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Ravikumar Y, Ponpandian LN, Zhang G, Yun J, Qi X. Harnessing -arabinose isomerase for biological production of -tagatose: Recent advances and its applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bortone N, Fidaleo M. Stabilization of immobilizedl‐arabinose isomerase for the production ofd‐tagatose fromd‐galactose. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3033. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bortone
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro‐food and Forest Systems University of Tuscia Viterbo Italy
| | - Marcello Fidaleo
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro‐food and Forest Systems University of Tuscia Viterbo Italy
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Shin YJ, Woo SH, Jeong HM, Kim JS, Ko DS, Jeong DW, Lee JH, Shim JH. Characterization of novel α-galactosidase in glycohydrolase family 97 from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and its immobilization for industrial application. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:727-734. [PMID: 32092418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. thetaiotaomicron), which resides in the human intestinal tract, has a number of carbohydrate enzymes, including glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 97. Only a few GH 97 enzymes have been characterized to date. In this study, a novel α-galactosidase (Bt_3294) was cloned from B. thetaiotaomicron, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified using affinity chromatography. This novel enzyme showed optimal activity at 60 °C and pH 7.0. Enzyme activity was reduced by 94.4% and 95.7% in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+ and Fe2+, respectively. It is interesting that Bt_3294 specifically hydrolyzed shorter α-galactosyl oligosaccharides, such as melibiose and raffinose. The D-values of Bt_3294 at 40 °C and 50 °C were about 107 and 6 min, respectively. After immobilization of Bt_3294, the D-values at 40 °C and 50 °C were about 37.6 and 29.7 times higher than those of the free enzyme, respectively. As a practical application, the immobilized Bt_3294 was used to hydrolyze raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in soy milk, decreasing the RFOs by 98.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jeong Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hye Woo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dam-Seul Ko
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Woon Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Lee
- Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Shim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Overview of Immobilized Enzymes' Applications in Pharmaceutical, Chemical, and Food Industry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2100:27-63. [PMID: 31939114 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0215-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of immobilized enzymes in industry is becoming a routine process for the manufacture of many key compounds in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industry. Some enzymes like lipases are naturally robust and efficient, can be used for the production of many different molecules, and have found broad industrial applications. Some more specific enzymes, like transaminases, have required protein engineering to become suitable for applications in industrial manufacture. For all enzymes, the possibility to be immobilized and used in a heterogeneous form brings important industrial and environmental advantages such as simplified downstream processing or continuous process operations. Here, we present a series of large-scale applications of immobilized enzymes with benefits for the food, chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and medical device industries, some of them hardly reported before.
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Roy S, Chikkerur J, Roy SC, Dhali A, Kolte AP, Sridhar M, Samanta AK. Tagatose as a Potential Nutraceutical: Production, Properties, Biological Roles, and Applications. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2699-2709. [PMID: 30334250 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are gaining importance owing to their potential applications in numerous sectors including food and feed industries. Among the emerging nutraceuticals, d-tagatose occupies a significant niche because of its low calorific value, antidiabetic property and growth promoting effects on beneficial gut bacteria. As d-tagatose is present in minute quantities in naturally occurring food substances, it is produced mainly by chemical or biological means. Recently, attempts were made for bio-production of d-tagatose using l-arabinose isomerase enzyme to overcome the challenges of chemical process of production. Applications of d-tagatose for maintaining health and wellbeing are increasing due to growing consumer awareness and apprehension against modern therapeutic agents. This review outlines the current status on d-tagatose, particularly its production, properties, biological role, applications, and the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Roy
- Jain Univ., ICAR-NIANP, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayaram Chikkerur
- Jain Univ., ICAR-NIANP, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudhir Chandra Roy
- Molecular Biology Unit, ICAR-NIANP, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - Arindam Dhali
- Omics Lab., ICAR-NIANP, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - Atul Puroshtam Kolte
- Omics Lab., ICAR-NIANP, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - Manpal Sridhar
- BE & ES Div., ICAR-NIANP, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Samanta
- Feed Additives & Nutraceuticals Lab., ICAR-NIANP, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
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Xu W, Zhang W, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W. l -arabinose isomerases: Characteristics, modification, and application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mei W, Wang L, Zang Y, Zheng Z, Ouyang J. Characterization of an L-arabinose isomerase from Bacillus coagulans NL01 and its application for D-tagatose production. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:55. [PMID: 27363468 PMCID: PMC4929721 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background L-arabinose isomerase (AI) is a crucial catalyst for the biotransformation of D-galactose to D-tagatose. In previous reports, AIs from thermophilic bacterial strains had been wildly researched, but the browning reaction and by-products formed at high temperatures restricted their applications. By contrast, AIs from mesophilic Bacillus strains have some different features including lower optimal temperatures and lower requirements of metallic cofactors. These characters will be beneficial to the development of a more energy-efficient and safer production process. However, the relevant data about the kinetics and reaction properties of Bacillus AIs in D-tagatose production are still insufficient. Thus, in order to support further applications of these AIs, a comprehensive characterization of a Bacillus AI is needed. Results The coding gene (1422 bp) of Bacillus coagulans NL01 AI (BCAI) was cloned and overexpressed in the Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain. The enzymatic property test showed that the optimal temperature and pH of BCAI were 60 °C and 7.5 respectively. The raw purified BCAI originally showed high activity in absence of outsourcing metallic ions and its thermostability did not change in a low concentration (0.5 mM) of Mn2+ at temperatures from 70 °C to 90 °C. Besides these, the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) for L-arabinose and D-galactose were 8.7 mM-1 min-1 and 1.0 mM-1 min-1 respectively. Under optimal conditions, the recombinant E. coli cell containing BCAI could convert 150 g L-1 and 250 g L-1 D-galactose to D-tagatose with attractive conversion rates of 32 % (32 h) and 27 % (48 h). Conclusions In this study, a novel AI from B. coagulans NL01was cloned, purified and characterized. Compared with other reported AIs, this AI could retain high proportions of activity at a broader range of temperatures and was less dependent on metallic cofactors such as Mn2+. Its substrate specificity was understood deeply by carrying out molecular modelling and docking studies. When the recombinant E. coli expressing the AI was used as a biocatalyst, D-tagatose could be produced efficiently in a simple one-pot biotransformation system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0286-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wending Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojuan Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Ouyang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Choi JM, Lee YJ, Cao TP, Shin SM, Park MK, Lee HS, di Luccio E, Kim SB, Lee SJ, Lee SJ, Lee SH, Lee DW. Structure of the thermophilic l-Arabinose isomerase from Geobacillus kaustophilus reveals metal-mediated intersubunit interactions for activity and thermostability. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 596:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chemical improvement of chitosan-modified beads for the immobilization of Enterococcus faecium DBFIQ E36 l-arabinose isomerase through multipoint covalent attachment approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:1325-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
d-tagatose is produced from d-galactose by the enzyme l-arabinose isomerase (L-AI) in a commercially viable bioprocess. An active and stable biocatalyst was obtained by modifying chitosan gel structure through reaction with TNBS, d-fructose or DMF, among others. This led to a significant improvement in L-AI immobilization via multipoint covalent attachment approach. Synthetized derivatives were compared with commercial supports such as Eupergit® C250L and glyoxal-agarose. The best chitosan derivative for L-AI immobilization was achieved by reacting 4 % (w/v) d-fructose with 3 % (w/v) chitosan at 50 °C for 4 h. When compared to the free enzyme, the glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan biocatalyst showed an apparent activity of 88.4 U ggel −1 with a 211-fold stabilization factor while the glyoxal-agarose biocatalyst gave an apparent activity of 161.8 U ggel −1 with an 85-fold stabilization factor. Hence, chitosan derivatives were comparable to commercial resins, thus becoming a viable low-cost strategy to obtain high active L-AI insolubilized derivatives.
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Immobilization of the recombinant (His) 6 -tagged l -arabinose isomerase from Thermotoga maritima on epoxy and cupper-chelate epoxy supports. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bezerra CS, de Farias Lemos CMG, de Sousa M, Gonçalves LRB. Enzyme immobilization onto renewable polymeric matrixes: Past, present, and future trends. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Salviano Bezerra
- Departamento de Engenharia Química; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza Ceará 60440-554 Brazil
| | | | - Marylane de Sousa
- Departamento de Engenharia Química; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza Ceará 60440-554 Brazil
| | - Luciana Rocha Barros Gonçalves
- Departamento de Engenharia Química; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza Ceará 60440-554 Brazil
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Tang C, Saquing CD, Sarin PK, Kelly RM, Khan SA. Nanofibrous membranes for single-step immobilization of hyperthermophilic enzymes. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Xu Z, Li S, Feng X, Liang J, Xu H. L-Arabinose isomerase and its use for biotechnological production of rare sugars. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8869-78. [PMID: 25280744 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-Arabinose isomerase (AI), a key enzyme in the microbial pentose phosphate pathway, has been regarded as an important biological catalyst in rare sugar production. This enzyme could isomerize L-arabinose into L-ribulose, as well as D-galactose into D-tagatose. Both the two monosaccharides show excellent commercial values in food and pharmaceutical industries. With the identification of novel AI family members, some of them have exhibited remarkable potential in industrial applications. The biological production processes for D-tagatose and L-ribose (or L-ribulose) using AI have been developed and improved in recent years. Meanwhile, protein engineering techniques involving rational design has effectively enhanced the catalytic properties of various AIs. Moreover, the crystal structure of AI has been disclosed, which sheds light on the understanding of AI structure and catalytic mechanism at molecular levels. This article reports recent developments in (i) novel AI screening, (ii) AI-mediated rare sugar production processes, (iii) molecular modification of AI, and (iv) structural biology study of AI. Based on previous reports, an analysis of the future development has also been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
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von Rymon Lipinski GW. Sweeteners. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 143:1-28. [PMID: 23887731 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyols as sugar substitutes, intense sweeteners and some new carbohydrates are increasingly used in foods and beverages. Some sweeteners are produced by fermentation or using enzymatic conversion. Many studies for others have been published. This chapter reviews the most important sweeteners.
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Tang C, Saquing CD, Morton SW, Glatz BN, Kelly RM, Khan SA. Cross-linked polymer nanofibers for hyperthermophilic enzyme immobilization: approaches to improve enzyme performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11899-906. [PMID: 25058141 DOI: 10.1021/am5033633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report an enzyme immobilization method effective at elevated temperatures (up to 105 °C) and sufficiently robust for hyperthermophilic enzymes. Using a model hyperthermophilic enzyme, α-galactosidase from Thermotoga maritima, immobilization within chemically cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers to provide high specific surface area is achieved by (1) electrospinning a blend of a PVA and enzyme and (2) chemically cross-linking the polymer to entrap the enzyme within a water insoluble PVA fiber. The resulting enzyme-loaded nanofibers are water-insoluble at elevated temperatures, and enzyme leaching is not observed, indicating that the cross-linking effectively immobilizes the enzyme within the fibers. Upon immobilization, the enzyme retains its hyperthermophilic nature and shows improved thermal stability indicated by a 5.5-fold increase in apparent half-life at 90 °C, but with a significant decrease in apparent activity. The loss in apparent activity is attributed to enzyme deactivation and mass transfer limitations. Improvements in the apparent activity can be achieved by incorporating a cryoprotectant during immobilization to prevent enzyme deactivation. For example, immobilization in the presence of trehalose improved the apparent activity by 10-fold. Minimizing the mat thickness to reduce interfiber diffusion was a simple and effective method to further improve the performance of the immobilized enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Salonen N, Salonen K, Leisola M, Nyyssölä A. D-Tagatose production in the presence of borate by resting Lactococcus lactis cells harboring Bifidobacterium longum L-arabinose isomerase. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:489-97. [PMID: 22903573 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium longum NRRL B-41409 L-arabinose isomerase (L-AI) was overexpressed in Lactococcus lactis using a phosphate depletion inducible expression system. The resting L. lactis cells harboring the B. longum L-AI were used for production of D-tagatose from D-galactose in the presence of borate buffer. Multivariable analysis suggested that high pH, temperature and borate concentration favoured the conversion of D-galactose to D-tagatose. Almost quantitative conversion (92 %) was achieved at 20 g L⁻¹ substrate and at 37.5 °C after 5 days. The D-tagatose production rate of 185 g L⁻¹ day ⁻¹ was obtained at 300 g L⁻¹ galactose, at 1.15 M borate, and at 41 °C during 10 days when the production medium was changed every 24 h. There was no significant loss in productivity during ten sequential 24 h batches. The initial D-tagatose production rate was 290 g L⁻¹ day⁻¹ under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Salonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Finland.
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Salonen N, Nyyssölä A, Salonen K, Turunen O. Bifidobacterium longum l-Arabinose Isomerase—Overexpression in Lactococcus lactis, Purification, and Characterization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:392-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hong YH, Lee DW, Pyun YR, Lee SH. Creation of metal-independent hyperthermophilic L-arabinose isomerase by homologous recombination. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12939-12947. [PMID: 22103589 DOI: 10.1021/jf203897a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hyperthermophilic L-arabinose isomerases (AIs) are useful in the commercial production of D-tagatose as a low-calorie bulk sweetener. Their catalysis and thermostability are highly dependent on metals, which is a major drawback in food applications. To study the role of metal ions in the thermostability and catalysis of hyperthermophilic AI, four enzyme chimeras were generated by PCR-based hybridization to replace the variable N- and C-terminal regions of hyperthermophilic Thermotoga maritima AI (TMAI) and thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus AI (GSAI) with those of the homologous mesophilic Bacillus halodurans AI (BHAI). Unlike Mn(2+)-dependent TMAI, the GSAI- and TMAI-based hybrids with the 72 C-terminal residues of BHAI were not metal-dependent for catalytic activity. By contrast, the catalytic activities of the TMAI- and GSAI-based hybrids containing the N-terminus (residues 1-89) of BHAI were significantly enhanced by metals, but their thermostabilities were poor even in the presence of Mn(2+), indicating that the effects of metals on catalysis and thermostability involve different structural regions. Moreover, in contrast to the C-terminal truncate (Δ20 residues) of GSAI, the N-terminal truncate (Δ7 residues) exhibited no activity due to loss of its native structure. The data thus strongly suggest that the metal dependence of the catalysis and thermostability of hyperthermophilic AIs evolved separately to optimize their activity and thermostability at elevated temperatures. This may provide effective target regions for engineering, thereby meeting industrial demands for the production of d-tagatose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Hong
- CJ Foods R & D, CJ Cheiljedang Corporation, Seoul 100-749, Korea
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Andrich L, Esti M, Moresi M. Urea degradation kinetics in model wine solutions by acid urease immobilised onto chitosan-derivative beads of different sizes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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