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El-Shabasy RM, Farag MA. Dissecting dietary alkylresorcinols: a compile of their distribution, biosynthesis, extraction and functional properties. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:581-617. [PMID: 37156550 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2193860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are natural bioactive ingredients produced by: bacteria, fungi, sponges, and higher plants, possessing a lipophilic polyphenol structure with a myriad of biological properties. Focusing on the importance of ARs, several analogs can be extracted from different natural resources. Interestingly, the composition of ARs is usually reflective of their source, with structural differences to exist among ARs isolated from different natural sources. The identified compounds from marine are distinguished by sulfur atom and disulfide bond, while the alkyl chain of bacterial homologs are recognized for their saturated fatty acid chains. ARs occurrence in fungi is still poorly documented however most of the isolated fungal molecules are characterized by a sugar unit attached to their alkylated side chains. The biosynthetic pathway of ARs is postulated via a type III polyketide synthase in which the fatty-acyl chain is elongated and cyclized to generate ARs. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) has gained an increasing interest to mediate for ARs biological activities as discussed herein for the first time from their different resources. ARs extraction procedures showed much progress compared to classical methods compiling organic solvents with supercritical extraction appearing as a potential technique for producing highly purified food-grade of AR homologs. The current review also presents on the rapid qualitative and quantitative determination of ARs to increase accessibility for screening cereals as potential sources of these bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan M El-Shabasy
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Oiram Filho F, Mitri MP, Zocolo GJ, Canuto KM, de Brito ES. Validation of a Method for Anacardic Acid Quantification in Cashew Peduncles via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to a Diode-Array Detector. Foods 2023; 12:2759. [PMID: 37509851 PMCID: PMC10379927 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cashew peduncle has a high nutritional value and contains a wide variety of phenolic compounds. Among these, anacardic acids (AnAc) are biologically active components; however, they influence the cashew juice flavor and, consequently, its acceptance. This study validates a high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantifying the AnAc present in cashew peduncles, using a C18 reverse-phase column and a diode-array detector. The calibration curve obtained showed satisfactory precision for intraday (CV = 0.20%) and interday (CV = 0.29%) quantification, linearity (y = 2333.5x + 2956.2; r2 = 0.9979), repeatability with respect to retention time (CV = 0.45%) and area (CV = 0.30%), and selectivity, and possessed detection and quantification limits of 0.18 and 0.85 µg·mL-1, respectively. Different cashew clones containing AnAc were extracted and analyzed using the proposed method. A recovery of >90% was achieved using two sequential extractions. The total AnAc content ranged from 128.35 to 217.00 mg·100 g-1 in peduncle samples obtained from five different cashew clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Oiram Filho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60440-900, CE, Brazil
| | - Morgana Pereira Mitri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60440-900, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edy Sousa de Brito
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Pici, Fortaleza 60511-110, CE, Brazil
- Embrapa Alimentos e Territórios, Maceió 60020-050, AL, Brazil
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Meng X, Li T, Zhao J, Fan M, Qian H, Li Y, Wang L. Effects of Different Bran Pretreatments on Rheological and Functional Properties of Triticale Whole-wheat Flour. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Dornan K, Gunenc A, Oomah BD, Hosseinian F. Odd chain fatty acids and odd chain phenolic lipids (alkylresorcinols) are essential for diet. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Dornan
- Food Science, Chemistry Department Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Aynur Gunenc
- Food Science, Chemistry Department Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - B. Dave Oomah
- (Retired) Formerly with Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Summerland British Columbia Canada
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Food Science, Chemistry Department Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
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Osman SM, Abdel-Megied AM, Zain Eldain MH, Haleema S, Gopinath C, Sumalekshmy SA, Aboul-Enein HY. A highly sensitive GC-MS method for simultaneous determination of anacardic acids in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell oil in the presence of other phenolic lipid derivatives. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4659. [PMID: 31325174 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The commercial value of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) has become a cornerstone of the agrowaste industry. It is the by-product of the cashew industry and has an 1/8 inch thickness of soft honeycomb structure. CNSL contains phenolic lipids with aliphatic chains such as anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol and methyl cardol, and their derivatives. The developed GC-MS method is rapid, accurate and selective using a selected derivatizing reagent, namely N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide that was previously diluted 1:1% with anhydrous pyridine. The proposed GC-MS method was applied for the analysis of different CNSL samples. The results showed that all classes of CNSL compounds were detected. The four alkyl phenols were detected with their different alkyl sidechains without any interference. This method is also specified for the detection of fatty acids of saturated and unsaturated chains. Silylation did not cause any alteration in the chemical structure of CNSL compounds regardless of esterification action. Silylation is considered a safe derivatizing agent compatible with GC chromatography and specific for all volatile and nonvolatile polar and nonpolar CNSL compounds that could be detected in CNSL samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir M Osman
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6th October City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Megied
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department., Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelshekh University, Kafrelsheikh City, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Zain Eldain
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6th October City, Egypt
| | - Simimole Haleema
- Department of Chemistry, T.K.M. College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Chithra Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry, T.K.M. College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | | | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Efficient Homogenization-Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Bog Bilberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum L.) Marc with Carnosic Acid as an Antioxidant Additive. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142537. [PMID: 31336730 PMCID: PMC6680774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the optimum conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins and flavonols from bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) marc on a single-factor experimental basis, a response surface methodology was adopted for this intensive study. The extraction procedure was carried out in a Waring blender and followed an ultrasonic bath, and the natural antioxidant carnosic acid was added to inhibit oxidation. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: a volume fraction of ethanol of 70%, an antioxidant content of 0.02% (the mass of sample) carnosic acid, a liquid–solid ratio of 16 mL/g, a homogenization time of 3 min, a reaction temperature of 55 °C, an ultrasound irradiation frequency of 80 kHz, an ultrasound irradiation power of 200 W, and an ultrasound irradiation time of 40 min. Satisfactory yields of anthocyanins (13.95 ± 0.37 mg/g) and flavonols (3.51 ± 0.16 mg/g) were obtained. The experimental results showed that the carnosic acid played an effective antioxidant role in the extraction process of anthocyanins and flavonols with a green and safety guarantee.
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Oiram Filho F, Alcântra DB, Rodrigues THS, Alexandre E Silva LM, de Oliveira Silva E, Zocolo GJ, de Brito ES. Development and Validation of a Reversed Phase HPLC Method for Determination of Anacardic Acids in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Nut Shell Liquid. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:300-306. [PMID: 29300927 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) contains phenolic lipids with aliphatic chains that are of commercial interest. In this work, a chromatographic method was developed to monitor and quantify anacardic acids (AnAc) in CNSL. Samples containing AnAc were analyzed on a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a diode array detector, equipped with a reversed phase C18 (150 × 4.6 mm × 5 μm) column using acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase both acidified with acetic acid to pH 3.0 in an isocratic mode (80:20:1). The chromatographic method showed adequate selectivity, as it could clearly separate the different AnAc. To validate this method, AnAc triene was used as an external standard at seven different concentrations varying from 50 to 1,000 μg mL-1. The Student's t-test and F-test were applied to ensure high confidence for the obtained data from the analytical calibration curve. The results were satisfactory with respect to intra-day (relative standard deviation (RSD) = 0.60%) and inter-day (RSD = 0.67%) precision, linearity (y = 2,670.8x - 26,949, r2 > 0.9998), system suitability for retention time (RSD = 1.02%), area under the curve (RSD = 0.24%), selectivity and limits of detection (19.8 μg mg-1) and quantification (60.2 μg mg-1). The developed chromatographic method was applied for the analysis of different CNSL samples, and it was deemed suitable for the quantification of AnAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Oiram Filho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, UFC, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Daniel Barbosa Alcântra
- Department of Chemistry, UFC, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Guilherme Julião Zocolo
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, R Dra Sara Mesquita, 2270, Pici, 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Edy Sousa de Brito
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, R Dra Sara Mesquita, 2270, Pici, 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Zhu F. Triticale: Nutritional composition and food uses. Food Chem 2017; 241:468-479. [PMID: 28958555 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack), a man-made cereal from wheat and rye hybridization, is mainly used as animal feed. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in utilising triticale for food production. Some chemical constituents (e.g., starch and non-starch polysaccharides) of triticale as well as the genetic variability in nutritional composition have been much studied. Various food and beverage products of triticale have been developed, including bakery products (e.g., bread and cookie), pasta, malt, spirit, yoghurt, and biodegradable and edible films. Focusing on the literatures from the last 5years, this mini-review summarises the recent advances in the nutritional composition and diverse food uses of triticale. There is a wide variation in the chemical composition of triticale, which suggests the potential of triticale asa cereal alternative for various food and beverage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Patzke H, Schulze-Kaysers N, Schieber A. Separation and isolation of saturated and unsaturated 5-n-alk(en)ylresorcinols from rye bran. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1438:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Povilaitis D, Venskutonis PR. Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of rye bran using response surface methodology and evaluation of extract properties. J Supercrit Fluids 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ciccoritti R, Pasquini M, Sgrulletta D, Nocente F. Effect of 5-n-alkylresorcinol extracts from durum wheat whole grain on the growth of fusarium head blight (FHB) causal agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:43-50. [PMID: 25496267 DOI: 10.1021/jf5054518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In an approach toward the identification of ecofriendly compounds for fusarium head blight biocontrol, the in vitro antifungal activity of 5-n-alkylresorcinol (AR) extracts, obtained from durum wheat intact kernels, was tested. In comparison with ethyl acetate and acetone extracts containing AR, total inhibition of Fusarium graminearum spore germination was observed with cyclohexane extract, which also exhibited a significant fungistatic activity against F. graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum, and Fusarium poae. Additionally, the study of the influence of such variables as predrying of seeds and durum wheat genotype on AR cyclohexane extract properties allowed the association of its highest antifungal activity with the AR homologue composition and, in particular, with the presence of a higher C21:0/C23:0 ratio. The interesting finding of this study suggests a potential application of the AR homologues in crop protection systems and could be an important step toward the development of commercial formulations suitable to the prevention of fungal diseases.
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Impact of supercritical CO2 and traditional solvent extraction systems on the extractability of alkylresorcinols, phenolic profile and their antioxidant activity in wheat bran. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Rebolleda S, Beltrán S, Sanz MT, González-SanJosé ML. Supercritical fluid extraction of wheat bran oil: Study of extraction yield and oil quality. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rebolleda
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science; University of Burgos; Burgos Spain
| | - Sagrario Beltrán
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science; University of Burgos; Burgos Spain
| | - María Teresa Sanz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science; University of Burgos; Burgos Spain
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Rayne S. Comment on “Optimization of Alkylresorcinols Extraction from Triticale Bran Using Response Surface Methodology [Agil et al. (2012), Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(7), 2655–2664]”. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-013-1090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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