntoni E, Arpicco S, Cavalli R. Nanotechnology Addressing Cutaneous Melanoma: The Italian Landscape. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1617. [PMID: 34683910 PMCID: PMC8540596 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumors, with a low survival for the metastatic stage. Currently, clinical melanoma treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, innovative therapeutic regimens concern the administration of multitarget drugs in tandem, in order to improve therapeutic efficacy. However, also, if this drug combination is clinically relevant, the patient's response is not yet optimal. In this scenario, nanotechnology-based delivery systems can play a crucial role in the clinical treatment of advanced melanoma. In fact, their nano-features enable targeted drug delivery at a cellular level by overcoming biological barriers. Various nanomedicines have been proposed for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma, and a relevant number of them are undergoing clinical trials. In Italy, researchers are focusing on the pharmaceutical development of nanoformulations for malignant melanoma therapy. The present review reports an overview of the main melanoma-addressed nanomedicines currently under study in Italy, alongside the state of the art of melanoma therapy. Moreover, the latest Italian advances concerning the pre-clinical evaluation of nanomedicines for melanoma are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Battaglia
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Anna Scomparin
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
- . Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Paola Milla
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Muntoni
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- . Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.B.); (A.S.); (C.D.); (P.M.); (E.M.); (S.A.)
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4
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Is sunlight enough for sufficient vitamin D status in children and adolescents? A survey in a sunny region of southern Italy. Nutrition 2020; 84:111101. [PMID: 33476996 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because it is involved in calcium homeostasis, vitamin D is a prohormone with many implications for health, especially bone health. Hypovitaminosis D is considered pandemic worldwide, with important health health consequences. The aim of our study was to evaluate vitamin D levels in children living in a southern region of Italy with high exposure to sunlight for at least 5 mo a year along with contributing factors. METHODS A total of 1484 children and adolescents (age 0.02-17.74 y) living in the Apulia region (Southern Italy) were studied. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations were assessed and vitamin status defined as follows: deficiency with serum 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL, insufficiency from 20 to 29.9 ng/mL, and sufficiency with serum 25(OH)D from 30 to 100 ng/mL. RESULTS The median serum 25(OH)D levels were 20.2 ng/mL (interquartile range, 14.5-26.4 ng/mL): 48.9% of the overall population had 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL and only 15% had sufficient 25(OH)D values. There was an inverse association between blood levels of 25(OH)D and age (P < 0.001, ρ: -0.113). Significant 25(OH)D variations were recorded according to the season in which blood samples were drawn, but even during summer only 32.6% of analyzed children had sufficient 25(OH)D levels. CONCLUSIONS More than 80% of our population had 25(OH)D less than sufficiency cutoff levels. Results highlight a high prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency in our area, even during summer. It is important to establish screening, supplementation guidelines, and pediatric cutoff levels to optimize vitamin D status in children, taking into account age, nutritional status, and seasonality.
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5
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Alzueta OR, Cadet J, Cuquerella MC, Miranda MA. Photosensitised biphotonic chemistry of pyrimidine derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2227-2232. [PMID: 32167122 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00132e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitised biphotonic irradiation of DNA has been rarely addressed, probably due to the difficulties in the experimental design. This is associated with the selection of nucleobases and sensitisers with appropriate absorption spectra and photochemical reactivity, in combination with a laser source emitting intense UVA light of the adequate wavelength. The present paper presents a new strategy involving absorption of a first UVA photon by an adequate sensitiser followed by triplet energy transfer to a pyrimidine (Pyr) derivative and absorption of a second UVA photon by the resulting Pyr triplet excited state. The feasibility of the proposed strategy has been demonstrated using two model reactions: (i) the Norrish-Yang photocyclisation of a tert-butyluracil and (ii) the photohydration of its uracil analogue, lacking the tert-butyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia R Alzueta
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jean Cadet
- Prof. J. Cadet Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - M Consuelo Cuquerella
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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6
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Melough MM, Wu S, Li WQ, Eaton C, Nan H, Snetselaar L, Wallace R, Qureshi AA, Chun OK, Cho E. Citrus Consumption and Risk of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma in the Women's Health Initiative. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:568-575. [PMID: 31335211 PMCID: PMC6980945 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1644353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Citrus products are rich sources of furocoumarins, a class of photoactive compounds. Certain furocoumarins combined with ultraviolet radiation can induce skin cancer. We examined the relationship between citrus consumption and cutaneous melanoma risk among 56,205 Caucasian postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of melanoma by citrus intake level. During a mean follow-up of 15.7 years, 956 incident melanoma cases were documented. In multivariable adjusted models, the HR (95% CI) for melanoma was 1.12 (0.91, 1.37) among the highest citrus consumers (1.5+ servings/day of fruit or juice) versus the lowest (<2 servings/week), 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) among the highest citrus fruit consumers (5+ servings/week) versus non-consumers, and was 1.13 (0.96, 1.32) for the highest citrus juice consumers (1+ servings/day) versus the lowest (<1 serving/week). In stratified analyses, an increased melanoma risk associated with citrus juice intake was observed among women who spent the most time outdoors in summer as adults; the HR for the highest versus lowest intake was 1.22 (1.02, 1.46) (p trend = 0.03). Further research is needed to explore the association of melanoma with citrus juices among women with high sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Melough
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Charles Eaton
- Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- IU Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Robert Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Abrar A. Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Ock K. Chun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
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Emri G, Paragh G, Tósaki Á, Janka E, Kollár S, Hegedűs C, Gellén E, Horkay I, Koncz G, Remenyik É. Ultraviolet radiation-mediated development of cutaneous melanoma: An update. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2018; 185:169-175. [PMID: 29936410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light is absorbed by nucleic acids, proteins or other endogenous chromophores, such as porphyrins, flavins and melanin, triggering biological processes in skin cells. Both UV-induced mutations in melanocytes and changes in the immune microenvironment are understood to play a role in the development of cutaneous melanoma. The degree of UV-induced stress and the protection against this stress are influenced by both intracellular and intercellular molecular interactions. The present review summarizes the known major molecular biological changes induced by UV light in the skin that play a role in melanoma initiation and promotion. Nevertheless, cutaneous melanoma is not a homogenous disease, and the interaction of variable environmental exposure and different genetic susceptibility and other host factors lead to the formation of melanomas with different biological behavior and clinical characteristics. This review highlights the challenges in the understanding of how UV radiation contributes to the formation of cutaneous melanoma, and reviews the new results of photobiology and their link to tumor genetics and tumor immunology with potential implications on melanoma prevention and therapeutic strategies. The information presented here is expected to add clarity to ongoing research efforts in this field to aid the development of novel strategies to prevent and treat melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - György Paragh
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA; Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ágnes Tósaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Janka
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kollár
- Department of Pathology, Kenézy Gyula Hospital, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Emese Gellén
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Irén Horkay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Koncz
- Department of Immunology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Remenyik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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8
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The Pathophysiological Impact of HLA Class Ia and HLA-G Expression and Regulatory T Cells in Malignant Melanoma: A Review. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6829283. [PMID: 27999823 PMCID: PMC5141560 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6829283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma, a very common type of cancer, is a rapidly growing cancer of the skin with an increase in incidence among the Caucasian population. The disease is seen through all age groups and is very common in the younger age groups. Several studies have examined the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms of malignant melanoma, which have enlightened our understanding of the development of the disease, but we have still to fully understand the complex immunological interactions. The examination of the interaction between the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system and prognostic outcome has shown interesting results, and a correlation between the down- or upregulation of these antigens and prognosis has been seen through many different types of cancer. In malignant melanoma, HLA class Ia has been seen to influence the effects of pharmaceutical drug treatment as well as the overall prognosis, and the HLA class Ib and regulatory T cells have been correlated with tumor progression. Although there is still no standardized immunological treatment worldwide, the interaction between the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system and tumor progression seems to be a promising focus in the way of optimizing the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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9
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Moshammer H, Simic S, Haluza D. UV "Indices"-What Do They Indicate? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13101041. [PMID: 27783061 PMCID: PMC5086780 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation covers the spectrum of wavelengths from 100 to 400 nm. The potency and biological activity for a variety of endpoints differ by wavelength. For monitoring and communication purposes, different UV action spectra have been developed. These spectra use different weighting functions. The action spectrum for erythemal dose is the most widely used one. This erythemal dose per time or dose-rate has been further simplified into a “UV index”. Following this example, in our review we use the term “index” or (plural) “indices” in a more general description for all simplified single-value measures for any biologically effective UV dose, e.g., for human non-melanoma skin cancer and for previtamin D production rate. Ongoing discussion about the existence of an increased melanoma risk due to UV-A exposure underscores the uncertainties inherent in current weighting functions. Thus, we performed an online literature search to review the data basis for these indices, to understand their relevance for an individual, and to assess the applicability of the indices for a range of exposure scenarios. Even for natural (solar) UV, the spectral composition varies spatially and temporally. Artificial UV sources and personal protection introduce further variation to the spectral composition. Many biological effects are proposed for UV radiation. Only few endpoints have been studied sufficiently to estimate a reliable index. Weighting functions for chronic effects and most importantly for cancer endpoints have been developed in animal models, and often for proxy endpoints only. Epidemiological studies on biological effects of UV radiation should not only depend on single-value weighted UV dose estimates (indexes) but should strive for a more detailed description of the individual exposure. A better understanding of the adverse and beneficial effects of UV radiation by wavelength would also improve medical counseling and health communication regarding individual health-supportive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Moshammer
- Institute for Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Stana Simic
- Institute for Meteorology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria.
| | - Daniela Haluza
- Institute for Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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10
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Venza M, Visalli M, Oteri R, Agliano F, Morabito S, Teti D, Venza I. The overriding of TRAIL resistance by the histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 involves c-myc up-regulation in cutaneous, uveal, and mucosal melanoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:313-21. [PMID: 26122536 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive tumor which may occur in the skin, eye, and mucous membranes. The prognosis of melanoma remains poor in spite of therapeutic advances, emphasizing the importance of innovative treatment modalities. Currently, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is showing promising clinical responses, however its use is hampered by intrinsic or acquired melanoma resistance to apoptosis. Recently, we showed that the combination of TRAIL with the class I-specific histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) MS-275 was a privileged way to override TRAIL resistance through down-regulation of cellular Fas-associated death domain (FADD)-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). Here, we elucidated the underlying mechanism and provided evidence that a crucial step in the c-FLIP downregulation triggered by MS-275 implies the up-regulation of c-myc, a transcriptional repressor of c-FLIP. Notably, MS-275 caused H3 histone acetylation at the promoter of c-myc and increased its binding to the c-FLIP promoter, that in turn led to reduced c-FLIP gene transcription. Knockdown of c-myc prevented the MS-275-mediated downregulation of c-FLIP and hindered TRAIL-plus MS-275-induced apoptosis. Findings reported here provide additional knowledge tools for a more aware and effective molecular therapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Venza
- Department of Experimental Specialized Medical and Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Visalli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Oteri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Agliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Morabito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Diana Teti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Isabella Venza
- Department of Experimental Specialized Medical and Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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11
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Mitochondrial DNA copy number in peripheral blood and melanoma risk. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131649. [PMID: 26110424 PMCID: PMC4482392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in peripheral blood has been suggested as risk modifier in various types of cancer. However, its influence on melanoma risk is unclear. We evaluated the association between mtDNA copy number in peripheral blood and melanoma risk in 500 melanoma cases and 500 healthy controls from an ongoing melanoma study. The mtDNA copy number was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Overall, mean mtDNA copy number was significantly higher in cases than in controls (1.15 vs 0.99, P<0.001). Increased mtDNA copy number was associated with a 1.45-fold increased risk of melanoma (95% confidence interval: 1.12-1.97). Significant joint effects between mtDNA copy number and variables related to pigmentation and history of sunlight exposure were observed. This study supports an association between increased mtDNA copy number and melanoma risk that is independent on the known melanoma risk factors (pigmentation and history of sunlight exposure).
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12
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Haque T, Rahman KM, Thurston DE, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Topical therapies for skin cancer and actinic keratosis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 77:279-89. [PMID: 26091570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The global incidence of skin cancer and actinic keratosis (AK) has increased dramatically in recent years. Although many tumours are treated with surgery or radiotherapy topical therapy has a place in the management of certain superficial skin neoplasms and AK. This review considers skin physiology, non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the relationship between AK and skin cancer and drugs administered topically for these conditions. The dermal preparations for management of NMSC and AK are discussed in detail. Notably few studies have examined drug disposition in cancerous skin or in AK. Finally, recent novel approaches for targeting of drugs to skin neoplasms and AK are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnuva Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Khondaker M Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - David E Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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13
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Cellular Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Action in Melanoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:481782. [PMID: 26064422 PMCID: PMC4438193 DOI: 10.1155/2015/481782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most melanomas occur on the skin, but a small percentage of these life-threatening cancers affect other parts of the body, such as the eye and mucous membranes, including the mouth. Given that most melanomas are caused by ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure, close attention has been paid to the impact of oxidative stress on these tumors. The possibility that key epigenetic enzymes cannot act on a DNA altered by oxidative stress has opened new perspectives. Therefore, much attention has been paid to the alteration of DNA methylation by oxidative stress. We review the current evidence about (i) the role of oxidative stress in melanoma initiation and progression; (ii) the mechanisms by which ROS influence the DNA methylation pattern of transformed melanocytes; (iii) the transformative potential of oxidative stress-induced changes in global and/or local gene methylation and expression; (iv) the employment of this epimutation as a biomarker for melanoma diagnosis, prognosis, and drug resistance evaluation; (v) the impact of this new knowledge in clinical practice for melanoma treatment.
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14
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Palmieri G, Colombino M, Casula M, Budroni M, Manca A, Sini MC, Lissia A, Stanganelli I, Ascierto PA, Cossu A. Epidemiological and genetic factors underlying melanoma development in Italy. Melanoma Manag 2015; 2:149-163. [PMID: 30190844 PMCID: PMC6094587 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among human cancers, melanoma remains one of the malignancies with an ever-growing incidence in white populations. Recent advances in biological and immunological therapeutic approaches as well as increased efforts for secondary prevention are contributing to improve the survival rates. It is likely that a significant fall in mortality rates for melanoma will be achieved by further increase of the early detection through a more accurate selection of the higher-risk individuals (i.e., carriers of predisposing genetic alterations). A similar scenario occurs in Italy. In the present review, we have considered data on incidence, survival and mortality rates of melanoma in Italian population, including evaluation of the main risk factors and genetic mutations underlying disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Palmieri
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Colombino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Milena Casula
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Budroni
- Department of Pathology, Hospital-University Health Unit (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Manca
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Sini
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Amelia Lissia
- Department of Pathology, Hospital-University Health Unit (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Stanganelli
- Skin Cancer Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo Tumori (IRST), Meldola, Italy
| | - Paolo A Ascierto
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Department of Pathology, Hospital-University Health Unit (AOU), Sassari, Italy
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Di Cesare A, Fargnoli MC, Marinucci A, Peris K. Rationale for the Development of Speckled Hyperpigmentation in the Areas of Psoriatic Plaques after Treatment with Biologic Agents. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:318-320. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Epigenetic regulation of p14ARF and p16INK4A expression in cutaneous and uveal melanoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:247-56. [PMID: 25497382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of p14ARF and p16INK4A by epigenetic changes in cutaneous and uveal melanoma has been here investigated. Compared with melanocytes, p14ARF mRNA reduction and p16INK4A inactivation were frequently noticed. No association between p14ARF promoter methylation and mRNA levels was found, whereas aberrant p16INK4A methylation was associated with gene silencing (p<0.001). Comparative analysis within melanomas of different Breslow's thicknesses showed that drastic reductions in p14ARF and p16INK4A expression appeared at the level of thin/intermediate and intermediate/thick transitions. The effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) and suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) on in vivo binding of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and acetyl histone H3/H4 to p14ARF and p16INK4A promoters were tested together with the impact of ectopic expression of p14ARF and p16INK4A on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. SAHA treatment induced H3 and H4 hyperacetylation at the p14ARF promoter followed by increased p14ARF expression, whereas exposure to 5-aza-dC decreased the recruitment of DNMT1 and DNMT3b at the p16INK4A promoter and reactivated p16INK4A. Studies on promoter-associated di-methyl histone H3 (Lys4) levels ruled out an involvement of this epigenetic trait on p14ARF and p16INK4A expression. The enforced expression of p14ARF or p16INK4A and, even more so, their co-expression, significantly reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Our data pinpoint: i) a frequent impairment of p14ARF and p16INK4A gene expression by epigenetic modifications in melanoma; ii) histone hypoacetylation as the dominant mechanism of p14ARF silencing; and iii) 5' CpG promoter methylation as the major mechanism of p16INK4A gene inactivation. Collectively, our data suggest that selected epi-drugs may be useful in melanoma treatment.
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17
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Burns EM, Elmets CA, Yusuf N. Vitamin D and skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:201-9. [PMID: 25378147 DOI: 10.1111/php.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D signaling plays a key role in many important processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, immune regulation, hormone secretion and skeletal health. Furthermore, vitamin D production and supplementation have been shown to exert protective effects via an unknown signaling mechanism involving the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in several diseases and cancer types, including skin cancer. With over 3.5 million new diagnoses in 2 million patients annually, skin cancer is the most common cancer type in the United States. While ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the main etiologic factor for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), UVB also induces cutaneous vitamin D production. This paradox has been the subject of contradictory findings in the literature in regards to amount of sun exposure necessary for appropriate vitamin D production, as well as any beneficial or detrimental effects of vitamin D supplementation for disease prevention. Further clinical and epidemiological studies are necessary to elucidate the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Burns
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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