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Chotiyanonta JS, Onda K, Nowrangi MA, Li X, Xu X, Adams R, Lyketsos CG, Zandi P, Oishi K. Translating clinical notes into quantitative measures-a real-world observation on the response to cholinesterase inhibitors or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors prescribed to outpatients with dementia using electronic medical records. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1177026. [PMID: 37234714 PMCID: PMC10206004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1177026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cholinesterase inhibitors (CEIs) are prescribed for dementia to maintain or improve memory. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are also prescribed to manage psychiatric symptoms seen in dementia. What proportion of outpatients actually responds to these drugs is still unclear. Our objective was to investigate the responder rates of these medications in an outpatient setting using the electronic medical record (EMR). Methods: We used the Johns Hopkins EMR system to identify patients with dementia who were prescribed a CEI or SSRI for the first time between 2010 and 2021. Treatment effects were assessed through routinely documented clinical notes and free-text entries in which healthcare providers record clinical findings and impressions of patients. Responses were scored using a three-point Likert scale named the NOte-based evaluation method for Treatment Efficacy (NOTE) in addition to the Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus caregiver input (CIBIC-plus), a seven-point Likert scale used in clinical trials. To validate NOTE, the relationships between NOTE and CIBIC-plus and between NOTE and change in MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) before and after medication were examined. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated using Krippendorff's alpha. The responder rates were calculated. Results: NOTE showed excellent inter-rater reliability and correlated well with CIBIC-plus and changes in MMSEs. Out of 115 CEI cases, 27.0% reported improvement and 34.8% reported stable symptoms in cognition; out of 225 SSRI cases, 69.3% reported an improvement in neuropsychiatric symptoms. Conclusion: NOTE showed high validity in measuring the pharmacotherapy effects based on unstructured clinical entries. Although our real-world observation included various types of dementia, the results were remarkably similar to what was reported in controlled clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease and its related neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill S. Chotiyanonta
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kengo Onda
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Milap A. Nowrangi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Roy Adams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Constantine G. Lyketsos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter Zandi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kenichi Oishi
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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2
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Brown P, Harrison Dening K. Assessing and managing agitation as a symptom of dementia. Nurs Older People 2023; 35:e1433. [PMID: 36883890 DOI: 10.7748/nop.2023.e1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) affect more than one third of people with dementia at some point during the course of their condition. Agitation is the third most common BPSD but is the least well understood in terms of identification and management. Furthermore, agitation as a symptom of dementia is often confused with agitation as a way of expressing an emotion or unmet need. Psychosocial interventions are recommended to support the person with dementia and their family carers to manage agitation as a symptom of dementia, as well as other BPSD, in a person-centred manner. Some psychosocial interventions for managing agitation as a symptom of dementia have shown benefits, but further investigation of the usefulness of a range of interventions is needed. This article discusses the assessment and management of agitation as a symptom of dementia and illustrates their application through a case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat Brown
- Dementia UK, London, England and PhD student, University College London, London, England
| | - Karen Harrison Dening
- Dementia UK, London, England and honorary professor of dementia nursing, De Montfort University, Leicester, England
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3
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Elsworthy RJ, Aldred S. Depression in Alzheimer's Disease: An Alternative Role for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors? J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:651-661. [PMID: 31104017 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common co-morbidity seen in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the successful treatment of depressive symptoms in people with AD is rarely seen. In fact, multiple randomized controlled trials have shown selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the current best recommended treatment for depression, to be ineffective in treating depressive symptoms in people with AD. One explanation for this lack of treatment effect may be that depressive symptoms can reflect the progression of AD, rather than clinical depression and are a consequence of more severe neurodegeneration. This raises several questions regarding not only the efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of depression in people with AD but also regarding the accuracy of diagnosis of depression in AD. However, there may be a rationale for the prescription of SSRIs in early AD. Even in the absence of depression, SSRIs have been shown to slow the conversion from mild cognitive impairment to AD. This may be attributed to the effect of SSRIs on the processing of amyloid-β precursor protein, which may cause a reduction in the accumulation of amyloid-β. Thus, although SSRIs may lack efficacy in treating depression in people with AD, they may hold therapeutic potential for treating and delaying the progression of AD especially if treatment begins in the early stages of AD. This article reviews the current consensus for SSRI treatment of depression in people with AD and highlights the possibility of SSRIs being a treatment option for delaying the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Elsworthy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Aldred
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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4
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Abstract
Clinicians should use a systematic approach to evaluating patients presenting with a concern for cognitive impairment. This approach includes interviewing a knowledgeable informant and performing a thorough mental status examination in order to determine the presence of functional impairments and the domains of cognition that are impaired. The results of this interview and examination determine the next steps of the diagnostic work-up. The pattern of cognitive impairment shapes the differential diagnosis. Treatment should address symptoms, and environmental, psychological, and behavioral interventions are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren McCollum
- Penn Memory Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Ralston House, Penn Memory Center, ATTN: Maria Crudele, 3615 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2612, USA.
| | - Jason Karlawish
- Ralston House, Penn Memory Center, ATTN: Maria Crudele, 3615 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2612, USA; Division of Geriatrics, Penn Memory Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. https://twitter.com/jasonkarlawish
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5
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Keszycki RM, Fisher DW, Dong H. The Hyperactivity-Impulsivity-Irritiability-Disinhibition-Aggression-Agitation Domain in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Management and Future Directions. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1109. [PMID: 31611794 PMCID: PMC6777414 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) afflict the vast majority of patients with dementia, especially those with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In clinical settings, patients with BPSD most often do not present with just one symptom. Rather, clusters of symptoms commonly co-occur and can, thus, be grouped into behavioral domains that may ultimately be the result of disruptions in overarching neural circuits. One major BPSD domain routinely identified across patients with AD is the hyperactivity-impulsivity-irritiability-disinhibition-aggression-agitation (HIDA) domain. The HIDA domain represents one of the most difficult sets of symptoms to manage in AD and accounts for much of the burden for caregivers and hospital staff. Although many studies recommend non-pharmacological treatments for HIDA domain symptoms as first-line, they demonstrate little consensus as to what these treatments should be and are often difficult to implement clinically. Certain symptoms within the HIDA domain also do not respond adequately to these treatments, putting patients at risk and necessitating adjunct pharmacological intervention. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for the HIDA domain and provide suggestions for improving treatment. As epigenetic changes due to both aging and AD cause dysfunction in drug-targeted receptors, we propose that HIDA domain treatments could be enhanced by adjunct strategies that modify these epigenetic alterations and, thus, increase efficacy and reduce side effects. To improve the implementation of non-pharmacological approaches in clinical settings, we suggest that issues regarding inadequate resources and guidance for implementation should be addressed. Finally, we propose that increased monitoring of symptom and treatment progression via novel sensor technology and the "DICE" (describe, investigate, create, and evaluate) approach may enhance both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the HIDA domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Keszycki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel W. Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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6
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Current Agents in Development for Treating Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms Associated with Dementia. Drugs Aging 2019; 36:589-605. [PMID: 30957198 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-019-00668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia are highly prevalent and are associated with an increased risk of institutionalization and mortality. Current pharmacological treatments for these symptoms include cholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. When used for treating behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia, they are associated with limited efficacy and/or serious adverse events. As such, there has been extensive research into novel agents with varying mechanisms of action targeting behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia. In this article, we present the results of a comprehensive literature search and review that evaluates current agents that have completed or are currently in clinical trials for treating behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia as a primary outcome. We highlight novel agents from miscellaneous drug classes, such as dextromethorphan/quinidine, bupropion/dextromethorphan, lumateperone, deudextromethorphan/quinidine, methylphenidate and scyllo-inositol, and drugs from various therapeutic classes (including atypical antipsychotics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and cannabinoids) that have demonstrated promising results and were generally well tolerated. Future research with large appropriately powered studies using validated outcome measures for behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia should be conducted to further establish the clinical utility of these agents.
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7
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Chakraborty S, Lennon JC, Malkaram SA, Zeng Y, Fisher DW, Dong H. Serotonergic system, cognition, and BPSD in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:36-44. [PMID: 30946928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD), present in almost 90% of patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), cause extensive impairment leading to reduced independence and inability to complete activities of daily living. Though BPSD includes a wide range of symptoms, such as agitation, aggression, disinhibition, anxiety, depression, apathy, delusions, and hallucinations. Certain BPSD in AD co-present and can be clustered into distinct domains based on their frequency of co-occurrence. As these BPSD are so pervasive in any stages of AD, the disease may be better characterized as a disorder of heterogeneous degenerative symptoms across a number of symptom domains, with the most prominent domain comprising memory and cognitive deficits. Importantly, there are no FDA-approved drugs to treat these BPSD, and new approaches must be considered to develop effective treatments for AD patients. The biogenic monoamine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), or serotonin, works as both a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator, which has been tied to cognitive decline and multiple BPSD domains. This review summarizes the evidence for specific serotonergic system alterations across some of the well-studied cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric domains. Though differences in overall serotonergic transmission occur in AD, circuit-specific alterations in individual 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs) are likely linked to the heterogeneous presentation of BPSD in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Chakraborty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jack C Lennon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sridhar A Malkaram
- Department of Biology, West Virginia State University Institute, WV-25112, USA
| | - Yan Zeng
- Brain and Cognition Research Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Daniel W Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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8
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Wilkins JM. Narrative Interest Standard: A Novel Approach to Surrogate Decision-Making for People With Dementia. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2018; 58:1016-1020. [PMID: 29617766 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a common neurodegenerative process that can significantly impair decision-making capacity as the disease progresses. When a person is found to lack capacity to make a decision, a surrogate decision-maker is generally sought to aid in decision-making. Typical bases for surrogate decision-making include the substituted judgment standard and the best interest standard. Given the heterogeneous and progressive course of dementia, however, these standards for surrogate decision-making are often insufficient in providing guidance for the decision-making for a person with dementia, escalating the likelihood of conflict in these decisions. In this article, the narrative interest standard is presented as a novel and more appropriate approach to surrogate decision-making for people with dementia. Through case presentation and ethical analysis, the standard mechanisms for surrogate decision-making for people with dementia are reviewed and critiqued. The narrative interest standard is then introduced and discussed as a dementia-specific model for surrogate decision-making. Through incorporation of elements of a best interest standard in focusing on the current benefit-burden ratio and elements of narrative to provide context, history, and flexibility for values and preferences that may change over time, the narrative interest standard allows for elaboration of an enriched context for surrogate decision-making for people with dementia. More importantly, however, a narrative approach encourages the direct contribution from people with dementia in authoring the story of what matters to them in their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Wilkins
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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A cross-sectional examination of the prevalence of psychotropic medications for people living with dementia in Australian long-term care facilities: issues of concern. Int Psychogeriatr 2018; 30:1019-1026. [PMID: 29198287 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610217002447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACTBackground:Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are a common problem in long-term care facilities (LTC). Clinical guidelines dictate that first-line treatments for BPSD are psychosocial and behavioral interventions; if these are unsuccessful, psychotropic medications may be trialed at low doses and their effects can be monitored. METHODS There have previously been no studies with nationally representative samples to investigate psychotropic administration in LTCs in Australia. This study determines the prevalence of psychotropic administration in a representative stratified random sample of 446 residents living with dementia from 53 Australian LTCs. Questionnaire and medical chart data in this study is drawn from a larger cross-sectional, mixed methods study on quality of life in Australian LTCs. RESULTS It was found that 257 (58%) residents were prescribed psychotropic medications including: antipsychotics (n = 160, 36%), benzodiazepines (n = 136, 31%), antidepressants (n = 117, 26%), and anti-dementia medications (n = 9, 2%). BPSD were found to be very common in the sample, with 82% (n = 364) of participants experiencing at least one BPSD. The most prevalent BPSD were depression (n = 286, 70%) and agitation (n = 299, 67%). CONCLUSIONS Although detailed background information was not collected on individual cases, the prevalence found is indicative of systematic industry-wide, over-prescription of psychotropic medications as a first-line treatment for BPSD. This study highlights a clear need for further research and interventions in this area.
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10
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Bartley MM, Suarez L, Shafi RMA, Baruth JM, Benarroch AJM, Lapid MI. Dementia Care at End of Life: Current Approaches. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018; 20:50. [PMID: 29936639 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-018-0915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dementia is a progressive and life-limiting condition that can be described in three stages: early, middle, and late. This article reviews current literature on late-stage dementia. RECENT FINDINGS Survival times may vary across dementia subtypes. Yet, the overall trajectory is characterized by progressive decline until death. Ideally, as people with dementia approach the end of life, care should focus on comfort, dignity, and quality of life. However, barriers prevent optimal end-of-life care in the final stages of dementia. Improved and earlier advanced care planning for persons with dementia and their caregivers can help delineate goals of care and prepare for the inevitable complications of end-stage dementia. This allows for timely access to palliative and hospice care, which ultimately improves dementia end-of-life care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Reem M A Shafi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joshua M Baruth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Amanda J M Benarroch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Maria I Lapid
- Center for Palliative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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11
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Lozupone M, La Montagna M, D'Urso F, Piccininni C, Sardone R, Dibello V, Giannelli G, Solfrizzi V, Greco A, Daniele A, Quaranta N, Seripa D, Bellomo A, Logroscino G, Panza F. Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of depression in patients with alzheimer's disease: a treatment-resistant depressive disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:823-842. [PMID: 29726758 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1471136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of depressive disorders in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) represents a clinical challenge. pharmacological options are often attempted after a period of watchful waiting (8-12 weeks). monoaminergic antidepressant drugs have shown only modest or null clinical benefits, maybe because the etiology of depressive symptoms in ad patients is fundamentally different from that of nondemented subjects. AREAS COVERED The following article looks at the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline, which is one of the most frequently studied antidepressant medications in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It also discusses many other pharmacological approaches that have proven to be inadequate (antipsychotics, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, anticonvulsants, hormone replacement therapy) and new drug classes (mainly affecting glutamate transmission) that are being studied for treating depression in AD. It also gives discussion to the phase II RCT on the alternative drug S47445 and the potential effect on cognition of the multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine in older depressed patients. Finally, it discusses the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist ketamine. EXPERT OPINION The present RCT methodologies are too disparate to draw firm conclusions. Future studies are required to identify effective and multimodal pharmacological treatments that efficiently treat depression in AD. Genotyping may boost antidepressant treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- a Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Maddalena La Montagna
- b Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Francesca D'Urso
- b Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Carla Piccininni
- b Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- c Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital , Castellana Grotte, Bari , Italy
| | - Vittorio Dibello
- d Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section of Dentistry , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- c Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital , Castellana Grotte, Bari , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- e Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- f Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" , San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia , Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- g Institute of Neurology , Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Nicola Quaranta
- h Otolaryngology Unit , University of Bari "Aldo Moro" , Bari , Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- f Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" , San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia , Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- b Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- a Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy.,i Department of Clinical Research in Neurology , University of Bari Aldo Moro, "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico" , Tricase, Lecce , Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- a Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy.,f Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" , San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia , Italy.,i Department of Clinical Research in Neurology , University of Bari Aldo Moro, "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico" , Tricase, Lecce , Italy
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12
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Borsje P, Lucassen PLBJ, Wetzels RB, Pot AM, Koopmans RTCM. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and psychotropic drug use in patients with dementia in general practices. Fam Pract 2018; 35:22-28. [PMID: 28985387 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmx061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) frequently occur in community-dwelling patients with dementia and they are also frequently prescribed psychotropic drugs. The prescription of psychotropic drugs has been found to be associated with the level of NPS. Data on NPS in patients with dementia in general practices are scarce. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence rates of NPS and psychotropic drug use (PDU) in patients with dementia in general practices. METHODS We analyzed data from the baseline measurement of a prospective cohort study in a sample of (Dutch) patients in general practices. Prevalence rates of NPS and subsyndromes assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and of PDU were calculated. Prevalence rates of individual NPS are presented both as clinically relevant symptoms (NPI symptom score ≥ 4) and as prevalence rates of symptoms with symptom score > 0. RESULTS Of the 117 patients, more than 90% had at least one symptom and more than 65% had at least one clinically relevant symptom. The most common NPS were agitation/aggression, dysphoria/depression and irritability/lability. The most common clinically relevant NPS were aberrant motor behaviour, agitation/aggression and apathy/indifference. Only 28.7% of the patients used at least one, 7.0% used at least two different and 1.7% used at least three different types of psychotropic drugs (excluding anti-dementia medication). CONCLUSIONS NPS are highly prevalent in patients with dementia in general practices, but PDU is rather low. The most common clinically relevant NPS were aberrant motor behaviour, agitation/aggression and apathy/indifference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Borsje
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Alzheimer Centre, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Alzheimer Center, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Thebe, Region South-East, Goirle, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L B J Lucassen
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Alzheimer Centre, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland B Wetzels
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Alzheimer Centre, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Margriet Pot
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Raymond T C M Koopmans
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Alzheimer Centre, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Alzheimer Center, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Joachim end Anna, Centre for specialized geriatric care, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Ford AH, Almeida OP. Management of Depression in Patients with Dementia: Is Pharmacological Treatment Justified? Drugs Aging 2017; 34:89-95. [PMID: 28074409 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-016-0434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Depression in the context of dementia is common and contributes to poorer outcomes in individuals and those who care for them. Non-pharmacological treatments are the preferred initial approach to managing these symptoms but data in support of these are scarce. There are a number of pharmacological treatment options available to clinicians but efficacy is uncertain and concern about potential side effects in an aging and vulnerable population needs to be taken into consideration. This review aims to provide a concise overview of pharmacological treatments for depression in dementia. Antidepressants are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment for clinically significant depression in the general population but evidence to support their use in dementia is mixed. Trials of antidepressants should generally be reserved for individuals with depression where the symptoms are distressing and surpass the threshold for major depression. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are effective in the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease but current evidence does not support their use to treat depressive symptoms in dementia. Similarly, antipsychotics and mood stabilizers have no proven efficacy for depression and the risk of adverse effects seems to outweigh any potential benefit. Pain can be a frequent problem in dementia and may have significant effects on behavior and mood. Preliminary evidence supports a role of adequate analgesia in improving mood in people with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Ford
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences (M573), Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing (M573), Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Osvaldo P Almeida
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences (M573), Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing (M573), Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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