1
|
Bucci P, Casas A, Martins P, Meyer A, Cantero D, Muñoz R. A comparative assessment of treatment methods to release ferulic and p-cumaric acids from Brewer's Spent Grains. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 188:39-47. [PMID: 39098271 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the main byproduct from the brewing industry, which accounts for 85 % of the total waste generated during beer production. This lignocellulosic material is traditionally used as livestock feed and sold at a low price. However, BSG can be used as a low-cost feedstock for the production of bioactive molecules and chemicals precursors, upgrading the value of this byproduct. In this context, BSG is a promising feedstock for the extraction of antioxidants like ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (p-Cu). The effectiveness of three hydrolysis treatments were evaluated for the extraction of FA and p-Cu from BSG, namely enzymatic (based on the synergistic cooperation between a feruloyl esterase and an endo-1,4-β-xylanase), alkaline and hydrothermal. The hydrothermal treatment produced the highest extraction yields (7.2 g/kgBSG and 1.4 g/kgBSG for FA and p-Cu, respectively) in a short extraction time (an hour). On the other hand, enzymatic hydrolysis extracted 4.3 g/kgBSG for FA and negligible yields for p-Cu in 4 h of incubation at 25 °C. Yields of 5.5 g/kgBSG for FA and 0.6 g/kgBSG for p-Cu were obtained in more than 5 h of alkaline treatment at 120 °C. The mass and energy balances revealed the high dependence of the operating costs on the concentration of BSG used during the extraction process, with costs of 34.5 €, 6607 € and 205.5 € per kg of FA for the chemical, enzymatic and hydrothermal extraction methods at 100 kg BSG/m3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Bucci
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Spain
| | - A Casas
- The Institute of Bioeconomy. Calle Dr Mergelina S/N, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - P Martins
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Meyer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - D Cantero
- The Institute of Bioeconomy. Calle Dr Mergelina S/N, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - R Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
I S, Jayadeep A. Enzyme-treated red rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran extracts mitigate inflammatory markers in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and exhibit anti-inflammatory efficacy greater/comparable to ferulic acid, catechin, γ-tocopherol, and γ-oryzanol. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117616. [PMID: 38142877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a staple food for a significant portion of the global population, has been recognized for its traditional medicinal properties for centuries. Rice bran, a by-product of rice milling, contains many bioactive compounds with potential pharmaceutical and therapeutic benefits. In recent years, research has highlighted the anti-inflammatory potential of rice bran, contributed by the bioactive components concentrated in their bran but, unfortunately, entrapped in the bran matrix, with limited bioavailability. Previous studies have reported that the enzymatic treatment of rice bran improves the bran's bioactive compound profile but did not investigate its impact on chronic conditions such as inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigates the anti-inflammatory effects of endo-1,4-β-xylanase (ERB) and Viscozyme (VRB) treated red rice bran extracts against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages in comparison with non-enzyme-treated bran (CRB). Further established their efficacy with known anti-inflammatory compounds-ferulic acid (FA), catechin (CAT), γ-tocopherol (GTP), and γ-oryzanol (ORZ). MATERIALS AND METHODS The RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were pre-treated with non-toxic concentrations (10-200 μg/mL) of FA, CAT, GTP, ORZ, CRB, ERB, and VRB, followed by inflammatory stimulation with LPS for 24 h. Further, the cell supernatant and pellets were harvested to study the anti-inflammatory effects by evaluating and measuring their efficacy in inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β) and mediators (ROS, NO, PGE2, COX2, iNOS) through biochemical, ELISA, and mRNA expression studies. RESULTS The findings showed that both ERB and VRB effectively inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6) and mediators (ROS, NO, PGE2) by downregulating mRNA expressions of inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, COX2, iNOS) and demonstrated anti-inflammatory efficacy higher than CRB. On comparison, ERB demonstrated exceptional efficacy by causing a reduction of 48% in ROS, 20% in TNF-α, and 23% in PGE2 at 10 μg/mL, surpassing the anti-inflammatory capabilities of all the bioactive compounds, FA and ORZ, respectively. At the same time, VRB exhibited remarkable efficacy by reducing NO production by 52% at 200 μg/mL and IL-6 by 66% at 10 μg/mL, surpassing FA, CAT, ORZ, and GTP. Further, ERB downregulated the mRNA expression of IL-10 and iNOS, while VRB downregulated TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX2 expression. Both extracts equally downregulated IL-6 expression at 10 μg/mL, demonstrating the efficacy more remarkable/on par with established anti-inflammatory compounds. CONCLUSIONS Overall, enzyme-treated rice bran/extract, particularly ERB, possesses excellent anti-inflammatory properties, making them promising agents for alternatives to contemporary nutraceuticals/functional food against inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna I
- Department of Grain Science and Technology, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore -570020, Karnataka, India.
| | - A Jayadeep
- Department of Grain Science and Technology, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore -570020, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu D, Yang Z, Li J, Huang H, Xia Q, Ye X, Liu D. Optimizing the Solvent Selection of the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Sea Buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Pomace: Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity. Foods 2024; 13:482. [PMID: 38338617 PMCID: PMC10855374 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) is a by-product of sea buckthorn processing that is rich in bioactive compounds. In this study, different active ingredients were extracted by using different solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether) combined with an ultrasonic assisted method. The correlation between the active ingredients and antioxidant properties of the extract was studied, which provided a research basis for the comprehensive utilization of SBP. This study revealed that the 75% ethanol extract had the highest total phenolic content (TPC) of 42.86 ± 0.73 mg GAE/g, while the 75% glycerol extract had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) of 25.52 ± 1.35 mg RTE/g. The ethanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity at the same concentration compared with other solvents. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol, methanol, and glycerol extracts increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Thirteen phenolic compounds were detected in the SBP extracts using UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Notably, the 75% glycerol extract contained the highest concentration of all identified phenolic compounds, with rutin (192.21 ± 8.19 μg/g), epigallocatechin (105.49 ± 0.69 μg/g), and protocatechuic acid (27.9 ± 2.38 μg/g) being the most abundant. Flavonols were found to be the main phenolic substances in SBP. A strong correlation was observed between TPC and the antioxidant activities of SBP extracts. In conclusion, the choice of solvent significantly influences the active compounds and antioxidant activities of SBP extracts. SBP extracts are a valuable source of natural phenolics and antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (Q.X.); (X.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Zhihao Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (Q.X.); (X.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Jiong Li
- Hangzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310022, China;
| | - Huilin Huang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (Q.X.); (X.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Qile Xia
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (Q.X.); (X.Y.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (Q.X.); (X.Y.); (D.L.)
| | - Donghong Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.Y.); (H.H.); (Q.X.); (X.Y.); (D.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lock TJ, Mah SH, Lai ZW. Versatile Applications of Brewer's Spent Grain: Solid-State Fermentation and Nutritional Added Value. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04769-3. [PMID: 37971579 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a major by-product in the beer-brewing process which contributes to 85% of the entire generated by-product in the brewing process. BSG is rich in proteins, and most of the malt proteins (74-78%) remain insoluble in BSG after the mashing process. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a promising bioprocess that enables microorganisms to survive in environments with minimal water and has shown to enhance the nutritional composition of BSG. In this review, the potential application of protein, amino acids (proline, threonine, and serine), phenolic contents, and soluble sugars (glucose, fructose, xylose, arabinose, and cellobiose) extracted from BSG by various microorganisms using SSF is explored. Incorporation of BSG into animal feed, human diets, and as a substrate for microorganisms are the prospects that could be implemented in the industrial scale. This review also discussed various advances to improve the fermentation yield such as symbiotic fermentation, the addition of nitrogen supplements, and an optimal mixture of the agro-industrial waste substrate. Future perspectives on SSF are also addressed to provide important ideas for immediate and future studies. However, challenges include optimizing SSF conditions and design of bioreactors, and operational costs must be addressed in the future to overcome current obstacles. Overall, this mini review highlights the potential benefits of BSG utilization and SSF in a sustainable way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jenq Lock
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Siau Hui Mah
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Zee Wei Lai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Danciu CA, Tulbure A, Stanciu MA, Antonie I, Capatana C, Zerbeș MV, Giurea R, Rada EC. Overview of the Sustainable Valorization of Using Waste and By-Products in Grain Processing. Foods 2023; 12:3770. [PMID: 37893664 PMCID: PMC10606821 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an increasingly resource-constrained era, using waste and by-products from grain processing has a wide appeal. This is due to the nutritive value and economic aspects of this process and due to its compatibility with the trend towards more sustainable food systems. Following the fundamentals of circular economy, a current need is the effective utilization of grain waste and by-products for conversion into value-added products in the food industry. The aim of this study is twofold: (1) using bibliometrics and the literature found in various databases, we aim to understand the progress of valorizing grain waste and by-products in human nutrition. The literature within various databases, namely, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Elsevier Scopus, has been evaluated for its merits and values. (2) We aim to explore knowledge-based strategies by reviewing the literature concerning the possible use of grain waste and by-products for the food processing industry, reducing the burden on virgin raw materials. The review allowed us to unlock the latest advances in upcycling side streams and waste from the grain processing industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina-Anca Danciu
- Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 7-9 Dr. Ion Ratiu Street, 550012 Sibiu, Romania; (C.-A.D.); (M.-A.S.); (I.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Anca Tulbure
- Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 7-9 Dr. Ion Ratiu Street, 550012 Sibiu, Romania; (C.-A.D.); (M.-A.S.); (I.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Mirela-Aurora Stanciu
- Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 7-9 Dr. Ion Ratiu Street, 550012 Sibiu, Romania; (C.-A.D.); (M.-A.S.); (I.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Iuliana Antonie
- Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 7-9 Dr. Ion Ratiu Street, 550012 Sibiu, Romania; (C.-A.D.); (M.-A.S.); (I.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Ciprian Capatana
- Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 7-9 Dr. Ion Ratiu Street, 550012 Sibiu, Romania; (C.-A.D.); (M.-A.S.); (I.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Mihai Victor Zerbeș
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 4 Emil Cioran Street, 550025 Sibiu, Romania; (M.V.Z.); (R.G.)
| | - Ramona Giurea
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 4 Emil Cioran Street, 550025 Sibiu, Romania; (M.V.Z.); (R.G.)
| | - Elena Cristina Rada
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 46 Via G.B. Vico, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morales-Juárez AA, Terrazas Armendáriz LD, Alcocer-González JM, Chávez-Guerrero L. Potential of Nanocellulose as a Dietary Fiber Isolated from Brewer's Spent Grain. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3613. [PMID: 37688239 PMCID: PMC10489823 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Steady growth in beer production is increasing the number of by-products named brewers' spent grain. Such by-products are a source of several components, where cellulose is usually present in high amounts. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol to obtain a mix of cellulose microfibers with an average diameter of 8-12 µm and cellulose nanoplatelets with an average thickness of 100 nm, which has several applications in the food industry. The process comprised one alkaline treatment followed by acid hydrolysis, giving a new mix of micro and nanocellulose. This mix was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and laser scanning microscopy corroborating the presence and measurements of the cellulose nanostructure, showing an aspect ratio of up to 500. Finally, we demonstrated that the administration of this new type of nanocellulose allowed us to control the weight of mice (feed intake), showing a significant percentage of weight reduction (4.96%) after 15 days compared with their initial weight, indicating the possibility of using this material as a dietary fiber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Azael Morales-Juárez
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering School, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza, San Nicolas de los Garza C.P. 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico;
| | - Luis Daniel Terrazas Armendáriz
- Biological Sciences School, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; (L.D.T.A.); (J.M.A.-G.)
| | - Juan Manuel Alcocer-González
- Biological Sciences School, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza C.P. 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; (L.D.T.A.); (J.M.A.-G.)
| | - Leonardo Chávez-Guerrero
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering School, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza, San Nicolas de los Garza C.P. 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vilas-Franquesa A, Casertano M, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Torres-León C. Recent advances in bio-based extraction processes for the recovery of bound phenolics from agro-industrial by-products and their biological activity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37366277 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2227261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Usually found bound to other complex molecules (e.g., lignin, hemicellulose), phenolic compounds (PC) are widely present in agro-industrial by-products, and their extraction is challenging. In recent times, research is starting to highlight the bioactive roles played by bound phenolics (BPC) in human health. This review aims at providing a critical update on recent advances in green techniques for the recovery of BPC, focusing on enzymatic-assisted (EAE) and fermentation-assisted extraction (FAE) as well as in the combination of technologies, showing variable yield and features. The present review also summarizes the most recent biological activities attributed to BPC extracts until now. The higher antioxidant activity of BPC-compared to FPC-coupled with their affordable by-product source make them medicinally potent and economically viable, promoting their integral upcycling and generating new revenue streams, business, and employment opportunities. In addition, EAE and FAE can have a biotransformative effect on the PC itself or its moiety, leading to improved extraction outcomes. Moreover, recent research on BPC extracts has reported promising anti-cancer and anti-diabetic activity. Yet further research is needed to elucidate their biological mechanisms and exploit the true potential of their applications in terms of new food products or ingredient development for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Vilas-Franquesa
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Melania Casertano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Tresserra-Rimbau
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XIA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XIA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Torres-León
- Reaserch Center and Ethnobiological Garden (CIJE), Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreón, Viesca, Coahuila, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grgić T, Pavišić Z, Maltar-Strmečki N, Voučko B, Čukelj Mustač N, Ćurić D, Le-Bail A, Novotni D. Ultrasound-assisted Modification of Enzymatic and Antioxidant Activities, Functional and Rheological Properties of Oat and Barley Bran. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
|
9
|
Emmanuel JK, Nganyira PD, Shao GN. Evaluating the potential applications of brewers' spent grain in biogas generation, food and biotechnology industry: A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11140. [PMCID: PMC9626929 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Breweries, as the major users of fossil fuels, are constantly under economic and environmental pressure to minimize energy consumption and residual management costs. Biogas generation from brewing wastes is a realistic solution for significantly reducing fossil fuel use. Brewers' spent grain (BSG) forms about eighty per cent of the total wastes from a brewing plant. BSG has a high cellulose and non-cellulosic polysaccharides content which makes it potential for biogas production. This paper reviews the potential applications of BSG as an alternative substrate for production of biogas and the recent achievements which have been attained in anaerobic digestion (AD) technology. The usability of BSG in diverse technologies including production of animal and human food and as a medium for growing microorganisms and enzymes is reviewed. The chemical processes involved in producing biogas from BSG are discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fărcaș AC, Socaci SA, Nemeș SA, Salanță LC, Chiș MS, Pop CR, Borșa A, Diaconeasa Z, Vodnar DC. Cereal Waste Valorization through Conventional and Current Extraction Techniques-An Up-to-Date Overview. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162454. [PMID: 36010454 PMCID: PMC9407619 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, in the European Union more than 100 million tons of food are wasted, meanwhile, millions of people are starving. Food waste represents a serious and ever-growing issue which has gained researchers’ attention due to its economic, environmental, social, and ethical implications. The Sustainable Development Goal has as its main objective the reduction of food waste through several approaches such as the re-use of agro-industrial by-products and their exploitation through complete valorization of their bioactive compounds. The extraction of the bioactive compounds through conventional methods has been used for a long time, whilst the increasing demand and evolution for using more sustainable extraction techniques has led to the development of new, ecologically friendly, and high-efficiency technologies. Enzymatic and ultrasound-assisted extractions, microwave-assisted extraction, membrane fractionation, and pressure-based extraction techniques (supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, and steam explosion) are the main debated green technologies in the present paper. This review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the well-known conventional extraction methods and the advanced novel treatments and extraction techniques applied to release the bioactive compounds from cereal waste and by-products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Corina Fărcaș
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.F.); (M.S.C.); Tel.: +40-264-596384 (A.C.F.); +40-(21)-318-2564 (M.S.C.)
| | - Sonia Ancuța Socaci
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Silvia Amalia Nemeș
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liana Claudia Salanță
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Simona Chiș
- Laboratory for Testing Quality and Food Safety, Calea Florești Street, No. 64, 400516 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.F.); (M.S.C.); Tel.: +40-264-596384 (A.C.F.); +40-(21)-318-2564 (M.S.C.)
| | - Carmen Rodica Pop
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Borșa
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zorița Diaconeasa
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Valorization of brewer’s spent grain by consecutive supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis. Food Chem 2022; 396:133493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
12
|
Olivares-Galván S, Marina M, García M. Extraction of valuable compounds from brewing residues: Malt rootlets, spent hops, and spent yeast. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
13
|
Optimization of Phenolic Compound Extraction from Brewers’ Spent Grain Using Ultrasound Technologies Coupled with Response Surface Methodology. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) is the main solid by-product from the brewery industry, rich in valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to valorize this by-product, recovering phenolic compounds from BSG using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and chemometric techniques, such as the response surface methodology (RSM). Therefore, UAE process parameters (temperature and time) and solvent composition (ethanol aqueous mixtures) were optimized using a three-level Box–Behnken design, in order to carry out the maximum yield in phenols. Then, the extract obtained under optimal conditions was characterized for the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, ABTS, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH), and individual phenolic compounds were identified using HPLC-DAD. The results show the highest level of total soluble phenolic content (4.1 ± 0.1 mg GAE/g d.w.) at 80 °C, 50 min and 65:35% ethanol:water, with a high goodness of fit between experimental and predicted values (R2 = 0.987), and a high antioxidant potential (DPPH: 0.42 ± 0.01 mg TE eq/g d.w.; ABTS: 5.82 ± 0.04 mg TE eq/g d.w.). A comparison between the classic extraction techniques and the UAE with the same solvent showed an increase of 156% in the phenol yield. The characterization of phenolic profile revealed that ferulic acid (1.5 ± 0.2 mg/L), vanillic acid (0.78 ± 0.18 mg/L) and p-coumaric acid (0.12 ± 0.03 mg/L) were the prevalent ones. UAE coupled with RSM was a useful tool to inexpensively and quickly recover bioactive phenolic compounds from BSG, which can be used in the food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries.
Collapse
|
14
|
Processing of Distillery Stillage to Recover Phenolic Compounds with Ultrasound-Assisted and Microwave-Assisted Extractions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052709. [PMID: 35270409 PMCID: PMC8910419 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) conditions (extraction time, acetone concentration, solid-to-solvent ratio) on the efficiency of polyphenol recovery from distillery stillage and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The highest total polyphenol content, flavonoid content, and phenolic acid content were obtained with 10-min UAE and 5-min MAE at a solid-to-acetone ratio of 1:15 (w:v). Recovery yield was the highest with an aqueous solution of 60% acetone, confirming the results of Hansen Solubility Parameter analysis. Although UAE resulted in approximately 1.2 times higher extraction yield, MAE showed a better balance between extraction yield and energy consumption exhibited by its 3-fold higher extraction rate than that of UAE. Content of total polyphenols and phenolic acids strongly correlated with antioxidant activity, indicating that these compounds provide a substantial contribution to the bioactive properties of the extracts. Six phenolic acids were extracted, predominately ferulic and p-coumaric acids, and free forms of these acids constituted 91% of their total content, which opens various possibilities for their application in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ho PN, Klanrit P, Hanboonsong Y, Yordpratum U, Suksawat M, Kulthawatsiri T, Jirahiranpat A, Deewai S, Mackawan P, Sermswan RW, Namwat N, Loilome W, Khampitak T, Wangwiwatsin A, Phetcharaburanin J. Bacterial challenge-associated metabolic phenotypes in Hermetia illucens defining nutritional and functional benefits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23316. [PMID: 34857836 PMCID: PMC8639782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) is popular for its applications in animal feed, waste management and antimicrobial peptide source. The major advantages of BSF larva include their robust immune system and high nutritional content that can be further developed into more potential agricultural and medical applications. Several strategies are now being developed to exploit their fullest capabilities and one of these is the immunity modulation using bacterial challenges. The mechanism underlying metabolic responses of BSF to different bacteria has, however, remained unclear. In the current study, entometabolomics was employed to investigate the metabolic phenoconversion in response to either Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or combined challenges in BSF larva. We have, thus far, characterised 37 metabolites in BSF larva challenged with different bacteria with the major biochemical groups consisting of amino acids, organic acids, and sugars. The distinct defense mechanism-specific metabolic phenotypes were clearly observed. The combined challenge contributed to the most significant metabolic phenoconversion in BSF larva with the dominant metabolic phenotypes induced by S. aureus. Our study suggested that the accumulation of energy-related metabolites provided by amino acid catabolism is the principal metabolic pathway regulating the defense mechanism. Therefore, combined challenge is strongly recommended for raising BSF immunity as it remarkably triggered amino acid metabolisms including arginine and proline metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism along with purine metabolism and pyruvate metabolism that potentially result in the production of various nutritional and functional metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuc N Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Poramate Klanrit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Yupa Hanboonsong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Umaporn Yordpratum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Manida Suksawat
- Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Kulthawatsiri
- Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Anyarin Jirahiranpat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Suthicha Deewai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Panya Mackawan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Research and Development Center, Betagro Group, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Rasana W Sermswan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nisana Namwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Tueanjit Khampitak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Arporn Wangwiwatsin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Jutarop Phetcharaburanin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nicolau‐Lapeña I, Abadias M, Bobo G, Lafarga T, Viñas I, Aguiló‐Aguayo I. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ginseng extract, ferulic acid, and noni juice: Evaluation of their potential to be incorporated in food. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maribel Abadias
- IRTA Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida Lleida Spain
| | - Gloria Bobo
- IRTA Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida Lleida Spain
| | - Tomás Lafarga
- IRTA Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida Lleida Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Almeria Almería 04120 Spain
| | - Inmaculada Viñas
- Food Technology Department Agrotecnio‐ Cerca Center Universitat de Lleida Lleida Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fărcaș A, Drețcanu G, Pop TD, Enaru B, Socaci S, Diaconeasa Z. Cereal Processing By-Products as Rich Sources of Phenolic Compounds and Their Potential Bioactivities. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113934. [PMID: 34836189 PMCID: PMC8621182 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In today’s society, we can see a progressive paradigm shift that tends towards a healthy and sustainable lifestyle. The proof is represented by the growing interest in food loss and waste of different sectors, from the political to the academic, or even to the private sector. In order to reduce food waste and to increase sustainability, the European Union (EU) has planned a circular bioeconomy. This action plan includes an approach based on reducing, reusing, recovering, and recycling materials and energy. Every year, there are high amounts of waste and by-products resulting from agricultural producing and agro-industrial processing, impacting the environment and the socio-economic sector. Cereal food products cover over 20% of daily diet, so it can be assumed that cereal production and processing are one of the most important sectors of agri-food industries. It is estimated that the waste generated from cereal processing and manufacturing is up to 13%, a percentage that can be decreased by converting the by-products in raw materials for biofuels, biodegradable plastics, alcohols, antioxidants, food additives, or pharmaceutic ingredients due to their content in macro- and micro-nutrients or bioactive compounds. Based on the fact that diet plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of our body, it is important to capitalize on any source of bioactive compounds to which we have access. This review aims to highlight the need to recirculate by-products for the purpose of extraction and use of their key compounds, polyphenols, which have not only antioxidant effects, but also preventive and therapeutic effects against cancer. For these, it is necessary to understand the biotechnologies needed for processing the most consumed cereals, the methods of extraction of phenolic compounds, and the main effects that these compounds have, summarizing the most relevant in vitro and in vivo studies performed so far.
Collapse
|
18
|
Herbst G, Hamerski F, Errico M, L. Corazza M. Pressurized liquid extraction of brewer’s spent grain: Kinetics and crude extracts characterization. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
19
|
Baharuddin NS, Roslan MAM, Bawzer MAM, Mohamad Azzeme A, Rahman ZA, Khayat ME, Rahman NAA, Sobri ZM. Response Surface Optimization of Extraction Conditions and In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Evaluation of an Under-Valued Medicinal Weed, Mimosa pudica. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081692. [PMID: 34451737 PMCID: PMC8399142 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mimosa pudica Linn is a well-known perennial herb and is traditionally used in ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of various illnesses. Despite its abundance in nature, the therapeutic potential of this invasive weed is deemed to be underappreciated in Malaysia. Previous studies have found an abundance of bioactive compounds associated with potent antioxidant properties in all parts of the plant. However, the optimum parameters required for the extraction of antioxidant compounds are still unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to optimize the solvent extraction parameters of M. pudica using response surface methodology to enrich the accumulation of antioxidant compounds in the extracts. The effects of the optimized M. pudica extracts were then evaluated on the cell viability and glucose uptake ability in a 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line. The highest total phenolic (91.98 mg of gallic acid equivalent per g of the dry extract) and total flavonoid content (606.31 mg of quercetin equivalent per g of the dry extract) were recorded when using 100% ethanol that was five-fold and three-fold higher, respectively, as compared to using 50% ethanol. The extract concentration required to achieve 50% of antioxidant activity (IC50 value) was 42.0 µg/mL using 100% ethanol as compared to 975.03 µg/mL using 50% ethanol. The results indicated that the use of 100% ethanol solvent had the greatest impact on the accumulation of antioxidant compounds in the extract (p < 0.05). Cell viability assay revealed that all extract concentration treatments recorded a viability level of above 50%. Glucose uptake assay using 2-NBDG analog showed that the cells treated with 50 µg/mL extract combined with insulin were five-fold higher than the control group. Given the high antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of this plant, M. pudica can be easily highlighted as a plant subject of interest, which warrants further investigation for nutraceutical prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Saffana Baharuddin
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.S.B.); (M.A.M.R.); (M.A.M.B.); (N.A.A.R.)
| | - Muhamad Aidilfitri Mohamad Roslan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.S.B.); (M.A.M.R.); (M.A.M.B.); (N.A.A.R.)
| | - Mohsen Ahmed Mohammed Bawzer
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.S.B.); (M.A.M.R.); (M.A.M.B.); (N.A.A.R.)
| | - Azzreena Mohamad Azzeme
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.M.A.); (M.E.K.)
| | - Zuraida Ab Rahman
- Biotechnology Research Centre, MARDI Headquarters, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Ezuan Khayat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.M.A.); (M.E.K.)
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aini Abdul Rahman
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.S.B.); (M.A.M.R.); (M.A.M.B.); (N.A.A.R.)
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zulfazli M. Sobri
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.S.B.); (M.A.M.R.); (M.A.M.B.); (N.A.A.R.)
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sapna I, Jayadeep A. Role of endoxylanase and its concentrations in enhancing the nutraceutical components and bioactivities of red rice bran. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
21
|
Macias-Garbett R, Serna-Hernández SO, Sosa-Hernández JE, Parra-Saldívar R. Phenolic Compounds From Brewer's Spent Grains: Toward Green Recovery Methods and Applications in the Cosmetic Industry. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.681684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the main by-product derived from the brewing industry, where it accounts for 85% of the total waste generated. The total annual production worldwide of this waste is 39 million tons. This lignocellulosic material is traditionally used as cattle feed and sold at a low retail price (~USD 45.00 per ton). However, efforts for the revalorization of this by-product are emerging since research has established that it can be used as a low-cost source of bioactive molecules and commodity chemicals that can bring value to integral biorefinery ventures. Among commodities, phenolic compounds have attracted attention as added-value products due to their antioxidant properties with applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. These phytochemicals have been associated with antiaging and anticancer activities that have potential applications on cosmetic products. This mini-review summarizes the most relevant extraction techniques used for the recovery of phenolic compounds from BSG while discussing their advantages and shortcomings and the potential applications from BSG bioactive extracts in the cosmetic industry and their reported beneficial effects. This mini-review also makes a brief comment on the role of phenolic compounds extraction in the economic feasibility of an integral BSG biorefinery.
Collapse
|
22
|
Spent Grain from Malt Whisky: Assessment of the Phenolic Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113236. [PMID: 34072250 PMCID: PMC8199313 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to extract antioxidant phenolic compounds from spent grain (SG) two extraction methods were studied: the ultrasound-assisted method (US) and the Ultra-Turrax method (high stirring rate) (UT). Liquid to solid ratios, solvent concentration, time, and temperature/stirring rate were optimized. Spent grain extracts were analyzed for their total phenol content (TPC) (0.62 to 1.76 mg GAE/g SG DW for Ultra-Turrax pretreatment, and 0.57 to 2.11 mg GAE/g SG DW for ultrasound-assisted pretreatment), total flavonoid content (TFC) (0.6 to 1.67 mg QE/g SG DW for UT, and 0.5 to 1.63 mg QE/g SG DW for US), and antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical (25.88% to 79.58% for UT, and 27.49% to 78.30% for UT). TPC was greater at a high stirring rate and high exposure time up to a certain extent for the Ultra-Turrax method, and at a high temperature for the ultrasound-assisted method. P-coumaric acid (20.4 ± 1.72 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and 14.0 ± 1.14 mg/100 SG DW for US) accounted for the majority of the phenolic found compounds, followed by rosmarinic (6.5 ± 0.96 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and 4.0 ± 0.76 mg/100 SG DW for US), chlorogenic (5.4 ± 1.1 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US), and vanillic acids (3.1 ± 0.8 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and 10.0 ± 1.03 mg/100 SG DW for US) were found in lower quantities. Protocatechuic (0.7 ± 0.05 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US), 4-hydroxy benzoic (1.1 ± 0.06 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US), and caffeic acids (0.7 ± 0.03 mg/100 SG DW for UT, and non-detectable for US) were present in very small amounts. Ultrasound-assisted and Ultra-Turrax pretreatments were demonstrated to be efficient methods to recover these value-added compounds.
Collapse
|
23
|
Naibaho J, Korzeniowska M. Brewers' spent grain in food systems: Processing and final products quality as a function of fiber modification treatment. J Food Sci 2021; 86:1532-1551. [PMID: 33895998 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional properties of brewers' spent grain (BSG) have been widely studied, considering its potential as a healthy food ingredient. Because of its fiber composition (amount and ratio), however, adding BSG into the food matrix to bring about changes in physical properties has been believed to impact negatively on the acceptability of the final products' properties, particularly color and texture. Fiber modification can enhance the quality of fiber and can be applied to BSG. Although it appears challenging, modifying fiber composition requires further study, particularly if the acceptability of the final products is to be improved. Furthermore, the level of fiber degradation during the modification treatment needs to be examined to meet the increased demand for BSG in final food products. This concise synthesis provides a new perspective for increasing the use of BSG as a food ingredient that is characterized by high nutrition and acceptability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joncer Naibaho
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Birsan RI, Wilde P, Waldron KW, Rai DK. Anticholinesterase Activities of Different Solvent Extracts of Brewer's Spent Grain. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050930. [PMID: 33922726 PMCID: PMC8145039 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterases, involved in acetylcholine catabolism in the central and peripheral nervous system, have been strongly linked with neurodegenerative diseases. Current therapeutic approaches using synthetic drugs present several side effects. Hence, there is an increasing research interest in naturally-occurring dietary polyphenols, which are also considered efficacious. Food processing by-products such as brewer’s spent grain (BSG) would be a potential bio-source of polyphenols. In this study, polyphenol-rich BSG extracts using 60% acetone and 0.75% NaOH solutions were generated, which were further subjected to liquid–liquid partitioning using various organic solvents. The water-partitioned fractions of the saponified extracts had the highest total polyphenol content (6.2 ± 2.8 mgGAE/g dw) as determined by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, while the LC-MS/MS showed ethyl acetate fraction with the highest phenolics (2.9 ± 0.3 mg/g BSG dw). The best inhibitions of acetyl- (37.9 ± 2.9%) and butyryl- (53.6 ± 7.7%) cholinesterases were shown by the diethyl ether fraction of the saponified extract. This fraction contained the highest sum of quantified phenolics (99 ± 21.2 µg/mg of extract), and with significant (p < 0.01) inhibitory contribution of decarboxylated-diferulic acid. Amongst the standards, caffeic acid presented the highest inhibition for both cholinesterases, 25.5 ± 0.2% for acetyl- and 52.3 ± 0.8% for butyryl-cholinesterase, respectively, whilst the blends insignificantly inhibited both cholinesterases. The results showed that polyphenol-rich BSG fractions have potentials as natural anti-cholinesterase agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rares I. Birsan
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - Peter Wilde
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - Keith W. Waldron
- Anglia Science Writing Ltd., Wramplingham, Norfolk NR18 0RU, UK;
| | - Dilip K. Rai
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-018-059-500
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Preparation, characterization, and performance of bio-based polyester composites derived from renewable distillers grains and shellfish. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
26
|
Influence of enzyme concentrations in enzymatic bioprocessing of red rice bran: A detailed study on nutraceutical compositions, antioxidant and human LDL oxidation inhibition properties. Food Chem 2021; 351:129272. [PMID: 33639432 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes and their concentrations are crucial factors in improving the release of nutraceuticals bounded to rice bran's cell wall matrix. This study aims to investigate the optimal concentrations of Viscozyme and Fiberzyme at 3-30 beta-glucanase units/2 g in improving the release of phenolics, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and γ-oryzanol fractions and enhancing the bioactivities of red rice bran. At specific concentrations, Fiberzyme increased ferulic (301%) and caffeic acid (691%) in soluble phenolics, p-coumaric acid (98%), and catechin (161%) in bound phenolics as well as γ-oryzanol fractions(32%-134%) and increased ferric reducing power (90%), DPPH (41%), and hydroxyl (25%) radical scavenging activities. Viscozyme enhanced δ,γ,α-tocopherols (11%-164%) and tocotrienols (39%-271%) and scavenging activities against nitric oxide (144%), superoxide anion (120%), and inhibition of human LDL oxidation (40%). Cycloartenyl ferulate, ferulic acid, soluble phenolics, campesteryl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, and α-tocotrienol showed a significant positive correlation with bioactivities. Thus, optimization of enzymatic processing will help process the red rice bran into a nutraceutical rich ingredient having higher biological activity.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Brewer's Spent Grains-Valuable Beer Industry By-Product. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121669. [PMID: 33322175 PMCID: PMC7764043 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brewing sector is a significant part of the global food industry. Breweries produce large quantities of wastes, including wastewater and brewer’s spent grains. Currently, upcycling of food industry by-products is one of the principles of the circular economy. The aim of this review is to present possible ways to utilize common solid by-product from the brewing sector. Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) is a good material for sorption and processing into activated carbon. Another way to utilize spent grains is to use them as a fuel in raw form, after hydrothermal carbonization or as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The mentioned by-products may also be utilized in animal and human nutrition. Moreover, BSG is a waste rich in various substances that may be extracted for further utilization. It is likely that, in upcoming years, brewer’s spent grains will not be considered as a by-product, but as a desirable raw material for various branches of industry.
Collapse
|
29
|
Optimization of Extraction Conditions to Improve Phenolic Content and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Craft Brewers' Spent Grain Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Foods 2020; 9:foods9101398. [PMID: 33023120 PMCID: PMC7599942 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction temperature, extraction time and liquid (water) to solid ratio were optimized in order to extract antioxidant phenolic compounds from brewers’ spent grain (BSG). The extracts were analysed for their total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity was measured using three different methods: 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and reducing power (RP) assays. All the parameters except extraction time promoted different efficiencies for the extraction of antioxidant phenolic compounds. TPC extraction was higher at lower temperatures and lower liquid/solid ratios up to a certain point. In this sense, a decrease in TPC with increasing liquid/solid ratios took place until a 16:1 ratio and a plateau was reached beyond that ratio. The highest DPPH activity was reported for 30–35 °C and 60–90 min extraction and 60–90 min extraction with a 25 mL/g ratio. ABTS values increased as the liquid to solid ratio decreased, being positively correlated with TPC (R = 0.788; p < 0.01). The highest RP was achieved at 30–33 °C extraction temperature and 10–14 mg/mL v/w ratio and at 116–120 min extraction and 16–17 mg/mL ratio. Gallic acid accounted for the majority of the phenolic compounds found, followed by hydroxyphenylacetic acid, epicatechin, and protocatechuic acid. Sinapic, 4-hydroxy benzoic, and syringic acids were also found in lower quantities. Coumaric, vanillic, ferulic, and caffeic acids were present in very small amounts. All the extracts contained phenolics and showed in vitro antioxidant activity, but the extracts obtained by using 30 °C, 121.9 min, and 10 mL/g liquid/solid ratio exhibited the highest content in TPC and antioxidant potential. The aqueous extraction of a potentially bioactive extract from BSG was demonstrated to be an efficient and simple method to recover these value-added compounds.
Collapse
|
30
|
Bianco A, Budroni M, Zara S, Mannazzu I, Fancello F, Zara G. The role of microorganisms on biotransformation of brewers' spent grain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8661-8678. [PMID: 32875363 PMCID: PMC7502439 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the most abundant by-product of brewing. Due to its microbiological instability and high perishability, fresh BSG is currently disposed of as low-cost cattle feed. However, BSG is an appealing source of nutrients to obtain products with high added value through microbial-based transformation. As such, BSG could become a potential source of income for the brewery itself. While recent studies have covered the relevance of BSG chemical composition in detail, this review aims to underline the importance of microorganisms from the stabilization/contamination of fresh BSG to its biotechnological exploitation. Indeed, the evaluation of BSG-associated microorganisms, which include yeast, fungi, and bacteria, can allow their safe use and the best methods for their exploitation. This bibliographical examination is particularly focused on the role of microorganisms in BSG exploitation to (1) produce enzymes and metabolites of industrial interest, (2) supplement human and animal diets, and (3) improve soil fertility. Emerging safety issues in the use of BSG as a food and feed additive is also considered, particularly considering the presence of mycotoxins.Key points• Microorganisms are used to enhance brewers' spent grain nutritional value.• Knowledge of brewers' spent grain microbiota allows the reduction of health risks. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bianco
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marilena Budroni
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Severino Zara
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mannazzu
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Fancello
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Zara
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Klepacka J, Najda A. Effect of commercial processing on polyphenols and antioxidant activity of buckwheat seeds. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klepacka
- Food Science Department University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Heweliusza 6 Street10‐957 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants University of Life Sciences Akademicka 15 Street 20‐950 Lublin Poland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
This review was based on updated research on how to use brewer’s spent grains (BSG). The use of BSG was considered both in food, as an ingredient or using value-added components derived from brewer’s spent grain, or in non-food products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, construction, or food packaging. BSG is a valuable source of individual components due to its high nutritional value and low cost that is worth exploiting more to reduce food waste but also to improve human health and the environment. From the bioeconomy point of view, biological resources are transformed into bioenergetically viable and economically valuable products. The pretreatment stage of BSG biomass plays an important role in the efficiency of the extraction process and the yield obtained. The pretreatments presented in this review are both conventional and modern extraction methods, such as solvent extractions or microwave-assisted extractions, ultrasonic-assisted extractions, etc.
Collapse
|
33
|
Pulsed electric field (PEF) as pre-treatment to improve the phenolic compounds recovery from brewers' spent grains. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
34
|
Tomsone L, Galoburda R, Kruma Z, Cinkmanis I. Characterization of dried horseradish leaves pomace: phenolic compounds profile and antioxidant capacity, content of organic acids, pigments and volatile compounds. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHorseradish (Armoracia rusticana) leaves pomace, which contains high-value bioactive compounds, is the product resulting from pressing horseradish leaves for juice production. The aim of the current research was to investigate the effect of convective, microwave-vacuum and freeze-drying on the content of bioactive compounds in horseradish leaves pomace. Convective hot air-drying was performed at 40, 60 and 80 °C. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total flavan-3-ol content, total phenolic acid content, total flavonol content, chlorophylls and total carotenoids, and antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Individual profiles of phenols and organic acids are estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but volatile compounds are estimated by gas chromatography (GC). Totally, 14 individual phenolic compounds, 8 organic acids, and 49 volatile compounds were analysed in the studied samples. The main phenolic compound identified in horseradish leaves pomace was rutin (3231 mg/100 g DW), among organic acids—quinic and malic acids, and volatile compounds—allyl isothiocyanate, 3-butenenitrile and benzyl alcohol. In the drying process, the content of some (total flavan-3-ols, total carotenoids content) compounds increased, but others (TPC, total organic acids content) decreased, and it was drying method-dependent. Freeze-drying caused the reduction of TPC by 29%, whereas convective drying by 53–59%. Fresh pomace contains such isothiocyanates as allyl isothiocyanate and butyl isothiocyanate, which were completely lost in the drying process. Freeze-drying allowed the best retention of various phenolic and volatile compounds in horseradish leaves pomace.
Collapse
|
35
|
Birsan RI, Wilde P, Waldron KW, Rai DK. Recovery of Polyphenols from Brewer's Spent Grains. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090380. [PMID: 31500308 PMCID: PMC6769810 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery of antioxidant polyphenols from light, dark and mix brewer’s spent grain (BSG) using conventional maceration, microwave and ultrasound assisted extraction was investigated. Total polyphenols were measured in the crude (60% acetone), liquor extracts (saponified with 0.75% NaOH) and in their acidified ethyl acetate (EtOAc) partitioned fractions both by spectrophotometry involving Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Irrespective of the extraction methods used, saponification of BSG yielded higher polyphenols than in the crude extracts. The EtOAc fractionations yielded the highest total phenolic content (TPC) ranging from 3.01 ± 0.19 to 4.71 ± 0.28 mg gallic acid equivalent per g of BSG dry weight. The corresponding total polyphenols quantified by LC-MS/MS ranged from 549.9 ± 41.5 to 2741.1 ± 5.2 µg/g of BSG dry weight. Microwave and ultrasound with the parameters and equipment used did not improve the total polyphenol yield when compared to the conventional maceration method. Furthermore, the spectrophotometric quantification of the liquors overestimated the TPC, while the LC-MS/MS quantification gave a closer representation of the total polyphenols in all the extracts. The total polyphenols were in the following order in the EtOAc fractions: BSG light > BSG Mix > BSG dark, and thus suggested BSG light as a sustainable, low cost source of natural antioxidants that may be tapped for applications in food and phytopharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rares I Birsan
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland.
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Peter Wilde
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Keith W Waldron
- Anglia Science Writing Ltd., Wramplingham NR18 0RU, Norfolk, UK.
| | - Dilip K Rai
- Department of Food BioSciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Polyphenols as Natural Antioxidants: Sources, Extraction and Applications in Food, Cosmetics and Drugs. GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3810-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
38
|
Toribio L, Arranz S, Ares AM, Bernal J. Polymeric stationary phases based on poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(4-vinylpirydine) in the analysis of polyphenols using supercritical fluid chromatography. Application to bee pollen. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1572:128-136. [PMID: 30150114 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two new polymer-based stationary phases; DCpak PBT (poly(butylene terephthalate)) and DCpak P4VP (poly(4-vinylpirydine)) were evaluated for the analysis of polyphenols using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The compounds studied included phenolic acids and flavonoids. The different variables that influence the chromatographic separation, such as type and percentage of organic modifier, additive, pressure and temperature were examined. Using the DCpak P4VP column the retention was exceptionally high, obtaining better results with the DCpak PBT column. The separation of nine polyphenols was achieved using a gradient of modifier (methanol with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) from 5 to 50%, a pressure of 150 bar, a temperature of 35 °C and a flow-rate of 2 mL/min. The use of additives was necessary in order to obtain good peak shapes and efficiencies, achieving the best results with trifluoroacetic acid. LODs and LOQs values were lower than 5 μg/mL in all the cases; meanwhile, the %RSD values for method repeatability and inter-day reproducibility were lower than 3% and 10% respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of polyphenols in commercial bee pollen; four compounds, namely cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin and quercetin were identified and quantified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Toribio
- I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Sandra Arranz
- I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana M Ares
- I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Bernal
- I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Multari S, Marsol-Vall A, Keskitalo M, Yang B, Suomela JP. Effects of different drying temperatures on the content of phenolic compounds and carotenoids in quinoa seeds ( Chenopodium quinoa ) from Finland. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
40
|
Cooray ST, Chen WN. Valorization of brewer’s spent grain using fungi solid-state fermentation to enhance nutritional value. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
41
|
Socaci SA, Fărcaş AC, Diaconeasa ZM, Vodnar DC, Rusu B, Tofană M. Influence of the extraction solvent on phenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimutagenic activities of brewers’ spent grain. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|