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van de Kamp MM, Scheffers M, Hatzmann J, Emck C, Cuijpers P, Beek PJ. Body- and Movement-Oriented Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32:967-976. [PMID: 31658401 PMCID: PMC6973294 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To assess the efficacy of body- and movement-oriented interventions (BMOIs) in traumatized adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of pertinent literature. Four bibliographical databases (PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE(R), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched using keywords and text words for trials on BMOIs addressing PTSD. The search included articles published between October 2005 and August 2017. Studies were included if participants were adults suffering from PTSD, if BMOIs were the therapeutic strategy under investigation, and if a psychometrically evaluated standardized outcome measure for PTSD was used. No limitations for control conditions were applied. Hedges' g was computed as the effect size (ES) for the treatment versus control condition. The meta-analysis included 15 studies, which resulted in a mean ES of g = 0.85, 95% CI [0.31, 1.39], with very high heterogeneity, I2 = 91%. After removing one study as outlier, a mean effect size of g = 0.56, 95% CI [0.29, 0.82] (i.e., medium effect), still with considerable heterogeneity, I2 = 57%, was found. BMOIs seem to be effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD, but more research is needed to identify working mechanisms and to determine which types of intervention are most effective for various subgroups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mia Scheffers
- School of Human Movement and EducationWindesheim University of Applied SciencesZwolleThe Netherlands
| | - Janneke Hatzmann
- School of Human Movement and EducationWindesheim University of Applied SciencesZwolleThe Netherlands
| | - Claudia Emck
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Beek
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES As clinical practice guidelines vary widely in their search strategies and recommendations of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for depression, this overview aimed at systematically summarising the level 1 evidence on CAM for patients with a clinical diagnosis of depression. METHODS PubMed, PsycInfo and Central were searched for meta-analyses of randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) until 30 June 2018. Outcomes included depression severity, response, remission, relapse and adverse events. The quality of evidence was assessed according to Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) considering the methodological quality of the RCTs and meta-analyses, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision of the evidence and the potential risk of publication bias. RESULTS The literature search revealed 26 meta-analyses conducted between 2002 and 2018 on 1-49 RCTs in major, minor and seasonal depression. In patients with mild to moderate major depression, moderate quality evidence suggested the efficacy of St. John's wort towards placebo and its comparative effectiveness towards standard antidepressants for the treatment for depression severity and response rates, while St. John's wort caused significant less adverse events. In patients with recurrent major depression, moderate quality evidence showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was superior to standard antidepressant drug treatment for the prevention of depression relapse. Other CAM evidence was considered as having low or very low quality. CONCLUSIONS The effects of all but two CAM treatments found in studies on clinical depressed patients based on low to very low quality of evidence. The evidence has to be downgraded mostly due to avoidable methodological flaws of both the original RCTs and meta-analyses not following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidemarie Haller
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dennis Anheyer
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Holger Cramer
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gustav Dobos
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Scheffers M, van Duijn MAJ, Beldman M, Bosscher RJ, van Busschbach JT, Schoevers RA. Body attitude, body satisfaction and body awareness in a clinical group of depressed patients: An observational study on the associations with depression severity and the influence of treatment. J Affect Disord 2019; 242:22-28. [PMID: 30170235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from changes in mood and cognition, depressive disorders are also characterized by changes in body experience, changes that largely influence daily functioning and aggravate distress. In order to gain more insight into this important issue, three domains of body experience - body attitude, body satisfaction and body awareness - and their associations with symptom severity of depression were studied pre- and post-treatment in a clinical sample of depressed patients in a multidisciplinary setting. METHODS Body attitude (Dresden Body Image Questionnaire), body satisfaction (Body Cathexis Scale), body awareness (Somatic Awareness Questionnaire) and severity of depressive symptoms (Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology) were measured. Differences between pre-treatment and post-treatment scores were studied with paired t-tests. Associations between body experience and depression were analysed with Pearson correlations and partial correlations. RESULTS At the start of treatment, patients scored significantly lower than a healthy comparison sample on body attitude and body satisfaction, but not on body awareness. After treatment, depression scores decreased with large effect sizes, scores for body attitude and body satisfaction increased with medium effect sizes and body awareness scores increased slightly. Medium pre-treatment and strong post-treatment associations were found between depression severity and body attitude and between depression severity and body satisfaction. LIMITATIONS The design does not allow to draw causal conclusions. Because of the multidisciplinary treatment no information is available on the specific contribution of interventions targeting body experience. CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence for medium to strong associations in clinically depressed patients between body attitude, body satisfaction and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scheffers
- School of Human Movement and Education,Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2-6, Zwolle, CA 8017, The Netherlands.
| | - M A J van Duijn
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Beldman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - R J Bosscher
- School of Human Movement and Education,Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2-6, Zwolle, CA 8017, The Netherlands
| | - J T van Busschbach
- School of Human Movement and Education,Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Campus 2-6, Zwolle, CA 8017, The Netherlands; Rob Giel Research center (RGOc), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R A Schoevers
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Zvolensky MJ, Garey L, Fergus TA, Gallagher MW, Viana AG, Shepherd JM, Mayorga NA, Kelley LP, Griggs JO, Schmidt NB. Refinement of anxiety sensitivity measurement: The Short Scale Anxiety Sensitivity Index (SSASI). Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:549-557. [PMID: 30199696 PMCID: PMC6207458 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity, defined as the fear of anxiety and arousal-related sensations, has been among the most influential cognitive-based transdiagnostic risk and maintenance factors in the study and treatment of emotional and related disorders. The currently available anxiety sensitivity measures are limited by their length. Specifically, the length of these instruments discourages the adoption of routine anxiety sensitivity assessment in clinical or medical settings (e.g., primary care). The goals of this study were to develop and assess the validity and reliability of a short version of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3; Taylor et al., 2007), entitled the Short Scale Anxiety Sensitivity Index (SSASI), using three independent clinical samples. Results indicated that the abbreviated five-item version of the SSASI had good internal consistency and a robust association with the ASI-3. Further, across the samples, there was evidence of unidimensionality and excellent convergent and discriminant validity. There also was evidence of partial measurement invariance across sex and full measurement invariance across time. Overall, the five-item scale offers a single score that can be employed to measure anxiety sensitivity. Use of the SSASI may facilitate screening efforts and symptom tracking for anxiety sensitivity, particularly within clinical settings where practical demands necessitate the use of brief assessment instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA,Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA,Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Michael J. Zvolensky, Ph.D. Dept. of Psychology 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126. University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204. (713) 743-8056.
| | - Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Thomas A. Fergus
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | | | - Andres G. Viana
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | | | - Nubia A. Mayorga
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Lance P. Kelley
- Waco Family Medicine Residency Program, Heart of Texas Community Health Center, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Jackson O. Griggs
- Waco Family Medicine Residency Program, Heart of Texas Community Health Center, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Norman B. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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Luberto CM, Shinday N, Song R, Philpotts LL, Park ER, Fricchione GL, Yeh GY. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Meditation on Empathy, Compassion, and Prosocial Behaviors. Mindfulness (N Y) 2018; 9:708-724. [PMID: 30100929 PMCID: PMC6081743 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-017-0841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased attention has focused on methods to increase empathy, compassion, and pro-social behavior. Meditation practices have traditionally been used to cultivate pro-social outcomes, and recently investigations have sought to evaluate their efficacy for these outcomes. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of meditation for pro-social emotions and behavior. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane databases (inception-April 2016) using the search terms: mindfulness, meditation, mind-body therapies, tai chi, yoga, MBSR, MBCT, empathy, compassion, love, altruism, sympathy, or kindness. Randomized controlled trials in any population were included (26 studies with 1,714 subjects). Most were conducted among healthy adults (n=11) using compassion or loving kindness meditation (n=18) over 8-12weeks (n=12) in a group format (n=17). Most control groups were wait-list or no-treatment (n=15). Outcome measures included self-reported emotions (e.g., composite scores, validated measures) and observed behavioral outcomes (e.g., helping behavior in real-world and simulated settings). Many studies showed a low risk of bias. Results demonstrated small to medium effects of meditation on self-reported (SMD = .40, p < .001) and observable outcomes (SMD = .45, p < .001) and suggest psychosocial and neurophysiological mechanisms of action. Subgroup analyses also supported small to medium effects of meditation even when compared to active control groups. Clinicians and meditation teachers should be aware that meditation can improve positive pro-social emotions and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Luberto
- Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of
Psychiatry, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, USA, 02114
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind-Body Medicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital, 151 Merrimac St, Boston, MA, USA, 02114
| | - Nina Shinday
- Harvard Medical School/Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, 1309 Brookline Avenue, Boston MA,
USA, 02445
| | - Rhayun Song
- Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea, 6 Munwha 1-Dong,
Jung-Gu, Dae Jeon, 301-747
| | - Lisa L. Philpotts
- Treadwell Library, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua
Street, Boston, MA, USA, 02114
| | - Elyse R. Park
- Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of
Psychiatry, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, USA, 02114
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind-Body Medicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital, 151 Merrimac St, Boston, MA, USA, 02114
| | - Gregory L. Fricchione
- Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of
Psychiatry, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, USA, 02114
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind-Body Medicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital, 151 Merrimac St, Boston, MA, USA, 02114
| | - Gloria Y. Yeh
- Harvard Medical School/Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, 1309 Brookline Avenue, Boston MA,
USA, 02445
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Luberto CM, Chad-Friedman E, Dossett ML, Perez GK, Park ER. Characteristics of adult smokers presenting to a mind-body medicine clinic. J Health Psychol 2018; 23:860-870. [PMID: 27688301 PMCID: PMC5519444 DOI: 10.1177/1359105316671023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mind-body interventions can improve vulnerabilities that underlie smoking behavior. The characteristics of smokers who use mind-body medicine have not been explored, preventing the development of targeted interventions. Patients ( N = 593) presenting to a mind-body medicine clinic completed self-report measures. Patients were 67 percent never smokers, 27 percent former smokers, and 6 percent current smokers. Current smokers were younger; more likely to be single, unemployed, or on disability; and report greater depression symptoms, greater pain, and lower social support ( ps < .05).Current smokers who use mind-body medicine have unique psychosocial needs that should be targeted in mind-body smoking cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Luberto
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
- Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Emma Chad-Friedman
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
| | - Michelle L Dossett
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
| | - Giselle K Perez
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
- Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Elyse R Park
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
- Harvard Medical School, USA
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7
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Van der Gucht K, Takano K, Labarque V, Vandenabeele K, Nolf N, Kuylen S, Cosyns V, Van Broeck N, Kuppens P, Raes F. A Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Adolescents and Young Adults After Cancer Treatment: Effects on Quality of Life, Emotional Distress, and Cognitive Vulnerability. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2016; 6:307-317. [PMID: 28002681 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2016.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescent and young adult cancer (AYAC) survivors show an elevated risk of distress. Targeted psychosocial interventions for this distinct population are needed. This study examined the potential efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) to alleviate emotional distress and improve quality of life (QoL) in AYAC survivors. METHODS Participants were 16 AYAC survivors, aged 14-24, who had completed acute medical treatment. A two-baseline (8 and 1 week before the intervention), post- (1 week after the intervention) and 3 months follow-up within-subjects design was used. Each participant completed two baseline assessments, followed by an 8-week MBI. The primary outcome variables were emotional distress and QoL. Secondary outcomes were cognitive vulnerability factors and mindfulness skills. RESULTS Multilevel modeling showed (1) a significant reduction in emotional distress and improvement in QoL at 3 months of follow-up, (2) a significant reduction in negative attitudes toward self (i.e., a cognitive vulnerability factor), and (3) a significant improvement in mindfulness skills. CONCLUSION MBI is a promising approach that is used to treat emotional distress and to improve QoL in AYAC survivors. Further research using randomized controlled trials is needed to generalize these findings. Trial registration information: www.trialregister.nl ; NTR4358.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Van der Gucht
- 1 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keisuke Takano
- 1 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Labarque
- 2 Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Vandenabeele
- 2 Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Nolf
- 3 Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sanne Kuylen
- 4 Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and HIV, Antwerp University Hospital , Edegem, Belgium
| | - Veerle Cosyns
- 5 Medical Oncology & Haematology KZ, Brussel University Hospital , Jette, Belgium
| | - Nady Van Broeck
- 1 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Kuppens
- 1 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- 1 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Improving the Multidisciplinary Treatment of Chronic Pain by Stimulating Body Awareness. Clin J Pain 2015; 31:660-9. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Hsu YC, Chiu CJ, Wray LA, Beverly EA, Tseng SP. Impact of traditional Chinese medicine on age trajectories of health: evidence from the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:351-7. [PMID: 25688607 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is widely used, its effect on health outcomes is not well understood. This study employed a cohort sequential design to investigate levels and rates of change in health from midlife to older adulthood in TCM users and nonusers. A sample of 1,302 community-dwelling adults aged 53 to 80 was selected from individuals interviewed in the 1999 Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging (TLSA) and reinterviewed in 2003 and 2007. TCM users were identified as participants who reported visiting a Chinese medicine clinic in the year before each of the three interviews. Health outcomes included physical function, self-rated health, cognitive function, and depressive symptoms. Approximately one in five adults reported that they used TCM in at least one wave of the 3 interview years, but less than one in twenty across all waves. Controlling for time-varying sociodemographic and health conditions, levels and rates of change in physical and cognitive function did not differ according to TCM use. Although adults who reported using TCM had higher depressive symptoms (βTCM = 0.979, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.200-1.758) and poorer self-rated health (βTCM = -0.267, 95% CI = -0.267 to -0.081) at baseline, their rates of change in these outcomes did not differ from those who did not use TCM. Subgroup analyses revealed that TCM use benefited adults with higher depressive symptoms by attenuating worsening depressive symptoms (βTCM ×Age = -0.221, 95% CI = -0.434 to -0.007). Further research aimed at understanding the specific mechanisms by which TCM affects health outcomes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Hsu
- Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
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Moylan S, Berk M, Dean OM, Samuni Y, Williams LJ, O'Neil A, Hayley AC, Pasco JA, Anderson G, Jacka FN, Maes M. Oxidative & nitrosative stress in depression: why so much stress? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:46-62. [PMID: 24858007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many studies support a crucial role for oxidative & nitrosative stress (O&NS) in the pathophysiology of unipolar and bipolar depression. These disorders are characterized inter alia by lowered antioxidant defenses, including: lower levels of zinc, coenzyme Q10, vitamin E and glutathione; increased lipid peroxidation; damage to proteins, DNA and mitochondria; secondary autoimmune responses directed against redox modified nitrosylated proteins and oxidative specific epitopes. This review examines and details a model through which a complex series of environmental factors and biological pathways contribute to increased redox signaling and consequently increased O&NS in mood disorders. This multi-step process highlights the potential for future interventions that encompass a diverse range of environmental and molecular targets in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Moylan
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia; Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olivia M Dean
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Yuval Samuni
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lana J Williams
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amie C Hayley
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Northwest Academic Centre, University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Felice N Jacka
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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