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Asase RV, Glukhareva TV. Production and application of xanthan gum-prospects in the dairy and plant-based milk food industry: a review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:749-767. [PMID: 38371690 PMCID: PMC10866857 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Xanthan gum (XG) is an important industrial microbial exopolysaccharide. It has found applications in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, paints and coatings, and wastewater treatment, but especially in the food industry. The thickening and stabilizing properties of XG make it a valuable ingredient in many food products. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the various potential applications of this versatile ingredient in the food industry. Especially in the plant-based food industries due to current interest of consumers in cheaper protein sources and health purposes. However, challenges and opportunities also exist, and this review aims to identify and explore these issues in greater detail. Overall, this article represents a valuable contribution to the scientific understanding of XG and its potential applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Vincent Asase
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University of the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira St., 19, Yekaterinburg, Russia 620002
| | - Tatiana Vladimirovna Glukhareva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University of the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira St., 19, Yekaterinburg, Russia 620002
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Bhat IM, Wani SM, Mir SA, Masoodi F. Advances in xanthan gum production, modifications and its applications. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gupta S, Nadda AK, Gupta A, Singh J, Mulla SI, Sharma S. Transforming Wastes into High Value-Added Products: An Introduction. Biopolymers 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-98392-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mohsin A, Akyliyaevna KA, Zaman WQ, Hussain MH, Mohsin MZ, Al-Rashed S, Tan X, Tian X, Aida K, Tariq M, Haider MS, Khan IM, Niazi S, Zhuang Y, Guo M. Kinetically modelled approach of xanthan production using different carbon sources: A study on molecular weight and rheological properties of xanthan. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1226-1236. [PMID: 34743029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study emphasizes improving the overall yield, productivity and quality of xanthan by Xanthomonas campestris using different carbon sources via optimizing the fermentation media and kinetic modelling work. After optimization, six carbon sources and one nitrogen source were selected for xanthan production in 5 L bioreactor. Kinetic modelling was applied to assess the experimental fermentation data and to check its influence on scale-up production. In this work, xanthan production reached 40.65 g/L with a growth-associated rate constant (α) of 2.831, and highest specific growth rate (μm) of 0.37/h while using maltose as the sole carbon source. Furthermore, rheological properties were determined, and Herschel-Bulkley model was employed to assess the experimental data. Interestingly, xanthan obtained from sucrose and glucose showed the highest yield stress (τ0) of 12.50 ± 0.31 and 7.17 ± 0.21. Moreover, the highest xanthan molecular weight of 3.53 × 107 and 3.25 × 107 g/mol were also found with sucrose and glucose. At last, the proposed mechanism of sugar metabolism and xanthan biosynthesis pathway were described. Conclusively, maltose appeared as the best carbon source for maximum xanthan production: while sucrose and glucose gave qualitatively best results. In short, this systematically modelled approach maximizes the potential output and provides a solid base for continuous cultivation of xanthan at large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Kanagat Akbota Akyliyaevna
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Waqas Qamar Zaman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hammad Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Muhammad Zubair Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Sarah Al-Rashed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xiwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Kistaubayeva Aida
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Muhammad Salman Haider
- Applied Science Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat, HH Campus, 50700 Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Imran Mahmood Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sobia Niazi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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Xanthan gum production from acid hydrolyzed broomcorn stem as a sole carbon source by Xanthomonas campestris. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:296. [PMID: 29963356 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthan gum is an exo-polysaccharide industrially produced by fermentation using simple sugars. In this study, broomcorn stem was introduced as a low-cost- and widely available carbon source for xanthan gum fermentation. Broomcorn stem was hydrolyzed using sulphuric acid to liberate reducing sugar which was then used as a carbon source for biosynthesis of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campesteris. Effects of hydrolysis time (15, 30, 45 and 60 min), sulphuric acid concentration (2, 4, 6 and 8% v/v) and solid loading (3, 4, 5 and 6% w/v) on the yield of reducing sugar and consequent xanthan production were investigated. Maximum reducing sugar yield (55.2%) and xanthan concentration (8.9 g/L) were obtained from hydrolysis of 4% (w/v) broomcorn stem with 6% (v/v) sulphuric acid for 45 min. The fermentation product was identified and confirmed as xanthan gum using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Thermogrvimetric analysis showed that thermal stability of synthesized xanthan gum was similar to those reported in previous studies. The molecular weight of the produced xanthan (2.23 × 106 g/mol) was determined from the intrinsic viscosity. The pyruvate and acetyl contents in xanthan gum were 4.21 and 5.04%, respectively. The chemical composition results indicated that this biopolymer contained glucose, mannose and glucoronic acid with molecular ratio of 1.8:1.5:1.0. The kinetics of batch fermentation was also investigated. The kinetic parameters of the model were determined by fermentation results and evaluated. The results of this study are noteworthy for the sustainable xanthan gum production from low-value agricultural waste.
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Wang Z, Wu J, Gao MJ, Zhu L, Zhan XB. High production of xanthan gum by a glycerol-tolerant strain Xanthomonas campestris WXLB-006. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:468-472. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1292288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min-Jie Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Wuxi Galaxy Biotech Co. Ltd., Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Bei Zhan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Murad H, Mohamed SH, Abu-El-Kha AG. Impact of Amino Acids, Nitrogen Source and Buffering System on Xanthan Yield Produced on Hydrolyzed Whey Lactose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2017.69.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang Z, Wu J, Zhu L, Zhan X. Activation of glycerol metabolism in Xanthomonas campestris by adaptive evolution to produce a high-transparency and low-viscosity xanthan gum from glycerol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 211:390-7. [PMID: 27030959 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have focused on using crude glycerol from biodiesel to obtain valuable products, but few of these studies have focused on obtaining polysaccharides. A mutant strain of Xanthomonas campestris CCTCC M2015714 that could use glycerol to produce high-transparency and low-viscosity xanthan gum was obtained by adaptive evolution, and the yield of xanthan gum reached 11.0g/L. We found that transcriptional levels of genes related to glycerol metabolism (glpF, glpK, glpD, and fbp) in the mutant strain were all higher than those from the parent strain. Using 5g/L sucrose or glucose as starter substrate, cell growth time decreased from 36h to 24h and xanthan gum yield increased. Moreover, the mutant strain can tolerate high titer glycerol, and its activity was not affected by the impurities in crude glycerol. All these results proved that crude glycerol from biodiesel industries can be used for xanthan gum production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Wuxi Galaxy Biotech Co. Ltd., Wuxi, Jiangsu 214125, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Bhatia SK, Kumar N, Bhatia RK. Stepwise bioprocess for exopolysaccharide production using potato starch as carbon source. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:735-739. [PMID: 28324523 PMCID: PMC4569638 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthan gum is a biopolymer produced by Xanthomonas sp. XC6. In this study, xanthan gum is produced from potato starch using a stepwise bioprocess design. Potato starch is hydrolyzed using Bacillus sp. having amylase activity and 30.2 g/L reducing sugar was released, while Xanthomonas sp. XC6 can release only 14.5 g/L. Bacillus sp. hydrolyzed potato starch extract was further used as a carbon source for xanthan gum biosynthesis using Xanthomonas sp. XC6. Yeast extract acts as the best nitrogen source, and 10.0 g/L xanthan gum was recovered. Downstreaming process after stepwise bioprocess resulted in 17.4 g/L xanthan gum production, which is 2.8 times higher as compared to single step process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Education, Ghanahatti, Shimla, 171011, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, 171005, India.
| | - Narinder Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Education, Ghanahatti, Shimla, 171011, India
| | - Ravi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, 171005, India
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Xanthan from sulphuric acid treated tapioca pulp: Influence of acid concentration on xanthan fermentation. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 102:669-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A Study of the Effects of Aeration and Agitation on the Properties and Production of Xanthan Gum from Crude Glycerin Derived from Biodiesel Using the Response Surface Methodology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:2769-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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