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Van Vrekhem T, Miatton M, Hemelsoet D, Van Hijfte L, Dekeyser C, De Zaeytijd J, Van Driessche V, Van Hoecke H, Maes L, Laureys G. Cognitive outcomes in Susac syndrome: A 2-year neuropsychological follow-up study. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16186. [PMID: 38308420 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Susac syndrome (SuS) is a rare, autoimmune, neurological disease characterized by a clinical triad of branch retinal artery occlusion, sensorineural hearing loss and encephalopathy. Neuropsychological functioning in SuS is little researched and the prevalence, nature, and evolution over time of cognitive deficits in SuS remain unclear. This study aimed to better understand the long-term neuropsychological outcomes of patients with SuS. METHODS Thirteen patients with SuS (mean [SD] age 39.5 [11.1] years) were enrolled at the Ghent University Hospital by their treating neurologist. The cognitive functioning and emotional well-being of each patient was evaluated by means of a thorough neuropsychological test battery at baseline and after 2 years. Follow-up testing after 2 years was performed in 11 patients (mean [SD] age 42.2 [11.5] years). RESULTS Patients showed normal neuropsychological test results at a group level, both at baseline and follow-up testing. Significant improvements over time were found for information processing speed, verbal recognition, and semantic and phonological fluency. Individual test results showed interindividual variability at baseline, with most impairments being in attention, executive functioning and language, which improved after a 2-year period. In addition, patients reported significantly lower mental and physical well-being, both at baseline and follow-up testing. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that neuropsychological dysfunction in SuS is limited at a group level and improves over time. Nonetheless, individual test results reveal interindividual variability, making cognitive screening essential. Furthermore, a high psycho-emotional burden of the disease was reported, for which screening and follow-up are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marijke Miatton
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Julie De Zaeytijd
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Helen Van Hoecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Maes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Kiely C, Douglas KAA, Douglas VP, Miller JB, Lizano P. Overlap between ophthalmology and psychiatry - A narrative review focused on congenital and inherited conditions. Psychiatry Res 2024; 331:115629. [PMID: 38029629 PMCID: PMC10842794 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A number of congenital and inherited diseases present with both ocular and psychiatric features. The genetic inheritance and phenotypic variants play a key role in disease severity. Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of those disorders is critical to earlier intervention and improved prognosis. Typically, the associations between these two medical subspecialties of ophthalmology and psychiatry are poorly understood by most practitioners so we hope to provide a narrative review to improve the identification and management of these disorders. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature detailing the diseases with ophthalmic and psychiatric overlap that were more widely represented in the literature. Herein, we describe the clinical features, pathophysiology, molecular biology, diagnostic tests, and the most recent approaches for the treatment of these diseases. Recent studies have combined technologies for ocular and brain imaging such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and functional imaging with genetic testing to identify the genetic basis for eye-brain connections. Additional work is needed to further explore these potential biomarkers. Overall, accurate, efficient, widely distributed and non-invasive tests that can help with early recognition of these diseases will improve the management of these patients using a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Kiely
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, 612, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Konstantinos A A Douglas
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, 612, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Retinal Imaging Lab, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - John B Miller
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Lab, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States; Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paulo Lizano
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, 612, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Translational Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.
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Cohen DA, Tajfirouz D, Vodopivec I, Kyle K, Bouffard MA, Bhattacharyya S, Douglas VC, Rasool N, Bhatti MT, McKeon A, Pittock S, Flanagan EP, Prasad S, Nagagopal V, Egan RA, Chen JJ, Chwalisz BK. Fluorescein Angiography Findings in Susac Syndrome: A Multicenter Retrospective Case Series. J Neuroophthalmol 2023; 43:481-490. [PMID: 37075250 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Susac syndrome is a vasculopathy, resulting in the classic triad of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), inner ear ischemia, and brain ischemia. In this retrospective chart review, we characterize fluorescein angiography (FA) findings and other ancillary studies in Susac syndrome, including the appearance of persistent disease activity and the occurrence of new subclinical disease on FA. METHODS This multicenter, retrospective case series was institutional review board-approved and included patients with the complete triad of Susac syndrome evaluated with FA, contrasted MRI of the brain, and audiometry from 2010 to 2020. The medical records were reviewed for these ancillary tests, along with demographics, symptoms, visual acuity, visual field defects, and findings on fundoscopy. Clinical relapse was defined as any objective evidence of disease activity during the follow-up period after initial induction of clinical quiescence. The main outcome measure was the sensitivity of ancillary testing, including FA, MRI, and audiometry, to detect relapse. RESULTS Twenty of the 31 (64%) patients had the complete triad of brain, retinal, and vestibulocochlear involvement from Susac syndrome and were included. Median age at diagnosis was 43.5 years (range 21-63), and 14 (70%) were women. Hearing loss occurred in 20 (100%), encephalopathy in 13 (65%), vertigo in 15 (75%), and headaches in 19 (95%) throughout the course of follow-up. Median visual acuity at both onset and final visit was 20/20 in both eyes. Seventeen (85%) had BRAO at baseline, and 10 (50%) experienced subsequent BRAO during follow-up. FA revealed nonspecific leakage from previous arteriolar damage in 20 (100%), including in patients who were otherwise in remission. Of the 11 episodes of disease activity in which all testing modalities were performed, visual field testing/fundoscopy was abnormal in 4 (36.4%), MRI brain in 2 (18.2%), audiogram in 8 (72.7%), and FA in 9 (81.8%). CONCLUSIONS New leakage on FA is the most sensitive marker of active disease. Persistent leakage represents previous damage, whereas new areas of leakage suggest ongoing disease activity that requires consideration of modifying immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon A Cohen
- Cleveland Clinic (DAC), Cleveland, Ohio; Mayo Clinic (DT, MTB, AM, SP, EPF, JJC), Rochester, Minnesota; Roche (IV), Basel, Switzerland; Massachusetts General Hospital (KK, VN, BKC), Boston, Massachusetts; Beth Israel Deaconess (MAB), Boston, Massachusetts; Brigham and Women's Hospital (SB, SP), Boston, Massachusetts; UCSF (VD, NR), San Francisco, California; and Eye and Vascular Neurology (RE), Carlton, Oregon
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Andour H, Rostoum S, Regragui Y, Fikri M, Jiddane M, Touarsa F. Fulminant Susac syndrome-a rare cause of coma: The history of the fatal course in a young man. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2023; 11:2050313X221149826. [PMID: 36756223 PMCID: PMC9899952 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x221149826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Susac syndrome is a rare microangiopathy of indeterminate etiology, presumably autoimmune, characterized by a triad of encephalopathy, sensorineural hearing loss, and branch retinal artery occlusions occurring predominantly in women. The onset and progression patterns are multiple, mainly of three modes. Fulminant evolution is exceptional, rarely reported across literature. We report through this case a Susac syndrome in a young man in whom evolution was fatal. Magnetic resonance imaging is essential to raise the diagnosis and for follow-up, with almost pathognomonic findings, all the more useful as the clinical triad is usually incomplete and as the encephalopathy is the most limiting of the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Andour
- Department of Neuroradiology, Specialty
Hospital, Rabat, Morocco,Hajar Andour, Department of Neuroradiology,
Specialty Hospital, Hay Riad, Rabat 10100, Morocco.
| | - Soufiane Rostoum
- Department of Neuroradiology, Specialty
Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Yassine Regragui
- Department of Anesthesiology and
Reanimation, Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Meriem Fikri
- Department of Neuroradiology, Specialty
Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Jiddane
- Head of Department of Neuroradiology,
Specialty Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Firdaous Touarsa
- Department of Neuroradiology, Specialty
Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
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Susac Syndrome: Description of a Single-Centre Case Series. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216549. [PMID: 36362776 PMCID: PMC9656090 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the clinical characteristics, diagnostic results, treatment regimens, and clinical course of a cohort of patients with Susac syndrome (SS). It is a retrospective observational study of all patients with the diagnosis of SS evaluated at the Hospital Clinic (Barcelona, Spain) between March 2006 and November 2020. Nine patients were diagnosed with SS. The median time from the onset of the symptoms to diagnosis was five months (IQR 9.0), and the median follow-up time was 44 months (IQR 63.5). There was no clear predominance of sex, and mean age of symptoms onset was 36 years (range 19–59). Six patients (67%) presented with incomplete classical clinical triad, but this eventually developed in six patients during the disease course. Encephalopathy, focal neurological signs, visual disturbances, and hearing loss were the most frequent manifestations. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed callosal lesions in all patients. Most were in remission within two years. Only four patients met the proposed criteria for definite SS. When SS is suspected, a detailed diagnostic workup should be performed and repeated over time to identify the clinical manifestations that will lead to a definite diagnosis.
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Barbero P, Vecchio D, Virgilio E, Naldi P, Comi C, Cantello R. Susac Syndrome: an uncommon cause of impaired vision. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:3919-3922. [PMID: 35006444 PMCID: PMC9119872 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-05865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 35-year-old Caucasian woman presented an abrupt onset of bilateral impaired vision, and arrived to our attention two weeks later. She had a previous episode of mild dizziness. She underwent a fluorescein angiography showing branch retinal artery occlusions and a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealing several supraand infratentorial FLAIR-hyperintense white matter lesions, two with contrast enhancement. Thrombophilic, autoimmune and infective (including Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Borrelia burgdorferi, Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, Herpes Simplex Virus 1-2, Varicella Zoster Virus) screening was negative. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed intrathecal IgG synthesis. We suspected a Primary Central Nervous System Vasculitis, and intravenous steroids were started. Three months later a second brain MRI showed seven new lesions without contrast enhancement, and she revealed a cognitive impairment and bilateral hearing loss. Reviewing the clinical history and MRI, she fulfilled diagnostic criteria for Susac syndrome. She had two cycles of cyclophosphamide, and recovered in 6 months and then remained stable with metotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Barbero
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Ospedale Maggiore Della Carità, via Mazzini 18, Novara, Italy.
| | - Domizia Vecchio
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Ospedale Maggiore Della Carità, via Mazzini 18, Novara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Virgilio
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Ospedale Maggiore Della Carità, via Mazzini 18, Novara, Italy
- Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Paola Naldi
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Ospedale Maggiore Della Carità, via Mazzini 18, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Ospedale Maggiore Della Carità, via Mazzini 18, Novara, Italy
- Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Roberto Cantello
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Ospedale Maggiore Della Carità, via Mazzini 18, Novara, Italy
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Wang A, Hu K, Yang Y, Yang B, Liu J, Chen X, Liu Y, Si Z. Susac syndrome with the typical clinical triad: A case report and literature review. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 367:577822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Susac syndrome with cognitive impairment - case report of 31-year-old woman. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/cpp-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Susac syndrome (SuS) is a rare immune-mediated disease caused by occlusions of microvessels in the brain, retina and inner ear. It is characterized by the clinical triad of encephalopathy, visual disturbances and hearing loss. The diagnosis of SuS is based mainly on the clinical symptoms and the supporting tests in which characteristic changes occur in the MRI.
Case report: Here, we present a case of a patient with possible SuS with psychiatric symptoms. A 31-year-old woman was admitted to the Department of Psychiatry due to deteriorating mental health for several weeks manifested as a negative mood and suicidal thoughts. During hospitalization, a neurological consultation was conducted, in which the patient was identified as conscious, psychomotor sluggish, with impaired verbal contact and persistent hearing and vision impairment. Cross-sectional assessment of cognitive functions revealed that the patient had a generalized syndrome of neuropsychological deficits, which confirms the diagnosis of dementia.
Discussion: This case summary provides an example of a woman diagnosed with SuS manifested as a cognitive impairment with associated vision and hearing deterioration. It is worth emphasizing the fact that such presentation of the triad of at disease onset is rare. The characteristics of the organic changes in the brain described in the MRI probably explain the symptoms described in that case. The prognosis of SuS depends on early diagnosis and treatment.
Conclusions: A diagnosis of SuS should always be considered in the presence of nonspecific neuropsychiatric symptoms and progressive multifocal neurological symptoms, hearing loss, and visual impairment. An important fact is that the typical triad of SuS symptoms in most cases does not occur simultaneously, which makes the diagnostic process very difficult and may lead to misdiagnosis.
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RECURRENT BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION FROM SUSAC SYNDROME: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2021; 14:315-320. [PMID: 29870024 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We report a patient with branch retinal artery occlusion predominant Susac syndrome and review the literature on current diagnostic modalities and therapeutic approaches for this rare condition. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 23-year-old white male presented with a 5-month history of a scotoma in his right eye vision, headaches, and intermittent paresthesias of the lower extremities. Ophthalmic examination was normal with the exception of a hypopigmented small retinal area inferonasal to the fovea in the right eye. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated inner retinal atrophy and optical coherence tomography angiography showed deep capillary layer vessel dropout in both eyes. Ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography revealed bilateral arteriolar wall hyperfluorescence. Corpus callosal lesions were present on magnetic resonance imaging. Lumbar puncture demonstrated elevated protein. Audiogram was normal. A diagnosis of Susac syndrome was made. The patient initially received oral steroids followed by intravenous steroids and mycophenolate mofetil because of new branch retinal artery occlusions. Thirteen months after initial presentation, the vision was stable at 20/20 in both eyes. CONCLUSION It is a diagnostic challenge when recurrent branch retinal artery occlusion secondary to Susac syndrome presents without the classic symptoms. Optical coherence tomography angiography and subtle magnetic resonance imaging findings aided in early recognition of the diagnosis in our patient. Ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography was an important tool in disease monitoring. Aggressive management with intravenous corticosteroids and initiation of immunosuppression resulted in long-term preservation of vision and improvement in visual field.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Provide an overview of the current diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of Susac's syndrome (SuS), with special emphasis on summarizing what is currently known about headache as a symptom of disease activity. RECENT FINDINGS The most recent literature in SuS has focused on furthering the understanding of the underlying pathology and efficacy of treatments for SuS. The importance of early recognition to facilitate timely treatment and avoid long-term disability has been highlighted. Headache, the most common symptom experienced by patients with SuS, can occur up to 6 months in advance of other symptoms, and exacerbations of headache can herald increased disease activity. Susac's syndrome (SuS) is a rare disorder classically characterized by triad of encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), and sensory neuronal hearing loss (SNHL). The full triad is uncommon at initial presentation, which can confound efforts to make timely diagnosis and treatment decisions. Headache is the most common symptom in SuS, is often an early feature, and can help separate SuS from other diagnoses in the differential. However, the features and management of the headache associated with SuS have not been systematically defined in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Dawe
- Department of Medicine,Division of Neurology, Dalhousie University,Halifax Infirmary, 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3A7, Canada
| | - A Laine Green
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA.
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Pérez PL, McCall AA, Hirsch BE. Scoping review of cochlear implantation in Susac's syndrome. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 7:126-132. [PMID: 33997722 PMCID: PMC8103525 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Scoping review of published literature to establish clinical characteristics and audiologic outcomes in patients diagnosed with Susac’s Syndrome(SS) who have undergone cochlear implantation (CI). Data sources All published studies of CI in SS and contribution of two of our own patients who have not been reported previously. Methods A comprehensive search of MEDLINE (via PubMed) was carried out in March 2020 using the following keywords and related entry terms: Susac’s Syndrome, Cochlear Implantation. Results Our search identified a total of five case reports of CI in SS. With the addition of our two patients reported here, we analyzed characteristics and outcomes in seven patients. Mean age at implantation was 30 years old (range 19–46), with six women and one man implanted. Mean time from onset of hearing loss to implantation was 17 months (range three months to four years). Best reported postoperative speech understanding was reported via different metrics, with six of seven patients achieving open set speech scores of 90% or better, and one subject performing at 68%. Vestibular symptoms were present preoperatively in four of seven patients (57%), with vestibular testing reported in two patients, and showing vestibulopathy in one patient. No complications were reported following cochlear implantation. Conclusion Cochlear implantation is a viable option for hearing rehabilitation in patients with SS, with levels of attainment of open set speech comparable to other populations of CI candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Pérez
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Andrew A McCall
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Barry E Hirsch
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses general features and organ-specific presentations of Susac syndrome as well as diagnosis and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Latest literature regarding demographics, new diagnostic modalities such as optical coherence tomography and treatment options for Susac syndrome are discussed in detail in this review, summarizing the most recent updated information. SUMMARY Susac syndrome is a rare, underdiagnosed, and often misdiagnosed disease that can lead to severe complications such as deafness, vision loss, dementia, and death. It involves the central nervous system and may mimic other neurological and neuro-ophthalmological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Redler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
| | - Bart K Chwalisz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sasikumar S, Micieli JA, Oh J. Mystery Case: Migraine, hearing loss, and blurred vision in a young woman. Neurology 2020; 95:e2945-e2950. [PMID: 33046618 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanskriti Sasikumar
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (S.S., J.A.M., J.O.), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (J.A.M.), and St Michael's Hospital (J.A.M., J.O.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jonathan A Micieli
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (S.S., J.A.M., J.O.), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (J.A.M.), and St Michael's Hospital (J.A.M., J.O.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiwon Oh
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (S.S., J.A.M., J.O.), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (J.A.M.), and St Michael's Hospital (J.A.M., J.O.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wilf-Yarkoni A, Elkayam O, Aizenstein O, Oron Y, Furer V, Zur D, Goldstein M, Barequet D, Hallevi H, Karni A, Habot-Wilner Z, Regev K. Increased incidence of Susac syndrome: a case series study. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:332. [PMID: 32878610 PMCID: PMC7465403 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Susac syndrome (SuS) is a rare condition characterized by a clinical triad of sensorineural hearing loss, branch artery occlusion and encephalopathy. This study reports an increased incidence of SuS in Israel. We describe the clinical characteristics of these patients, diagnostic procedures and the use and subsequent outcomes of newly published treatment guidelines. METHODS This is a single center retrospective study. Patients who were diagnosed with SuS between July 2017 and August 2018 were enrolled in this study. RESULTS Seven patients were diagnosed with SuS according to the diagnostic criteria in a time period of 13 months. The annual incidence was recently evaluated in Austria to be 0.024/100000, therefore, our case series represent at least a 5.4- fold increase in the annual incidence of SuS expected in Israel and a 7-fold increase in the annual incidence expected in our medical center. Mean time from the onset of the symptoms to diagnosis was three weeks and follow-up time was twenty four months. Recent exposure to cytomegalovirus was serologically evident in three patients and one patient had high titer of anti-streptolysin antibody. All patients underwent brain MRI, fluorescein angiography and audiometry. All patients were treated according to the newly recommended guidelines. All patients achieved clinical and radiological stability. CONCLUSIONS We report of an increased incidence of SuS in Israel. Infectious serological findings may imply a post infectious mechanism. The use of the recommended diagnostic procedures reduced the time to diagnosis. Newly published treatment guidelines led to favorable clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilf-Yarkoni
- Neuro-Immunology Service and Department of Neurology Rabin Medical Center, 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - O Elkayam
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Aizenstein
- Neuroradiology unit, Department of Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Y Oron
- Department of ENT, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - V Furer
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Zur
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Goldstein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Barequet
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - H Hallevi
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit of the Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Karni
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit of the Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Z Habot-Wilner
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - K Regev
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit of the Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Cho TA, Jones A. CNS vasculopathies: Challenging mimickers of primary angiitis of the central nervous system. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2020; 34:101569. [PMID: 32859518 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2020.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (CNS) is an inflammatory vasculopathy affecting the brain and spinal cord. It is a difficult diagnosis to make because of its insidious nonspecific course and its multiple mimics. This review identifies and discusses some noninfectious mimickers of primary CNS angiitis, including: reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Sneddon's Syndrome, amyloid-beta-related angiopathy, Susac Syndrome, and neurosarcoidosis. Each condition will be reviewed in terms of epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and treatment. Distinguishing these mimics from the primary angiitis of the CNS is important for proper treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Jones
- 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Susac syndrome (SS) classically presents with the clinical triad of retinal artery occlusion, sensorineural hearing loss, and encephalopathy and the neuroimaging triad of white matter lesions, deep gray matter lesions, and leptomeningeal disease. However, patients can present with an incomplete clinical or neuroimaging triads making diagnosis difficult in certain situations. A standard treatment paradigm also is lacking in this illness. It is important for neuro-ophthalmologists to recognize clinical and radiographic findings that are pathognomonic for this syndrome and have a basic understanding of the available treatment options. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Review of medical literature. RESULTS A definite diagnosis of SS is made when the clinical triad or the neuroimaging triad is present. There are numerous reports of 2 other imaging findings in this condition: arteriolar wall hyperfluorescence (AWH) on fluorescein angiography in retinal arterioles remote from retinal ischemia and central callosal lesions on MRI. Both of these imaging findings are diagnostic of SS. Gass plaques in retinal arterioles are almost always seen in the acute phase of the illness but are not pathognomonic for SS. The most common medications used in this syndrome are corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin. A number of other medications have been used including mycopheolate, rituximab, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of the clinical triad or magnetic resonance imaging triad for SS, AWH remote from retinal vascular injury and central callosal lesions are confirmatory of the diagnosis because they have never been described in any other condition. The presence of Gass plaques in retinal arterioles should strongly suggest the diagnosis. Despite the lack of clinical trial data, patients with SS must be treated promptly and aggressively. In more fulminant cases, addition of mycophenolate mofetil or rituximab is required, followed by cyclophosphamide when disease is refractory to other medications.
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Hemptinne C, Boschi A, Duprez T, Ivanoiu A, Coutel M. Case of Susac's syndrome initially diagnosed as multiple sclerosis. J Fr Ophtalmol 2020; 43:e119-e122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Heng LZ, Bailey C, Lee R, Dick A, Ross A. A review and update on the ophthalmic implications of Susac syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 64:477-485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Campbell P, Kaski D, Saifee TA. Susac syndrome presenting with acute hemibody paraesthesia. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 8:2048004019844687. [PMID: 31041097 PMCID: PMC6482645 DOI: 10.1177/2048004019844687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Susac syndrome is an orphan disease characterised by encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusion and sensorineural hearing loss. As the clinical triad is rarely present at symptom onset, it is often initially misdiagnosed and appropriate treatment is often delayed. Herewith, we report a case of Susac syndrome in a 47-year-old man presenting with acute hemisensory loss and highlight the challenges of early diagnosis, particularly relevant in the era of hyperacute stroke management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Campbell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Diego Kaski
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Tabish A Saifee
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK
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Mora López D, Tristancho Garzon A, Guzmam Llorente M, Jiménez Conde C, Montero Urbina A, Oliva Fernandez P. Síndrome de Susac. A propósito de las encefalitis autoinmunes. Med Intensiva 2019; 43:182-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shields RA, Kleinman RA, Smith SJ, Sanislo SR, Nguyen QD. A fatal case of Susac syndrome: The importance of ophthalmic examination in confirming the diagnosis. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2018; 12:18-20. [PMID: 30112461 PMCID: PMC6092523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a fatal case of Susac syndrome in a 24-year-old female. OBSERVATIONS A 24-year-old female presented with progressive encephalopathy of unknown etiology. Her previous evaluation consisted of laboratory testing, imaging, and a brain biopsy to investigate for infectious and rheumatologic diseases. Several months after onset of symptoms, she underwent ophthalmic examination, which demonstrated bilateral branch retinal artery occlusions. Further review of her medical record revealed a recent history of hearing loss. Based on the retinal and systemic findings, the patient was diagnosed with Susac syndrome. The patient was started on intensive immunosuppression; however, she became more obtunded and succumbed several months after her diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE The timely and accurate diagnosis of Susac syndrome, which classically manifests as the triad of encephalopathy, vestibulocochlear abnormalities, and retinal arteriolar occlusions, may help to reduce the morbidity of invasive testing and to prevent fatality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Quan Dong Nguyen
- Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2452 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
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22
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Magnetic resonance imaging of arterial stroke mimics: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging 2018; 9:815-831. [PMID: 29934921 PMCID: PMC6206386 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-018-0637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischaemic stroke represents the most common cause of new sudden neurological deficit, but other diseases mimicking stroke happen in about one-third of the cases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best technique to identify those 'stroke mimics'. In this article, we propose a diagnostic approach of those stroke mimics on MRI according to an algorithm based on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), which can be abnormal or normal, followed by the results of other common additional MRI sequences, such as T2 with gradient recalled echo weighted imaging (T2-GRE) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). Analysis of the signal intensity of the parenchyma, the intracranial arteries and, overall, of the veins, is crucial on T2-GRE, while anatomic distribution of the parenchymal lesions is essential on FLAIR. Among stroke mimics with abnormal DWI, T2-GRE demonstrates obvious abnormalities in case of intracerebral haemorrhage or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, but this sequence also allows to propose alternative diagnoses when DWI is negative, such as in migraine aura or headaches with associated neurological deficits and lymphocytosis (HaNDL), in which cortical venous prominence is observed at the acute phase on T2-GRE. FLAIR is also of major interest when DWI is positive by better showing evocative distribution of cerebral lesions in case of seizure (involving the hippocampus, pulvinar and cortex), hypoglycaemia (bilateral lesions in the posterior limb of the internal capsules, corona radiata, striata or splenium of the corpus callosum) or in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Other real stroke mimics such as mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes (MELAS), Susac's syndrome, brain tumour, demyelinating diseases and herpes simplex encephalitis are also included in our detailed and practical algorithm. KEY POINTS: • About 30% of sudden neurological deficits are due to non-ischaemic causes. • MRI is the best technique to identify stroke mimics. • Our practical illustrated algorithm based on DWI helps to recognise stroke mimics.
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Tenembaum SN. Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Distinguishing Clinical and MR Imaging Features. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2018; 27:229-250. [PMID: 28391783 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of evolving diagnostic criteria of pediatric multiple sclerosis and related disorders, emphasizing distinguishing clinical and neuroimaging features that should be considered for differential diagnosis in childhood and adolescence. New data on the integrity of brain tissue in children with MS provided by advanced MR imaging techniques are addressed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia N Tenembaum
- Department of Neurology, National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Combate de los Pozos 1881, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1436AAM, Argentina; International Pediatric MS Study Group, Foundation for Neurologic Disease, 10 State Street, Newburyport, MA 01950, USA.
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Gomez-Figueroa E, Garcia-Trejo S, Garcia-Santos RA, Quiñones-Pesqueira G, Calleja-Castillo JM. Exquisite response to intravenous immunoglobulin in Susac syndrome during pregnancy. eNeurologicalSci 2017; 10:1-4. [PMID: 29736421 PMCID: PMC5933996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction From its initial report on two female patients in 1979 by J.O. Susac, Susac syndrome (SuS) or SICRET (small infarctions of cochlear, retinal and encephalic tissue) has persisted as an elusive entity. To date the available evidence for its treatment is based on case reports and case series. The largest systematic review described only 304 reported cases since the 1970s. Here we presented the first reported case to our knowledge in Mexican population and the unusual presentation in a pregnant patient. Case presentation A 34-year-old Hispanic woman was brought to the ER in our hospital for apathy and behavioral changes. Upon arrival at the ER, her husband described a one-month history of behavioral changes with apathy, progressive abulia, visuospatial disorientation, and gait deterioration. The initial lab test shows no significance except by a positive qualitative hCG. An MRI was obtained and showed hyperintense periventricular white matter lesions in T2 and FLAIR sequences also involving bilateral basal ganglia and with predominant affection of the corpus callosum, in addition to infratentorial cerebellar lesions. After treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins a marked and prompt clinical and radiological improvement was observed. Conclusion SuS is still an elusive disease. To date, no definitive score or clinical feature can predict the outcome of the disease. The presentation during pregnancy is also rare and therefore the optimal treatment and the prognosis is unknown. We hope that this article will serve as a foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gomez-Figueroa
- Neurology Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sofia Garcia-Trejo
- Neurology Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Mexico City, Mexico
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Marrodan M, Correale J, Alessandro L, Amaya M, Fracaro M, Köhler A, Fiol M. Susac Syndrome: A differential diagnosis of white matter lesions. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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