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Waizman YH, Sedykin AE, Guassi Moreira JF, Saragosa-Harris NM, Silvers JA, Peris TS. Emotion Regulation Strategies and Beliefs About Emotions Predict Psychosocial Outcomes in Response to Multiple Stressors. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:275-290. [PMID: 37293683 PMCID: PMC10165282 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) strategies and beliefs about emotions (implicit theories of emotions; ITE) may shape psychosocial outcomes during turbulent times, including the transition to adulthood and college while encountering stressors. The normative stressors associated with these transitions were compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, providing a novel opportunity to examine how emerging adults (EAs) cope with sustained stressors. Stress exposures can heighten existing individual differences and serve as "turning points" that predict psychosocial trajectories. This pre-registered study (https://osf.io/k8mes) of 101 EAs (18-19 years old) examined whether ITE (believing emotions can change or not; incremental vs. entity beliefs) and ER strategy usage (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression usage) predicted changes in anxiety symptomatology and feelings of loneliness across five longitudinal assessments (across a 6-month period) before and during the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic. On average, EAs' anxiety decreased after the pandemic outbreak but returned to baseline over time, while loneliness remained relatively unchanged across time. ITE explained variance in anxiety across time over and above reappraisal use. Conversely, reappraisal use explained variance in loneliness over and above ITE. For both anxiety and loneliness, suppression use resulted in maladaptive psychosocial outcomes across time. Thus, interventions that target ER strategies and ITE may ameliorate risk and promote resilience in EAs who experience increased instability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-023-00187-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael H. Waizman
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Anna E. Sedykin
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | | | - Tara S. Peris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Silvers JA, Peris TS. Research Review: The neuroscience of emerging adulthood - reward, ambiguity, and social support as building blocks of mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023. [PMID: 36878602 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interval between adolescence and adulthood, 'emerging adulthood' (EA), lays the foundation for lifelong health and well-being. To date, there exist little empirical data - particularly in the neurobiological domain - to establish markers of risk and resilience during the transition to adulthood. This gap in the literature is concerning given the numerous forms of psychiatric illness that emerge or worsen during this period. METHODS In this review, we focus on two strands of research with distinct importance for EA: reward sensitivity, and tolerance of ambiguity. We begin by placing these domains in a framework that considers the unique developmental goals of EA and then synthesize emerging neurobiological research on how these domains develop during EA. We then consider their role in common mental health problems that occur during this interval as well as how social support may moderate outcomes. Finally, we offer recommendations for advancing research to understand developmental process and outcomes in EA. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Few longitudinal studies specifically address emerging adult development and the milestones that characterize this interval. Data on neurobiological development are similarly sparse. Understanding neurobiological development during this window and its links to key adjustment outcomes is crucial for optimizing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Silvers
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tara S Peris
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Crowley MJ, van Noordt SJR, Castagna PJ, Vaca FE, Wu J, Lejuez CW, Mayes LC. Avoidance in Adolescence: The Balloon Risk Avoidance Task (BRAT). JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Walkup JT, Friedland SJ, Peris TS, Strawn JR. Dysregulation, Catastrophic Reactions, and the Anxiety Disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2021; 30:431-444. [PMID: 33743949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Normal developmental activities (eg, going to school, raising a hand in class, and managing typical life uncertainties) are 'triggers' for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. To cope, children with anxiety avoid; however, when avoidance of developmentally appropriate activities is not possible, catastrophic responses can ensue. If these catastrophic reactions result in successful avoidance, they are likely to recur leading to a generalized pattern of dysregulated behavior. Interventions include treating anxiety disorder symptoms to remission. For parents the goal is to challenge their child to engage in important developmental activities, reward positive coping and avoid reinforcing avoidance behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walkup
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 220 East Illinois Street, Box 10, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Susan J Friedland
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago & Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Town and Country Pediatrics, 1460 North Halstead Street, Suite 402, Chicago, IL 60642, USA
| | - Tara S Peris
- UCLA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room 67-439, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Strawn
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 260 Stetson Street, Suite 3200, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Cano MÁ, Schwartz SJ, MacKinnon DP, Keum BT, Prado G, Marsiglia FF, Salas-Wright CP, Cobb CL, Garcini LM, De La Rosa M, Sánchez M, Rahman A, Acosta LM, Roncancio AM, de Dios MA. Exposure to ethnic discrimination in social media and symptoms of anxiety and depression among Hispanic emerging adults: Examining the moderating role of gender. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77:571-586. [PMID: 32869867 PMCID: PMC7878314 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
METHOD Two hundred Hispanic emerging adults from Arizona (n = 99) and Florida (n = 101) completed a cross-sectional survey, and data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses. RESULTS Higher social media discrimination was associated with higher symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety. Moderation analyses indicated that higher social media discrimination was only associated with symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety among men, but not women. CONCLUSION This is likely the first study on social media discrimination and mental health among emerging adults; thus, expanding this emerging field of research to a distinct developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Cano
- Florida International University, Department of Epidemiology, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Seth J. Schwartz
- University of Miami, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami, FL, USA
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Educational Psychology, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian TaeHyuk Keum
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Social Welfare, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guillermo Prado
- University of Miami, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Cory L. Cobb
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Educational Psychology, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Luz M. Garcini
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Psychiatry, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mario De La Rosa
- Florida International University, School of Social Work, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mariana Sánchez
- Florida International University, Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Abir Rahman
- Florida International University, Department of Epidemiology, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura M. Acosta
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Department of Psychology, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Marcel A. de Dios
- University of Houston, Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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