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Rucker DM, Siddiqi OK, Pimentel DR, Luptak I. Hemodynamic testing to guide vasodilator therapy in cardiac amyloidosis. J Cardiol Cases 2023; 28:105-108. [PMID: 37671260 PMCID: PMC10477047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jccase.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis is a restrictive cardiomyopathy for which diuretics are frequently used, but vasodilators have classically been relatively contraindicated due to side effects of hypotension. In the setting of decompensated heart failure, this may not be the case. We report a man with advanced cardiac amyloidosis who presented to the hospital with decompensated heart failure, in part, due to elevated systemic vascular resistance. Through the use of invasive hemodynamic testing, we were able to demonstrate an increase in cardiac output in response to a nitroprusside challenge. In turn, the patient had an improvement in his symptoms and was sent home on afterload reducing medications. This discerns a subpopulation of cardiac amyloidosis patients in decompensated heart failure who benefit from medications that reduce systemic vascular resistance, and can benefit from hemodynamic testing, especially when diuretics fail to control symptoms. Learning objective Medications that cause peripheral vasodilation are standard therapy for patients with reduced ejection fraction, however, they are seldom used for patients with cardiac amyloidosis due to adverse effects. In some cases, there may be value in using hemodynamic measurements in patients with advanced cardiac amyloidosis to guide management as some patients may have hemodynamics that resemble those of systolic heart failure. This may offer a novel approach to symptomatic treatment of advanced cardiac amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane M. Rucker
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Omar K. Siddiqi
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ivan Luptak
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Budweg J, Al-Ani M, Assaf Y, Parker A, Aranda J. Amyloid transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis with different manifestations, test findings and types. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e250972. [PMID: 37080632 PMCID: PMC10124201 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-250972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid transthyretin amyloidosis usually presents with cardiac amyloidosis manifestations, most commonly with a heart failure syndrome. The history and physical examination offer clues of other cardiac and extracardiac manifestations. Taking a detailed history is essential in elucidating pertinent family and medical history that may increase suspicion for amyloidosis. Further, certain findings on electrocardiogram and imaging should raise suspicion and trigger further workup that can confirm the diagnosis, since treatment is evolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Budweg
- Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohammad Al-Ani
- Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yazan Assaf
- Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alex Parker
- Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Juan Aranda
- Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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3
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Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Non-late Gadolinium Enhancement Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Parameters in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101573. [PMID: 36586704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis is crucial for the improvement of outcomes of patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA). Emerging non-late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) based cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) parameters may facilitate early identification of CA. We sought to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of T1, T2 mapping and extracellular volume (ECV) in CA. This single-center prospective analysis included 88 patients with CA, 33 patients with aortic stenosis (AS) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and 15 healthy controls who completed 3T cardiac MRI at the time of their diagnosis and were assessed with T1, T2 (modified Look-Locker inversion recovery), and ECV mapping of the heart and spleen. Echocardiographic, and biochemical parameters and clinical characteristics and outcomes were collected and analyzed. Of the patients with CA, 71 had light-chain (AL) and 17 had transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis. Native T1, native T2 and ECV were significantly higher in patients with CA compared to both patients with LVH-AS (P<0.001) and healthy controls (P<0.001). Good diagnostic accuracy was also demonstrated by measuring the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for native T1 in the region of interest (ROI) (AUC=0.90), native T2 ROI (AUC=0.88), and ECV (AUC=0.90). Furthermore, native T1 ROI, native T2 ROI and ECV, correlated with both NT-proBNP levels and Mayo stage of patients (with AL). Spleen ECV was significantly increased in patients with AL versus ATTR amyloidosis (38.5 vs 30.5; P=0.004) and demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy in differentiating between the two types (AUC=0.79). Native T2 ROI was prognostic of mortality in AL CAwith a HR of 1.97 per 5 ms increase (P=0.001) and remained prognostic after adjustment for age, and Mayo stage. Non-LGE based CMR techniques correlated with established markers of disease and demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy, while native T2 ROI was also prognostic of mortality, thus reinforcing their use in the diagnosis and prognosis of CA.
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4
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Tanaka H. Illustrative review of cardiac amyloidosis by multimodality imaging. Heart Fail Rev 2023; 28:113-122. [PMID: 35474404 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-022-10245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac involvement in amyloidosis is characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded proteins in the heart with the pathognomonic histological property of green birefringence when viewed under cross-polarized light after staining with Congo red. Although considered a rare disease, recent data suggest that cardiac amyloidosis is underappreciated as a cause of common cardiac diseases or syndromes. The prognosis for transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis (ATTR) amyloidosis is better than that for amyloid light-chain amyloidosis; however, it is not as good as for other etiologies heart failure. Although there is no proven therapy for patients with ATTR cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM), tafamidis meglumine, a TTR stabilizer, a study in 2018 found it was associated with reductions in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular-related hospitalizations, as well as with a reduction in the decline in functional capacity and quality of life compared with a placebo for patients with ATTR-CM. As a result of these findings, tafamidis meglumine is currently the only drug approved for patients with both wild-type and variant ATTR-CM, and should be considered for patients whose survival can be reasonably expected. In addition, recent advances in cardiac imaging, diagnostic strategies, and therapies have improved so that interest has been growing in the diagnosis of ATTR-CM by means of non-invasive imaging modalities as a potential means for better management of patients with ATTR-CM. This article reviews the efficacy of non-invasive imaging, especially echocardiography, cardiac magnetic imaging, and 99mTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy for diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Tanaka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
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Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Rare TTR Mutation Found in an Asian Female. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10010013. [PMID: 36661908 PMCID: PMC9863331 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR) is a life-threatening, debilitating disease caused by abnormal formation and deposit of transthyretin (TTR) protein in multiple tissues, including myocardial extracellular matrix. It can be challenging to diagnose due to the myriad of presenting signs and symptoms. Additionally, numerous TTR mutations exist in certain ethnicities. Interestingly, our patient was discovered to have a very rare Gly67Ala TTR mutation typically not found in individuals of Asian descent. Recent advances in cardiovascular imaging techniques have allowed for earlier recognition and, therefore, management of this disease. Although incurable, there are now new, emerging treatments that are available for symptom control of cardiac amyloidosis, making early diagnosis vital for these patients, specifically their quality of life. CASE SUMMARY We outline a case of a 50-year-old Asian female who was initially hospitalized for nausea and vomiting and persistent orthostatic hypotension. She underwent a multitude of laboratory and imaging tests, resulting in a diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis, which was confirmed to be due to a rare TTR mutation via genetic testing. CONCLUSIONS Our objective is to describe various TTR mutations, existing diagnostic imaging modalities, and available treatments, as well as highlight the importance of early screening and awareness of cardiac amyloidosis, allowing for quicker diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Parmar K, Benjanuwattra J, Sethi P, Tijani L, Hurst P, Pertuz GD, Argueta‐Sosa E. Cardiac amyloidosis—An underdiagnosed cause of heart failure: A case report and review of literature. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e6525. [DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kanak Parmar
- Department of Internal Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Juthipong Benjanuwattra
- Department of Internal Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Pooja Sethi
- Department of Cardiology Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Lukman Tijani
- Department of Hematology‐Oncology Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Philip Hurst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Gaspar Del‐Rio Pertuz
- Department of Internal Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Erwin Argueta‐Sosa
- Department of Cardiology Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Lubbock Texas USA
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Matsuda N, Otsuka H, Otani T, Azane S, Kunikane Y, Otomi Y, Ueki Y, Kubota M, Amano M, Yagi S, Sata M, Harada M. New quantitative indices of cardiac amyloidosis with 99mTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy. Jpn J Radiol 2022; 41:428-436. [PMID: 36449252 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-022-01364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amyloid light chain (AL) and transthyretin (ATTR) are the major subtypes of cardiac amyloidosis (CA). 99mTc-pyrophosphate (PYP) scintigraphy is used to differentiate ATTR from other CA subtypes. We adapted the standardized uptake value (SUV) for 99mTc-PYP and proposed two quantitative indices, amyloid deposition volume (AmyDV) and total amyloid uptake (TAU). This study aimed to evaluate the utility of these quantitative indices in differentiating ATTR from non-ATTRs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Before the SUV measurement, the Becquerel calibration factor (BCF) of 99mTc was obtained by a phantom experiment. Thirty-two patients who had undergone hybrid SPECT/CT imaging 3 h after injection of 99mTc-PYP (370 MBq) were studied. CT attenuation correction for image reconstruction was applied in all. We calculated SUV, AmyDV, and TAU using a quantitative analysis software program for bone SPECT (GI-BONE) and analyzed AmyDV using two methods: threshold method (set 40%); and constant value method (average SUVmax of ribs). We assessed the diagnostic ability of heart-to-contralateral lung (H/CL) ratio, SUV, AmyDV, and TAU to differentiate ATTR from non-ATTR using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in all quantitative indices were observed between ATTR and non-ATTR. The area under the curve of each quantitative index for discriminating between ATTR and non-ATTR were as follows: H/CL, 0.997; SUVmax, 0.953; SUVmean (M1), 0.964; SUVmean (M2), 0.969; AmyDV (M1), 0.875; AmyDV (M2), 0.974; and TAU, 0.974. The AmyDV (M2) had higher diagnostic ability than AmyDV (M1). Thus, TAU was calculated as AmyDV (M2) × SUVmean (M2). In the ROC curve, SUV, AmyDV, and TAU had almost the same diagnostic ability as H/CL in distinguishing ATTR from non-ATTRs. CONCLUSIONS We propose two novel 3D-based quantitative parameters (AmyDV and TAU) that have almost equal ability to discriminate ATTR from non-ATTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritake Matsuda
- Department of Radiology, Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-Cho 2-50-1, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hideki Otsuka
- Department of Medical Imaging/Nuclear Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Tamaki Otani
- Advance Radiation Research, Education and Management Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shota Azane
- Department of Radiology, Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-Cho 2-50-1, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yamato Kunikane
- Department of Radiology, Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-Cho 2-50-1, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoichi Otomi
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Ueki
- Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kubota
- Department of Radiology, Tokushima Red Cross Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Amano
- Department of Radiology, Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-Cho 2-50-1, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Harada
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
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Pour-Ghaz I, Bath A, Kayali S, Alkhatib D, Yedlapati N, Rhea I, Khouzam RN, Jefferies JL, Nayyar M. A Review of Cardiac amyloidosis: Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Curr Probl Cardiol 2022; 47:101366. [PMID: 35995246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a group of disorders that can affect almost any organ due to the misfolding of proteins with their subsequent deposition in various tissues, leading to various disease manifestations based on the location. When the heart is involved, amyloidosis can manifest with a multitude of presentations such as heart failure, arrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension, syncope, and pre-syncope. Diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis can be difficult due to the non-specific nature of symptoms and the relative rarity of the disease. Amyloidosis can remain undiagnosed for years, leading to its high morbidity and mortality due to this delay in diagnosis. Newer imaging modalities, such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, advanced echocardiography, and biomarkers, make a timely cardiac amyloidosis diagnosis more feasible. Many treatment options are available, which have provided new hope for this patient population. This manuscript will review the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment options available for cardiac amyloidosis and provide a comprehensive overview of this complicated disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Pour-Ghaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.
| | - Anandbir Bath
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Sharif Kayali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Deya Alkhatib
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Isaac Rhea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Rami N Khouzam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - John L Jefferies
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Mannu Nayyar
- Department of Cardiology, Regional One Health, Memphis, TN
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9
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Myasoedova VA, Conte M, Valerio V, Moschetta D, Massaiu I, Petraglia L, Leosco D, Poggio P, Parisi V. Red Flags, Prognostic Impact, and Management of Patients With Cardiac Amyloidosis and Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:858281. [PMID: 35355593 PMCID: PMC8959832 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.858281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) has been recently recognized as a condition frequently associated with aortic stenosis (AS). The aim of this study was to evaluate: the main characteristics of patients with AS with and without CA, the impact of CA on patients with AS mortality, and the effect of different treatment strategies on outcomes of patients with AS with concomitant CA. Materials and Methods A detailed search related to CA in patients with AS and outcomes was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Seventeen studies enrolling 1,988 subjects (1,658 AS alone and 330 AS with CA) were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of main patients with AS characteristics with and without CA, difference in mortality, and treatment strategy. Results The prevalence of CA resulted in a mean of 15.4% and it was even higher in patients with AS over 80 years old (18.2%). Patients with the dual diagnosis were more often males, had lower body mass index (BMI), were more prone to have low flow, low gradient with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction AS phenotype, had higher E/A and E/e', and greater interventricular septum hypertrophy. Lower Sokolow–Lyon index, higher QRS duration, higher prevalence of right bundle branch block, higher levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and high-sensitivity troponin T were significantly associated with CA in patients with AS. Higher overall mortality in the 178 patients with AS + CA in comparison to 1,220 patients with AS alone was observed [odds ratio (OR) 2.25, p = 0.004]. Meta-regression analysis showed that younger age and diabetes were associated with overall mortality in patients with CS with CA (Z-value −3.0, p = 0.003 and Z-value 2.5, p = 0.013, respectively). Finally, patients who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) or transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) had a similar overall mortality risk, but lower than medication-treated only patients. Conclusion Results from our meta-analysis suggest that several specific clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic features can be considered “red flags” of CA in patients with AS. CA negatively affects the outcome of patients with AS. Patients with concomitant CA and AS benefit from SAVR or TAVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika A Myasoedova
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Casa di Cura San Michele, Maddaloni, Italy
| | - Vincenza Valerio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Donato Moschetta
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze farmacologiche e biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Massaiu
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Petraglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Leosco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Poggio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Sayin BY, Oto A. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Etiology-Based Therapeutic Options. Cardiol Ther 2022; 11:203-230. [PMID: 35353354 PMCID: PMC9135932 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-022-00260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the etiologies of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) can be challenging due to the similarities of the different manifestations in clinical presentation and morphological features. Depending on the underlying cause, not only left ventricular mass but also left ventricular cavity size, or both, may increase. Patients with LVH remain asymptomatic for a few years, but disease progression will lead to the development of systolic or diastolic dysfunction and end-stage heart failure. As hypertrophied cardiac muscle disrupts normal conduction, LVH predisposes to arrhythmias. Distinguishing individuals with treatable causes of LVH is important for prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality. Athletic’s heart with physiological LVH does not require treatment. Frequent causes of hypertrophy include etiologies due to pressure/volume overload, such as systemic hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or infiltrative cardiac processes such as amyloidosis, Fabry disease, and sarcoidosis. Hypertension and aortic valve stenosis are the most common causes of LVH. Management of LVH involves lifestyle changes, medications, surgery, and implantable devices. In this review we systematically summarize treatments for the different patterns of cardiac hypertrophy and their impacts on outcomes while informing clinicians on advances in the treatment of LVH due to Fabry disease, cardiac amyloidosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Oto
- Department of Cardiology, Memorial Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Gnanadurai GJ, Raaza A, Velayutham R, Palani SK, Bramwell EA. Detection of cardiac amyloidosis on electrocardiogram images using machine learning and deep learning techniques. Comput Intell 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/coin.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Jebakumari Gnanadurai
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS) Chennai India
| | - Arun Raaza
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS) Chennai India
| | - Rajendran Velayutham
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS) Chennai India
| | - Sathish Kumar Palani
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS) Chennai India
| | - Ebenezer Abishek Bramwell
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS) Chennai India
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12
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Briasoulis A, Stamatelopoulos K, Petropoulos I, Patras R, Theodorakakou F, Gavriatopoulou M, Ntalianis A, Dimopoulos MA, Kastritis E. Utilization and tolerance of beta-blockers among patients with AL amyloidosis. Amyloid 2022; 29:31-37. [PMID: 34549676 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2021.1981281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilization and clinical impact of beta-blockers (BBs) in cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is largely unexplored. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, single-center analysis of indications, timing of initiation, types and doses of BB used, reasons to discontinue BB and association between BB tolerance and outcomes in a cohort of patients with immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL). RESULTS We reviewed 236 patients with AL CA and identified 53 patients taking BB (22.5%). Most patients presented in New York Heart Association Class (NYHA) II or III (74.5%) and 24% presented in Mayo stage IIIB. The most frequent indications for BB initiation were atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary artery disease (CAD). In most cases (59%) BB was started before the diagnosis of CA. The median duration of BB treatment was 9 months (interquartile range [IQR] 3-24 months). Among patients receiving BB, 28 tolerated BB during follow-up whereas 25 patients discontinued BB. The main causes of BB discontinuation were hypotension and heart failure (HF) exacerbation. Patients intolerant to BB presented with more advanced NYHA class, worse performance status and lower median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at baseline. At median follow-up duration of 17.7 months, patients who did not tolerate BB had a poor survival. CONCLUSIONS Although some patients with CA may have indications for treatment with BB, their use is uncommon and those with more advanced disease tolerate BB poorly. Intolerance to BB in patients with cardiac AL is an indicator of poorer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Briasoulis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Petropoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Raphael Patras
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Foteini Theodorakakou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gavriatopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyrios Ntalianis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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13
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Cappuyns S, Verbesselt M, Van De Bruaene A, Bogaert J, Michaux L, Delforge M. Case report: Two sisters with light-chain cardiac amyloidosis, a mere coincidence? Eur Heart J Case Rep 2022; 6:ytac084. [PMID: 35299705 PMCID: PMC8922710 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Light-chain amyloidosis has always been described as a sporadic disease caused by plasma cell dyscrasia. Cardiac amyloidosis refers to cardiac involvement with infiltration of amyloid fibrils in the myocardium. The degree of cardiac involvement is the greatest predictor of prognosis. To our knowledge, AL cardiac amyloidosis has only been reported once before in first-degree relatives. Case summary In this report, we describe the unusual cases of two sisters with light-chain cardiac amyloidosis. The first patient underwent autologous stem cell transplantation and remained in remission for 10 years until the disease relapsed and she died of end-stage heart failure. The second patient was promptly started on a chemotherapy regimen but died shortly after her initial diagnosis due to rapid progression of cardiac dysfunction. Conclusion Cardiac amyloidosis is a severe life-threatening condition which requires a multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Based on this case report, a genetic cause for AL amyloidosis might be suspected or is this a purely coincidental finding? Counselling, screening, and follow-up of other family members are very challenging. As is often the case with rare diseases, many unsolved questions remain, representing important challenges for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cappuyns
- Department of Internal Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL)/University Hospital Leuven (UZ Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Verbesselt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL)/University Hospital Leuven (UZ Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander Van De Bruaene
- Department of Cardiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL)/University Hospital Leuven (UZ Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Department of Radiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL)/University Hospital Leuven (UZ Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucienne Michaux
- Centrum voor Menselijke Erfelijkheid, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL)/University Hospital Leuven (UZ Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Delforge
- Department of Hematology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL)/University Hospital Leuven (UZ Leuven), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Li Y, Cao Y, Zheng M, Hu J, Yan W, Liu X, Liao A, Yang W, Li J, Wang H. Nomogram Model for Dynamic and Individual Prediction of Cardiac Response and Survival for Light Chain Amyloidosis in 737 Patients With Cardiac Involvement. Front Oncol 2021; 11:758502. [PMID: 34956879 PMCID: PMC8695981 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.758502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Light chain amyloidosis (AL) with cardiac involvement is associated with poor prognosis. The existing prognostic assessment system does not consider treatment-related factors, and there is currently no effective system for predicting the response. The purpose of this study was to build an individualized, dynamic assessment model for cardiac response and overall survival (OS) for AL patients with cardiac involvement. Methods The records of 737 AL patients with cardiac involvement were collected through cooperation with 18 hospitals in the Chinese Registration Network for Light-chain Amyloidosis (CRENLA). We used univariate and multivariate analyses to evaluate the prognostic factors for OS and cardiac response. Then, two nomogram models were developed to predict OS and cardiac response in AL patients with cardiac involvement. Results A nomogram including four independent factors from the multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis—Mayo staging, courses of treatment, hematologic response, and cardiac response—was constructed to calculate the possibility of achieving survival by adding all the points associated with four variables. The higher the score, the more likely death would occur. The other nomogram model included the courses of treatment, hematological response, and different treatment regimens, and was correlated with cardiac response. The higher the score, the more likely a cardiac response would occur. Conclusion In conclusion, based on the large Chinese cohort of patients with AL and cardiac involvement, we identified nomogram models to predict cardiac response and OS. These models are more individualized and dynamic, and therefore, they have important clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Haematology Department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanze Cao
- Neusoft Research Institute, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingxin Zheng
- Neusoft Research Institute, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- Neusoft Research Institute, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Haematology Department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Haematology Department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aijun Liao
- Haematology Department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Haematology Department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huihan Wang
- Haematology Department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Camilli M, La Vecchia G, Lillo R, Iannaccone G, Lamendola P, Montone RA, Hohaus S, Aspromonte N, Massetti M, Lanza GA, Crea F, Graziani F, Lombardo A. Cardiovascular involvement in patients affected by multiple myeloma: a comprehensive review of recent advances. Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:1115-1128. [PMID: 34739762 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.2003704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Myeloma (MM) is hematological neoplasia originating from plasma cells, which accounts for almost 1% of all oncologic malignancies. The median age of patients at diagnosis is about 65 years old and over. In this age group, cardiovascular (CV) diseases often co-exist, increasing the risk of adverse events related to MM treatment. A comprehensive search on the main educational platforms was performed and high-quality original articles and reviews were included. AREAS COVERED Patients affected by MM are at risk for heart failure, uncontrolled systemic hypertension, accelerated ischemic heart disease, arterial/venous thromboembolism, and arrhythmias. These complications may be due to the effects of chemotherapy on the CV system, which may play on preexisting risk factors, and amyloid deposition at cardiac level. EXPERT OPINION This review provides an updated overview of the spectrum of CV diseases that may affect MM patients, highlighting possible treatment strategies according to the latest recommendations. Cooperation between onco-hematologist and cardiologist is crucial in managing this population, in particular for adequate risk assessment, early diagnosis of CV complications, and proper treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Camilli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia La Vecchia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Lillo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Iannaccone
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Priscilla Lamendola
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Antonio Montone
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefan Hohaus
- Institute of Hematology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica Ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Nadia Aspromonte
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Massetti
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Antonio Lanza
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Graziani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Lombardo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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16
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Korosoglou G, Giusca S, André F, Aus dem Siepen F, Nunninger P, Kristen AV, Frey N. Diagnostic Work-Up of Cardiac Amyloidosis Using Cardiovascular Imaging: Current Standards and Practical Algorithms. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2021; 17:661-673. [PMID: 34720583 PMCID: PMC8550552 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s295376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Among non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, cardiac amyloidosis is one of the most common, being caused by extracellular depositions of amyloid fibrils in the myocardium. Two main forms of cardiac amyloidosis are known so far, including 1) light-chain (AL) amyloidosis caused by monoclonal production of light-chains, and 2) transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis, caused by dissociation of the transthyretin tetramer into monomers. Both AL and ATTR amyloidosis are progressive diseases with median survival from diagnosis of less than 6 months and 3 to 5 years, respectively, if untreated. In this regard, death occurs in most patients due to cardiac causes, mainly congestive heart failure, which can be prevented due to the presence of effective, life-saving treatment regimens. Therefore, early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis is crucial more than ever. However, diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis may be challenging due to variable clinical manifestations and the perceived rarity of the disease. In this regard, clinical and laboratory reg flags are available, which may help clinicians to raise suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis. In addition, advances in cardiovascular imaging have already revealed a higher prevalence of cardiac amyloidosis in specific populations, so that the diagnosis especially of ATTR amyloidosis has experienced a >30-fold increase during the past ten years. The goal of our review article is to summarize these findings and provide a practical approach for clinicians on how to use cardiovascular imaging techniques, such as echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, bone scintigraphy and, if required, organ biopsy within predefined diagnostic algorithms for the diagnostic work-up of patients with suspected cardiac amyloidosis. In addition, two clinical cases and practical tips are provided in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorios Korosoglou
- GRN Hospital Weinheim, Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Pneumology, Weinheim, Germany.,Cardiac Imaging Center Weinheim, Hector Foundation, Weinheim, Germany
| | - Sorin Giusca
- GRN Hospital Weinheim, Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Pneumology, Weinheim, Germany.,Cardiac Imaging Center Weinheim, Hector Foundation, Weinheim, Germany
| | - Florian André
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Aus dem Siepen
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Arnt V Kristen
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Cardiovascular Center Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Melo MDTD, Paiva MG, Santos MVC, Rochitte CE, Moreira VDM, Saleh MH, Brandão SCS, Gallafrio CC, Goldwasser D, Gripp EDA, Piveta RB, Silva TO, Santo THCE, Ferreira WP, Salemi VMC, Cauduro SA, Barberato SH, Lopes HMC, Pena JLB, Rached HRS, Miglioranza MH, Pinheiro AC, Vrandecic BALM, Cruz CBBV, Nomura CH, Cerbino FME, Costa IBSDS, Coelho Filho OR, Carneiro ACDC, Burgos UMMC, Fernandes JL, Uellendahl M, Calado EB, Senra T, Assunção BL, Freire CMV, Martins CN, Sawamura KSS, Brito MM, Jardim MFS, Bernardes RJM, Diógenes TC, Vieira LDO, Mesquita CT, Lopes RW, Segundo Neto EMV, Rigo L, Marin VLS, Santos MJ, Grossman GB, Quagliato PC, Alcantara MLD, Teodoro JAR, Albricker ACL, Barros FS, Amaral SID, Porto CLL, Barros MVL, Santos SND, Cantisano AL, Petisco ACGP, Barbosa JEM, Veloso OCG, Spina S, Pignatelli R, Hajjar LA, Kalil Filho R, Lopes MACQ, Vieira MLC, Almeida ALC. Brazilian Position Statement on the Use Of Multimodality Imaging in Cardio-Oncology - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 117:845-909. [PMID: 34709307 PMCID: PMC8528353 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo Rochitte
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital do Coração (HCOR), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Mohamed Hassan Saleh
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | - Daniel Goldwasser
- Hospital Federal de Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Hospital Copa D'Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Casa de Saúde São José, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | - Eliza de Almeida Gripp
- Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | - Tonnison Oliveira Silva
- Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Centro de Estudos em Cardiologia, Salvador, BA - Brasil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA - Brasil
| | | | | | - Vera Maria Cury Salemi
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Silvio Henrique Barberato
- CardioEco Centro de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brasil
- Quanta Diagnóstico, Curitiba, PR - Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo Haertel Miglioranza
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Laboratório de Pesquisa e Inovação em Imagem Cardiovascular, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
- Hospital Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | | | | | | | - César Higa Nomura
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Fernanda Mello Erthal Cerbino
- Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Diagnósticos da América AS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliano Lara Fernandes
- Radiologia Clínica de Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brasil
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa José Michel Kalaf, Campinas, SP - Brasil
| | - Marly Uellendahl
- Diagnósticos da América AS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Tiago Senra
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Bruna Leal Assunção
- Universidade de São Paulo Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Claudia Maria Vilas Freire
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil
- ECOCENTER, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil
| | | | - Karen Saori Shiraishi Sawamura
- Hospital do Coração (HCOR), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Instituto da Criança da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Márcio Miranda Brito
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - Campus de Araguaina, Araguaina, TO - Brasil
- Hospital Municipal de Araguaina, Araguaina, TO - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Tinoco Mesquita
- Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Hospital Vitória, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | | - Letícia Rigo
- Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | - Gabriel Blacher Grossman
- Clínica Cardionuclear, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | | | - Monica Luiza de Alcantara
- Americas Medical City, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Americas Serviços Médicos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Rede D'Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simone Nascimento Dos Santos
- Hospital Brasília - Ecocardiografia, Brasília, DF - Brasil
- Eccos Diagnóstico Cardiovascular Avançado, Brasília, DF - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Pignatelli
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas - EUA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas - EUA
| | - Ludhmilla Abrahão Hajjar
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Universidade de São Paulo Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Roberto Kalil Filho
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Universidade de São Paulo Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Marcelo Antônio Cartaxo Queiroga Lopes
- Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley - Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, João Pessoa, PB - Brasil
- Hospital Metropolitano Dom José Maria Pires, João Pessoa, PB - Brasil
- Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - André Luiz Cerqueira Almeida
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Feira de Santana - Cardiologia, Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil
- Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
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18
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Abstract
Amyloidosis constitutes a large spectrum of diseases characterized by an extracellular deposition of a fibrillar aggregate, generating insoluble and toxic amasses that may be deposited in tissues in bundles with an abnormal cross-β-sheet conformation, known as amyloid. Amyloid may lead to a cell damage and an impairment of organ function. Several different proteins are recognized as able to produce amyloid fibrils with a different tissue tropism related to the molecular structure. The deposition of amyloid may occur as a consequence of the presence of an abnormal protein, caused by high plasma levels of a normal protein, or as a result of the aging process along with some environmental factors. Although amyloidosis is rare, amyloid deposits play a role in several conditions as degenerative diseases. Thus, the development of antiamyloid curative treatments may be a rational approach to treat neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease in the future. Nowadays, novel treatment options are currently refined through controlled trials, as new drug targets and different therapeutic approaches have been identified and validated through modern advances in basic research. Fibril formation stabilizers, proteasome inhibitors, and immunotherapy revealed promising results in improving the outcomes of patients with systemic amyloidosis, and these novel algorithms will be effectively combined with current treatments based on chemotherapeutic regimens. The aim of this review is to provide an update on diagnosis and treatment for systemic amyloidosis.
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19
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Korthals D, Chatzantonis G, Bietenbeck M, Meier C, Stalling P, Yilmaz A. CMR-based T1-mapping offers superior diagnostic value compared to longitudinal strain-based assessment of relative apical sparing in cardiac amyloidosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15521. [PMID: 34330967 PMCID: PMC8324782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is an infiltrative disease. In the present study, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)-based T1-mapping and subsequent extracellular volume fraction (ECV) measurement and longitudinal strain analysis in the same patients with (a) biopsy-proven cardiac amyloidosis (CA) and (b) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). N = 30 patients with CA, N = 20 patients with HCM and N = 15 healthy control patients without relevant cardiac disease underwent dedicated CMR studies. The CMR protocol included standard sequences for cine-imaging, native and post-contrast T1-mapping and late-gadolinium-enhancement. ECV measurements were based on pre- and post-contrast T1-mapping images. Feature-tracking analysis was used to calculate 3D left ventricular longitudinal strain (LV-LS) in basal, mid and apical short-axis cine-images and to assess the presence of relative apical sparing. Receiver-operating-characteristic analysis revealed an area-under-the-curve regarding the differentiation of CA from HCM of 0.984 for native T1-mapping (p < 0.001), of 0.985 for ECV (p < 0.001) and only 0.740 for the "apical-to-(basal + midventricular)"-ratio of LV-LS (p = 0.012). A multivariable logistical regression analysis showed that ECV was the only statistically significant predictor of CA when compared to the parameter LV-LS or to the parameter "apical-to-(basal + midventricular)" LV-RLS-ratio. Native T1-mapping and ECV measurement are both superior to longitudinal strain measurement (with assessment of relative apical sparing) regarding the appropriate diagnosis of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Korthals
- Department of Cardiology I, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Grigorios Chatzantonis
- Department of Cardiology I, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Bietenbeck
- Department of Cardiology I, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Meier
- Department of Cardiology I, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Stalling
- Department of Cardiology I, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Yilmaz
- Department of Cardiology I, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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20
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Agha AM, Palaskas N, Patel AR, DeCara J, Parwani P, Iliescu C, Durand JB, Kim P, Hassan S, Gladish G, Lee HC, Kaufman GP, Lopez-Mattei JC. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Predicting Outcomes Among Patients at Risk for Cardiac AL Amyloidosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:626414. [PMID: 34268341 PMCID: PMC8276072 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.626414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Patients with systemic AL amyloidosis (AL) should be evaluated for cardiac amyloidosis (CA), as prognosis is strongly related to cardiac involvement. We assessed the characteristics of patients referred to cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with suspected CA from a cancer center and determine predictors of mortality/heart failure hospitalizations (HFH). Methods: Forty-four consecutive patients referred for CMR with suspected CA were retrospectively included. Variables collected included cardiac biomarkers, in addition to echocardiographic and CMR variables. Survival analyses were performed to determine which variables were more predictive of mortality and HFH. Results: Of the 44 patients included, 55% were females. 73% of patients were diagnosed with CA by CMR; 56% of them had an established diagnosis of AL. Patients with CA by CMR had higher native T1, higher extracellular volume (ECV) fraction, higher T2, less negative GLS by Echo, and higher troponin I and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the following were predictive of mortality: an ECV ≥ 0.50 (p = 0.0098), CMR LVEF < 50% (p = 0.0010), T2/ECV ≤ 100 (p = 0.0001), and troponin I > 0.03 (p = 0.0025). In a stepwise conditional Cox logistic regression model, the only variable predictive of a composite of mortality and HFH was ECV (HR: 1.17, 95% CI = 1.02–1.34 p = 0.030). Conclusion: ECV seems to be an important biomarker that could be a predictor of outcomes in cardiac AL amyloidosis. In combination, CMR and serum cardiac biomarkers might help to establish prognosis in patients with CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Agha
- Department of Medicine and Center for Cardiometabolic Disease Prevention, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicolas Palaskas
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amit R Patel
- Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeanne DeCara
- Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Purvi Parwani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Cezar Iliescu
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jean B Durand
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Peter Kim
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Saamir Hassan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gregory Gladish
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hans C Lee
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gregory P Kaufman
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Juan C Lopez-Mattei
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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21
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Thakker RA, Elbadawi A, Albaeni A, Hasan SM, Suthar KH, Modi SA, Berbarie RF, Khalife W, Chatila KF. Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair in Cardiac Amyloidosis and Severe Mitral Regurgitation. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 47:100881. [PMID: 34078542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is an infiltrative disease with severe impact on the cardiac anatomy resulting in structural changes1. Mitral valve insult from the infiltrative process, although rare, has been known to cause severe mitral regurgitation4. Due to underlying comorbidities these patients may not be surgical candidates.17,18,19,20 The role of percutaneous mitral valve repair in cardiac amyloidosis has been described in a few prior cases.4,15 We review the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis. We also highlight prior cases described in the literature of cardiac amyloidosis and severe mitral regurgitation, while discussing the role of percutaneous mitral valve repair in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi A Thakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
| | - Ayman Elbadawi
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Aiham Albaeni
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | - Krishna H Suthar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Shreyas A Modi
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Rafic F Berbarie
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Wissam Khalife
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Khaled F Chatila
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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22
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De Bruijn S, Galloo X, De Keulenaer G, Prihadi EA, Brands C, Helbert M. A special case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a differential diagnosis of isolated cardiac amyloidosis or junctophilin type 2 associated cardiomyopathy. Acta Clin Belg 2021; 76:136-143. [PMID: 31478477 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2019.1662572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Differential diagnosis between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is mandatory since the prognosis is very different, but not always possible as both diseases present with increased myocardial thickness and mass. Despite better knowledge of the pathophysiology of both HCM and CA, and new developments in diagnosis, many patients with cardiac involvement in systemic amyloidosis are still only diagnosed in an advanced stage. Improvements in non-invasive diagnostic methods such as ultrasound techniques and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging will eventually obviate the need for invasive studies in order to prove amyloid cardiomyopathy. Nevertheless, today, an endomyocardial biopsy still remains the golden standard. We present an 86-year-old man, diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in whom echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging strongly suggested amyloidosis to be the underlying cause. Interestingly, a new variant of the junctophilin 2 (JPH2) gene, related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, was found in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sévérine De Bruijn
- Cardiology Department, ZNA Hartcentrum - ZNA Middelheim, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Xavier Galloo
- Cardiology Department, ZNA Hartcentrum - ZNA Middelheim, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Edgard A. Prihadi
- Cardiology Department, ZNA Hartcentrum - ZNA Middelheim, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Mark Helbert
- Nephrology Department, ZNA Middelheim, Antwerpen, Belgium
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23
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Ash S, Shorer E, Ramgobin D, Vo M, Gibbons J, Golamari R, Jain R, Jain R. Cardiac amyloidosis-A review of current literature for the practicing physician. Clin Cardiol 2021; 44:322-331. [PMID: 33595871 PMCID: PMC7943900 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloidoses are a family of diseases in which misfolded precursor proteins aggregate to form amyloid and deposit in body tissues. A very serious yet underrecognized form of this disease is cardiac amyloidosis, in which amyloid deposits into the extracellular space of the myocardium, resulting in thickening and stiffening of ventricular walls with resultant heart failure and conductive dysfunction. This review provides a discussion of the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of cardiac amyloidosis subtypes, as well as an up-to-date approach to diagnosis and treatment. Significant progress has been made in recent years regarding diagnosis and treatment of this condition, but prognosis remains heavily reliant on early detection of the disease. Two types of precursor protein are responsible for most cardiac amyloidosis cases: transthyretin amyloid, and immunoglobulin-derived light chain amyloid. An early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis can allow for novel treatment modalities to be initiated with the potential to improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ash
- Dept of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eran Shorer
- Dept of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Devyani Ramgobin
- Dept of Medicine, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, New York, USA
| | - Maique Vo
- Dept of Medicine, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan Gibbons
- Dept of Medicine, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, New York, USA
| | - Reshma Golamari
- Dept of Medicine, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rahul Jain
- Dept of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rohit Jain
- Dept of Medicine, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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24
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Tanaka H. Efficacy of echocardiography for differential diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy: special focus on speckle-tracking longitudinal strain. J Echocardiogr 2021; 19:71-79. [PMID: 33460030 PMCID: PMC8154763 DOI: 10.1007/s12574-020-00508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) is a frequent imaging finding in daily clinical practice, and its presence is associated with poor outcomes and ventricular arrhythmias. It is commonly detected in athletes, arterial hypertension, aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac amyloidosis, Fabry disease, or Friedreich’s ataxia. Echocardiography plays an important role in detecting LVH and underlying causes in current clinical practice. While echocardiography is essential for the quantification and early detection of LV structural findings for various cardiovascular diseases, it has been reported that speckle-tracking echocardiographic parameters are also useful for the detection of early LV structural abnormalities. In particular, global longitudinal strain (GLS) assessed by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography is reportedly a sensitive marker for early subtle abnormalities of LV myocardial performance, helpful for the prediction of outcomes for various cardiac diseases, and superior to conventional echocardiographic indices. GLS is determined as the averaged peak longitudinal strain of 18 LV segments from standard apical views and can be assessed as a polar plot. This polar plot longitudinal strain mapping offers an intuitive visual overview of the global and regional LV longitudinal myocardial function status of various cardiomyopathies with LVH. This mapping is clinically practicable and the plot patterns obtainable as the result of further development of this technique for clinical practice provide clues to the etiology of cardiomyopathies. This article reviews the efficacy of echocardiography for differential diagnosis of LVH, with a special focus on the utility of speckle-tracking longitudinal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Tanaka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
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25
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El-Shakankery KH, Mieiro L. A key role for comprehensive geriatric assessment in aortic valve replacement. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/12/e237031. [PMID: 33370976 PMCID: PMC7757492 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As our population ages, the demand for surgical services in older people is increasing exponentially. Shown to be indispensable in the care of medical patients, use of the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is also growing in the perioperative setting. We present the case of a previously independent 82-year-old man who underwent a standard preoperative assessment and surgical aortic valve replacement. In the 7 months that followed, prior to his death, he suffered a rapid functional decline contributed to by slow postoperative recovery, delirium and recurrent falls. Post-mortem revealed cardiac amyloid deposition and extensive small vessel disease in the brain. This case highlights the importance of the CGA in the perioperative management of older patients, especially in identification and optimisation of geriatric syndromes and consideration of less-invasive alternative treatments. We review the existing literature on CGA use in cardiothoracic and vascular surgical settings, drawing on experiences learnt from the above case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Mieiro
- Department of Medicine for Elderly People, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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26
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Roginić S, Vinter O, Trbušić M, Roginić M, Ćatić Ćuti E. Cardiac Amyloidosis Detected on Imaging of Patients with Heart Failure. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e926290. [PMID: 33175723 PMCID: PMC7669957 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.926290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Case series Patients: Male, 63-year-old • Female, 72-year-old • Female, 55-year-old Final Diagnosis: Amyloid light-chain amyloidosis • cardiac amyloidosis • cardiomyopathy • heart failure • primary AL amyloidosis Symptoms: Aphasia • dyspnea • heart failure • thrombosis • tongue mass Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Biopsy • chemotherapy • echocardiography Specialty: Cardiology • Hematology
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Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Roginić
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital Zabok, Zabok, Croatia.,Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Croatian Veterans, Zabok, Croatia
| | - Ozren Vinter
- Department of Cardiology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matias Trbušić
- Department of Cardiology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Roginić
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital Zabok, Zabok, Croatia.,Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Croatian Veterans, Zabok, Croatia
| | - Edina Ćatić Ćuti
- Department of Nephrology, General Hospital Zabok and Hospital of Croatian Veterans, Zabok, Croatia
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27
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Choukair MO, Halawi A, Nehmeh A, Kazma H. Role of Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Light Chain Amyloidosis: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Cureus 2020; 12:e11377. [PMID: 33312779 PMCID: PMC7723428 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare disease with a broad clinical presentation that depends on the affected organ. Cardiac amyloidosis, a rare entity, can present as an isolated form of AL amyloidosis. This isolated form is considered a challenging diagnosis due to its broad nonspecific clinical presentation. In this article, we report a case of an adult male who presented with shortness of breath and was found to have many specific features of cardiac amyloidosis on echocardiography. In absence of other organ involvement, the results of the echocardiography directed us toward the diagnosis of AL cardiac amyloidosis. In addition, we highlight the role of echocardiography in the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Omar Choukair
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lebanese University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, LBN
| | - Ahmad Halawi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lebanese University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, LBN
| | - Amal Nehmeh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lebanese University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, LBN
| | - Hasan Kazma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Bahman University Hospital, Beirut, LBN
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28
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Nazir T, Nuffati M. Cardiac amyloidosis-an underdiagnosed cause of heart failure in the elderly. J Saudi Heart Assoc 2020; 32:98-102. [PMID: 33154899 PMCID: PMC7640612 DOI: 10.37616/2212-5043.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a rare, generally multisystem disease that can also involve the heart. Infiltration of the myocardium with amyloid proteins is an important and underappreciated cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the elderly. We present the case of an 84-year-old man with chest tightness, dyspnoea, and ascites. He had a history of dyslipidaemia and ischaemic heart disease. Initial investigations showed severe diastolic dysfunction and elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure on echocardiogram along with elevated serum natriuretic peptides. Further evaluation by a magnetic resonance imaging scan of the heart and endomyocardial biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of senile systemic amyloidosis. He made good progress after treatment with conventional heart failure drugs and is currently under consideration to start on specific medications to slow down the progression of amyloidosis. This case aims to increase clinicians' awareness of senile amyloidosis as a cause of heart failure in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Nazir
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mahmud Nuffati
- Cardiothoracic Centre, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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29
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Almas T, Saleem H, Ehtesham M, Hussain S, Khedro T, Alsufyani R, Alahmed F, Almubarak D, Zaidi SMJ, Hameed A. The Spectrum of Non-ischemic Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings: A Retrospective Analysis. Cureus 2020; 12:e11354. [PMID: 33304689 PMCID: PMC7720915 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since cardiac pathologies remain ubiquitous, their prompt diagnosis through the means of innovative technologies, such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, remains pivotal. The spectrum of these pathologies varies widely, ranging from ischemic etiologies to rare cardiac malignancies. This study evaluates the prevalence of nonischemic cardiac pathologies, such as infiltrative heart diseases, that often warrant meticulous diagnostic evaluation through the means of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Methods We performed a retrospective study in order to analyse the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging records of 250 patients over a period of six months with previously remarkable cardiac histories. Patients with a prior history of ischemic cardiac disease, as determined from past medical and surgical records, were excluded from the study. The prevalence of various nonischemic findings was ascertained. The demographic characteristics and comorbidities of the patients were also tabulated. Results In the present study, 250 patients were included, of which 115 were females and 135 were males, with the mean age hovering at 48.21 ± 11.49 years. The top two most prevalent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings were concentric moderate-to-severe left ventricular hypertrophy and patchy subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement of the left ventricle; these were observed in 62.2% and 23.7% of the patients, respectively. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging also divulged findings typical of rarer pathologies, including cardiac sarcoidosis and primary cardiac lymphoma. Conclusion Pathologies of the heart often mandate extensive diagnostic workup through the means of radiological modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. In patients with indications of nonischemic cardiac pathologies, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can be employed as part of the initial radiological armamentarium. Furthermore, cardiac magnetic resonance remains the imaging modality of choice for detecting infrequent cardiac pathologies, such as cardiac sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Almas
- Internal Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, IRL
| | - Hassan Saleem
- Radiology, Islamabad Diagnostic Center, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Maryam Ehtesham
- Internal Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, IRL
| | - Salman Hussain
- Internal Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, IRL
| | - Tarek Khedro
- Internal Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, IRL
| | - Reema Alsufyani
- Internal Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, IRL
| | - Fatimah Alahmed
- Internal Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, IRL
| | - Dana Almubarak
- Internal Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, IRL
| | | | - Aamir Hameed
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, IRL
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30
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Jonker DL, Hazenberg BPC, Nienhuis HLA, Slart RHJA, Glaudemans AWJM, Noordzij W. Imaging cardiac innervation in hereditary transthyretin (ATTRm) amyloidosis: A marker for neuropathy or cardiomyopathy in case of heart failure? J Nucl Cardiol 2020; 27:1774-1784. [PMID: 30374850 PMCID: PMC7599160 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-01477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear imaging modalities using 123Iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) and bone seeking tracers identify early cardiac involvement in ATTRm amyloidosis patients. However, little is known whether results from 123I-MIBG scintigraphy actually correlate to markers for either cardiac autonomic neuropathy or cardiomyopathy. METHODS All TTR mutation carriers and ATTRm patients who underwent both 123I-MIBG and 99mTechnetium-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (99mTc-HDP) scintigraphy were included. Cardiomyopathy was defined as NT-proBNP > 365 ng/L, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy as abnormal cardiovascular reflexes at autonomic function tests. Late 123I-MIBG heart-to-mediastinum ratio (HMR) < 2.0 or wash-out > 20%, and any cardiac 99mTc-HDP uptake were considered as abnormal. RESULTS 39 patients (13 carriers and 26 ATTRm patients) were included in this study. Patients with cardiomyopathy, with or without cardiac autonomic neuropathy, had lower late HMR than similar patients without cardiomyopathy [median 1.1 (range 1.0-1.5) and 1.5(1.2-2.6) vs 2.4 (1.4-3.8) and 2.5 (1.5-3.7), respectively, P < 0.001]. Late HMR and wash-out (inversely) correlated with NT-proBNP r = - 0.652 (P < 0.001) and r = 0.756 (P < 0.001), respectively. Furthermore, late HMR and wash-out (inversely) correlated with cardiac 99mTc-HDP uptake r = - 0.663 (P < 0.001) and r = 0.617 (P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION In case of heart failure, 123I-MIBG scintigraphy reflects cardiomyopathy rather than cardiac autonomic neuropathy in ATTRm patients and TTR mutation carriers. 123I-MIBG scintigraphy may already be abnormal before any cardiac bone tracer uptake is visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne L. Jonker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bouke P. C. Hazenberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans L. A. Nienhuis
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riemer H. J. A. Slart
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Photonic Imaging, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Noordzij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Diagnostic value of the novel CMR parameter "myocardial transit-time" (MyoTT) for the assessment of microvascular changes in cardiac amyloidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 110:136-145. [PMID: 32372287 PMCID: PMC7806531 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-020-01661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is present in various non-ischemic cardiomyopathies and in particular in those with left-ventricular hypertrophy. This study evaluated the diagnostic value of the novel cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) parameter "myocardial transit-time" (MyoTT) in distinguishing cardiac amyloidosis from other hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. METHODS N = 20 patients with biopsy-proven cardiac amyloidosis (CA), N = 20 patients with known hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and N = 20 control patients without relevant cardiac disease underwent dedicated CMR studies on a 1.5-T MR scanner. The CMR protocol comprised cine and late-gadolinium-enhancement (LGE) imaging as well as first-pass perfusion acquisitions at rest for MyoTT measurement. MyoTT was defined as the blood circulation time from the orifice of the coronary arteries to the pooling in the coronary sinus (CS) reflecting the transit-time of gadolinium in the myocardial microvasculature. RESULTS MyoTT was significantly prolonged in patients with CA compared to both groups: 14.8 ± 4.1 s in CA vs. 12.2 ± 2.5 s in HCM (p = 0.043) vs. 7.2 ± 2.6 s in controls (p < 0.001). Native T1 and extracellular volume (ECV) were significantly higher in CA compared to HCM and controls (p < 0.001). Both parameters were associated with a higher diagnostic accuracy in predicting the presence of CA compared to MyoTT: area under the curve (AUC) for native T1 = 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.83-1.00; p < 0.001) and AUC for ECV = 0.95 (95% CI = 0.88-1.00; p < 0.001)-compared to the AUC for MyoTT = 0.76 (95% CI = 0.60-0.92; p = 0.008). In contrast, MyoTT performed better than all other CMR parameters in differentiating HCM from controls (AUC for MyoTT = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.81-1.00; p = 0.003 vs. AUC for native T1 = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.44-0.93; p = 0.20 vs. AUC for ECV = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.66-1.00; p = 0.017). CONCLUSION The relative severity of CMD (measured by MyoTT) in relationship to extracellular changes (measured by native T1 and/or ECV) is more pronounced in HCM compared to CA-in spite of a higher absolute MyoTT value in CA patients. Hence, MyoTT may improve our understanding of the interplay between extracellular/intracellular and intravasal changes that occur in the myocardium during the disease course of different cardiomyopathies.
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32
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Xu F, Yu Y, Wang F, Sun W, Li P, Wu HF, Bian ZP, Chen XJ, Dong-Jie X. Analysis of gene expression profiling of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light-chains on cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:3767-3777. [PMID: 32346441 PMCID: PMC7185198 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of different amyloidogenic light-chains (LCs) on cardiomyocytes, and demonstrate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signaling pathways that participate in this process. Cultured cardiomyocytes were treated with recombinant κ LC peptide (AL-09) or with serum from a patient diagnosed with multiple myeloma (λ LC) with cardiac involvement. The 6xHis peptide or serum from healthy patients was used as peptide control or serum control, respectively. Cell viability was determined using CCK-8 assay and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The DEGs were detected by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), followed by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Changes in gene expression levels were confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The cell viability in the AL-09 peptide-treated (0.2 mg/ml) and patient serum-treated (1:10 dilution) cardiomyocytes decreased to 42 and -72% of the corresponding control groups. The extent of cell apoptosis increased in AL-09-treated cardiomyocytes compared with the control group. RNA-Seq showed 256 DEGs co-existed in the two paired groups, including 127 upregulated and 88 downregulated genes. The KEGG pathways for upregulated expressed genes included the ‘TGF-β signaling pathway’, the ‘Hedgehog signaling pathway’, the ‘ErbB signaling pathway’ and ‘lysine degradation’. The higher mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) 4, Bmp6, prostaglandin G/H synthase (Ptgs)1, Ptgs2, epiregulin, Tgfa and procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 were confirmed. The KEGG pathways of downregulated expressed genes included genes involved with the ‘p53 signaling pathway’ and the ‘cell cycle’. The mRNA expression levels of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CCNB1IP1 showed significant downregulation in the AL-09 peptide group compared with those in the 6xHis peptide group. In conclusion, cardiomyocytes treated with amyloidogenic λ and κ LCs presented with decreased cell viability compared with controls. Cell apoptosis increased in κ LC-treated cells compared with controls. The gene expression profiles associated with transforming growth factor-β-bone morphogenetic protein, the receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 signaling pathways, prostaglandins, collagen production, the p53 signaling pathway and the cell cycle were altered in light-chain-treated cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Heng-Fang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ping Bian
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Jian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xu Dong-Jie
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Diagnostic Performance of Abnormal Nulling on Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Look Locker Inversion Time Sequence in Differentiating Cardiac Amyloidosis Types. J Thorac Imaging 2020; 35:334-339. [DOI: 10.1097/rti.0000000000000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ingraham BS, Sawatsky AP. 70-Year-Old Man With Fatigue, Shortness of Breath, and Bilateral Lower Extremity Edema. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:e137-e143. [PMID: 31685263 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenden S Ingraham
- Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Rochester, MN
| | - Adam P Sawatsky
- Advisor to resident and Consultant in General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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First case of cardiac amyloidosis presenting as right atrial mass. Anatol J Cardiol 2019; 22:152-154. [PMID: 31475954 PMCID: PMC6735436 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2019.49683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Witteles RM, Liedtke M. AL Amyloidosis for the Cardiologist and Oncologist: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management. JACC CardioOncol 2019; 1:117-130. [PMID: 34396169 PMCID: PMC8352106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AL amyloidosis results from clonal production of immunoglobulin light chains, most commonly arising from a clonal plasma cell disorder. Once considered a nearly uniformly fatal disease, prognosis has improved markedly over the past 15 years, predominantly because of advances in light chain suppressive therapies. Cardiac deposition of amyloid fibrils is common, and the severity of cardiac involvement remains the primary driver of prognosis. Improvements in chemotherapy/immunotherapy have prompted a reassessment of the role of advanced cardiac therapies previously considered contraindicated in most patients, including the role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac transplantation. This state-of-the-art review highlights the current state of the field, including diagnosis, prognosis, and hematologic- and cardiac-specific therapies.
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Key Words
- AL amyloidosis
- ASCT, autologous stem cell transplantation
- BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide
- CyBorD, cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone
- FLC, free light chain
- ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
- MGUS, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
- NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide
- SAP, serum amyloid P
- SPIE, serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation
- UPIE, urine protein electrophoresis with immunofixation
- amyloidosis
- diagnosis
- drug therapy
- heart failure
- imaging
- treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M. Witteles
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Amyloid Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michaela Liedtke
- Division of Hematology, Stanford Amyloid Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Mancusi V, Ponsiglione A, Gambardella M, Imbriaco M. Unique association of cardiac amyloidosis and right atrial tumor thrombus in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiol Case Rep 2019; 14:1140-1143. [PMID: 31360276 PMCID: PMC6639676 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor thrombus is a very rare complication observed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. We report a unique case of hepatocellular carcinoma with extension of tumor along the inferior vein cava into the right atrium, in a patient with cardiac amyloidosis and without any cardio respiratory distress or typical clinical findings suggestive of cardiovascular involvement from cardiac amyloidosis. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a useful tool to assess intracardiac tumor extension as well as to provide myocardial tissue characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mancusi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Andrea Ponsiglione
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Michele Gambardella
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Massimo Imbriaco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
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Taiwo AA, Alapati L, Movahed A. Cardiac amyloidosis: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:742-752. [PMID: 30968039 PMCID: PMC6448069 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i6.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac amyloidosis, a disease caused by the precipitation of amyloid proteins in the myocardial extracellular matrix has been historically difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific clinical manifestations and necessity of biopsy to demonstrate amyloid deposition. However, advances in cardiovascular imaging techniques have facilitated earlier recognition of this disease. In addition, while once thought of as incurable, treatment strategies are emerging for cardiac amyloidosis, making early diagnosis essential.
CASE SUMMARY We outline the case of a 73 years old African American female who was admitted with sudden onset shortness of breath and found to be in cardiogenic shock. Cardiac amyloidosis was suspected due to discordance between electrocardiogram and echocardiogram findings and this was subsequently confirmed with the aid of scintigraphy and an endomyocardial biopsy.
CONCLUSION Our objective is to highlight the diagnostic evaluation and clinical implications of cardiac amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi Adedamola Taiwo
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Lavanya Alapati
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina Heart Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Assad Movahed
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina Heart Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
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Abstract
Amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a protein conformational disease. AL amyloidosis results from aggregation of misfolded proteins that are deposited in tissues as amyloid fibrils. Diagnosis of AL amyloidosis can be challenging due to its low incidence and clinical complexity. Therapy requires a risk-adapted approach involving dose reductions and schedule modifications of chemotherapy regimens along with close monitoring of hematologic and organ responses. We herein describe a patient whose condition was diagnosed as systemic AL amyloidosis and presented with splenic rupture as the initial symptom. Congo red staining of the kidney biopsy was positive. The normal structure of the liver and spleen had been replaced by amyloid deposition. The chemotherapy strategy involved a combination of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Li
- *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dan Han
- *These authors contributed equally to this work
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Tang CX, Petersen SE, Sanghvi MM, Lu GM, Zhang LJ. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for amyloidosis: The state-of-the-art. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019; 29:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Baca M, Newberry M. Amyloid Cardiomyopathy in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Med 2018; 56:205-209. [PMID: 30553561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac amyloidosis is an underdiagnosed cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy resulting from the infiltration of the myocardium by amyloid proteins. CASE REPORT We report the case of an 83-year-old woman who presented with increasing dyspnea and lower-extremity swelling. She reported a medical history of unspecified heart failure. Evaluation in the Emergency Department (ED) revealed evidence of heart failure on physical examination, low-voltage electrocardiogram, chest x-ray study with mild pulmonary edema, and laboratory evaluation with elevated brain natriuretic peptide and troponin. Bedside cardiac ultrasound illustrated severe concentric ventricular hypertrophy and interventricular septal wall thickening with "sparkling" hyperechoic appearance of the myocardium, mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and small pericardial effusion. Inpatient comprehensive echocardiogram and follow-up nuclear medicine cardiac amyloid pyrophosphate study were suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Emergency physicians commonly treat acute on chronic systolic heart failure with diuresis and reductions in preload and afterload with nitrates. Identifying amyloid cardiomyopathy in the ED is of clinical significance because treatment should include loop diuretics but should avoid β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin. Atrioventricular nodal blocking agents may have detrimental effects in cardiac amyloidosis because the cardiac output in this patient population is dependent on heart rate due to a significantly reduced stroke volume from the concentric hypertrophy minimizing diastolic filling. Also, caution should be taken when initiating nitrates in amyloid cardiomyopathy because further reducing preload in an already preload-depleted state can result in hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Baca
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida
| | - Mark Newberry
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida; Emergency Department Ultrasonography, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida
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Kyriakou P, Mouselimis D, Tsarouchas A, Rigopoulos A, Bakogiannis C, Noutsias M, Vassilikos V. Diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis: a systematic review on the role of imaging and biomarkers. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018; 18:221. [PMID: 30509186 PMCID: PMC6278059 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-018-0952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac Amyloidosis (CA) pertains to the cardiac involvement of a group of diseases, in which misfolded proteins deposit in tissues and cause progressive organ damage. The vast majority of CA cases are caused by light chain amyloidosis (AL) and transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR). The increased awareness of these diseases has led to an increment of newly diagnosed cases each year. METHODS We performed multiple searches on MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Several search terms were used, such as "cardiac amyloidosis", "diagnostic modalities cardiac amyloidosis" and "staging cardiac amyloidosis". Emphasis was given on original articles describing novel diagnostic and staging approaches to the disease. RESULTS Imaging techniques are indispensable to diagnosing CA. Novel ultrasonographic techniques boast high sensitivity and specificity for the disease. Nuclear imaging has repeatedly proved its worth in the diagnostic procedure, with efforts now focusing on standardization and quantification of amyloid load. Because the latter would be invaluable for any staging system, those spearheading research in magnetic resonance imaging of the disease are also trying to come up with accurate tools to quantify amyloid burden. Staging tools are currently being developed and validated for ATTR CA, in the spirit of the acclaimed Mayo Staging System for AL. CONCLUSION Cardiac involvement confers significant morbidity and mortality in all types of amyloidosis. Great effort is made to reduce the time to diagnosis, as treatment in the initial stages of the disease is tied to better prognosis. The results of these efforts are highly sensitive and specific diagnostic modalities that are also reasonably cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Kyriakou
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Ippokrateion General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 55 642 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Dimitrios Mouselimis
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Ippokrateion General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 55 642 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Anastasios Tsarouchas
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Ippokrateion General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 55 642 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Angelos Rigopoulos
- Mid-German Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine III (KIM-III), Division of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Strasse 40, Halle (Saale), D-06120 Germany
| | - Constantinos Bakogiannis
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Ippokrateion General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 55 642 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Michel Noutsias
- Mid-German Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine III (KIM-III), Division of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Strasse 40, Halle (Saale), D-06120 Germany
| | - Vasileios Vassilikos
- 3rd Cardiology Department, Ippokrateion General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 55 642 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
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Diagnostic accuracy of bone scintigraphy in the assessment of cardiac transthyretin-related amyloidosis: a bivariate meta-analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 45:1945-1955. [PMID: 29687207 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiac transthyretin-related amyloidosis (ATTR) is a progressive and fatal cardiomyopathy. The diagnosis of this disease is frequently delayed or missed due to the limited specificity of echocardiography. An increasing amount of data in the literature demonstrate the ability of bone scintigraphy with bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals to detect myocardial amyloid deposits, in particular in patients with ATTR. Therefore we performed a systematic review and bivariate meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of bone scintigraphy in patients with suspected cardiac ATTR. METHODS A comprehensive computer literature search of studies published up to 30 November 2017 on the role of bone scintigraphy in patients with ATTR was performed using the following search algorithm: (a) "amyloid" OR "amyloidosis" AND (b) "TTR" OR "ATTR" OR "transthyretin" AND (c) "scintigraphy" OR "scan" OR "SPECT" OR "SPET" OR "bone" OR "skeletal" OR "skeleton" OR "PYP" OR "DPD" OR "HMDP" OR "MDP" OR "HDP". Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of bone scintigraphy were calculated. RESULTS The meta-analysis of six selected studies on bone scintigraphy in cardiac ATTR including 529 patients provided the following results: sensitivity 92.2% (95% CI 89-95%), specificity 95.4% (95% CI 77-99%), LR+ 7.02 (95% CI 3.42-14.4), LR- 0.09 (95% CI 0.06-0.14), and DOR 81.6 (95% CI 44-153). Mild heterogeneity was found among the selected studies. CONCLUSION Our evidence-based data demonstrate that bone scintigraphy using technetium-labelled radiotracers provides very high diagnostic accuracy in the non-invasive assessment of cardiac ATTR.
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Phull P, Sanchorawala V, Connors LH, Doros G, Ruberg FL, Berk JL, Sarosiek S. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in systemic transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR). Amyloid 2018; 25:62-67. [PMID: 29424556 PMCID: PMC6157907 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2018.1436048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in patients with transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with biopsy-proven ATTRwt (wild-type transthyretin amyloid protein) and genopositive ATTR V122I (valine-to-isoleucine substitution at position 122 of the TTR gene) amyloidosis evaluated at the Amyloidosis Center at Boston University and Boston Medical Center between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2016. RESULTS There were a total of 226 patients with ATTRwt and ATTR V122I amyloidosis evaluated during the specified time frame with 155 and 71 patients in each cohort, respectively. Those with complete medical records, 140 patients with ATTRwt and 57 V1221 ATTRm subjects, were included in the analyses. Fifty-five patients (39%) in the ATTRwt cohort and 28 patients (49%) in the ATTR V122I cohort had an MGUS, as indicated by an abnormality in the serum-free light-chain ratio and/or serum immunofixation electrophoresis. CONCLUSION These data confirm the high prevalence of coexistent MGUS with ATTR amyloidosis in this patient population, with an MGUS rate that is higher than the general population. These findings also highlight the importance of a thorough diagnostic evaluation in patients with amyloidosis to determine the precursor protein, as the clinical course and treatment of AL (light-chain amyloid protein) and ATTR amyloidosis are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Phull
- a Amyloidosis Center , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Vaishali Sanchorawala
- a Amyloidosis Center , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,b Section of Hematology and Oncology , Boston Medical Center , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Lawreen H Connors
- a Amyloidosis Center , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,d Department of Biostatistics , Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Gheorghe Doros
- a Amyloidosis Center , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Boston Medical Center , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Frederick L Ruberg
- a Amyloidosis Center , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,e Section of Cardiovascular Medicine , Boston Medical Center , Boston , MA , USA
| | - John L Berk
- a Amyloidosis Center , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,f Section of Pulmonary Medicine , Boston Medical Center , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Shayna Sarosiek
- a Amyloidosis Center , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,b Section of Hematology and Oncology , Boston Medical Center , Boston , MA , USA
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Java AP, Greason KL, Dispenzieri A, Grogan M, King KS, Maleszewski JJ, Daly RC, Eleid MF, Pochettino A, Schaff HV. Aortic valve replacement in patients with amyloidosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 156:98-103. [PMID: 29397971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcome data on aortic valve replacement in patients with amyloidosis are limited. To address this issue, we reviewed our experience of patients with amyloidosis who underwent aortic valve replacement. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 16 patients with amyloidosis who underwent aortic valve replacement between May 2000 and February 2017. RESULTS The cohort comprised 11 males (69%) and 5 females (31%). The median patient age was 76 years (interquartile range [IQR], 71-82 years), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted rate of mortality was 5.0% (IQR, 2.4%-8.7%). Amyloidosis type was immunoglobulin light chain in 6 patients (38%), age-related in 6 (38%), and localized in 4 (25%). The operation was surgical aortic valve replacement in 11 patients (69%) and balloon-expandable transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve insertion in the other 5. There was no procedure-related stroke, need for new-onset dialysis or pacemaker, or death within 30 days of surgery. The median length of hospital stay was 1 day (IQR, 1-2 days) in the transcatheter valve insertion group and 6 days (IQR, 6-8 days) in the surgical group (P = .002). Follow-up was available for all patients at a median of 1.9 years (IQR, 1.2-4.8 years). During the follow-up period, there were 4 deaths, all occurring >1 year after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Aortic valve replacement can be performed with low risk of operative morbidity and mortality in patients with amyloidosis. Transcatheter valve insertion has the advantage of reduced hospital length of stay. The 1-year survival is excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit P Java
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Kevin L Greason
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
| | - Angela Dispenzieri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Martha Grogan
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Katherine S King
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | | | - Richard C Daly
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Mackram F Eleid
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
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