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Zhang Y, Ni M, Zhang P, Bai Y, Zhou B, Zheng J, Cui Z. Identification and functional characterization of C-type lectins and crustins provide new insights into the immune response of Portunus trituberculatus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 129:170-181. [PMID: 36057429 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A meticulous understanding of the immune characteristics of aquaculture animals is the basis for developing precise disease prevention and control strategies. In this study, four novel C-type lectins (PtCTL-5, PtCTL-6, PtCTL-7 and PtCTL-8) including a single carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD), and four novel crustins (Ptcrustin-1, Ptcrustin-2, Ptcrustin-3 and Ptcrustin-4) with a single whey acidic protein (WAP) domain were identified from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that most of the target genes were predominantly expressed in the hepatopancreas in all examined tissues, except for Ptcrustin-1 which were mainly expressed in the gills. Our results showed that the eight genes displayed various transcriptional profiles across different tissues. In hemocytes, the PtCTL-7 responded quickly to Vibrio alginolyticus and exhibited much more strongly up-regulation than other three PtCTLs. The Ptcrustin-1 rapidly responded to V. alginolyticus within 3 h in all the three tested tissues. Furthermore, recombinant proteins of PtCTL-5 and PtCTL-8 were successfully obtained, and both of them displayed bacterial binding activities toward V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi and Staphylococcus aureus, and only showed antibacterial activity against V. harveyi. These findings provided new insights into the diverse immune response of P. trituberculatus and laid theoretical foundations for the development of precise disease prevention and control strategies in P. trituberculatus farming. Moreover, the specific anti-V. harveyi activities exhibited by rPtCTL-5 and rPtCTL-8 suggested their promising application prospects for controlling diseases caused by V. harveyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Mengqi Ni
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Yunhui Bai
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Jinbin Zheng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Cui
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
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2
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Babu SN, Govindarajan S, Noor A. Aloe vera and its two bioactive constituents in alleviation of diabetes -proteomic & mechanistic insights. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 280:114445. [PMID: 34303804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aloe barbadensis Miller, commonly known as Aloe vera has been used since time immemorial for treatment of various diseases such as cancer, inflammatory disorders, diabetes, wound healing etc. AIM: Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder and understanding the molecular mechanisms involved is a key to identify different markers for early diagnosis of the disease. The proteomic approach offers a plethora of opportunities to identify markers and targets involved in pathogenesis of diabetes. The present study was undertaken to understand the mechanism of action of Aloe vera and its two constituents (Carbohydrates and Polypeptides) in the alleviation of diabetes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through a proteomics approach. METHODS Different groups of rats were fed with Aloe vera extract, carbohydrate fraction and peptide/polypeptide fraction for three weeks. The diabetic rats fed with Aloe vera and its two fractions restored the glucose and insulin levels to normal. The plasma of the rats was depleted with IgG and albumin and proteomic analysis was carried out. Apolipoproteins (dyslipidemia), complement factors (inflammatory pathways), zonulin (intestinal permeability), anti-oxidant related proteins were selected in this study as these are involved in the progression of diabetes. RESULTS It was observed that Aloe vera extract is involved in the alleviation of diabetes through these pathways while the carbohydrate fraction alleviates diabetes through an anti-oxidant mechanism and glucose uptake while the polypeptide fraction alleviates diabetes through the restoration of intestinal permeability by reduced zonulin levels. CONCLUSION The constituents of Aloe vera works different pathways involved in diabetes and the synergistic effect of these constituents make Aloe vera extract a prospective candidate, which can alleviate diabetes through regulation of the pathways involved in the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spoorthy N Babu
- Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Govindarajan
- Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayesha Noor
- Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ayala JR, Montero G, Coronado MA, García C, Curiel-Alvarez MA, León JA, Sagaste CA, Montes DG. Characterization of Orange Peel Waste and Valorization to Obtain Reducing Sugars. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051348. [PMID: 33802601 PMCID: PMC7961523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, millions of tons of foods are generated with the purpose to feed the growing world population. One particular eatable is orange, the production of which in 2018 was 75.54 Mt. One way to valorize the orange residue is to produce bioethanol by fermenting the reducing sugars generated from orange peel. Hence, the objective of the present work was to determine the experimental conditions to obtain the maximum yield of reducing sugars from orange peel using a diluted acid hydrolysis process. A proximate and chemical analysis of the orange peel were conducted. For the hydrolysis, two factorial designs were prepared to measure the glucose and fructose concentration with the 3,5-DNS acid method and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The factors were acid concentration, temperature and hydrolysis time. After the hydrolysis, the orange peel samples were subjected to an elemental SEM-EDS analysis. The results for the orange peel were 73.530% of moisture, 99.261% of volatiles, 0.052% of ash, 0.687% of fixed carbon, 19.801% of lignin, 69.096% of cellulose and 9.015% of hemicellulose. The highest concentration of glucose and fructose were 24.585 and 9.709 g/L, respectively. The results highlight that sugar production is increased by decreasing the acid concentration.
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Li XY, Li MF. Discrepancy of lignin dissolution from eucalyptus during formic acid fractionation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4662-4670. [PMID: 32941904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the structure and properties of lignin has important practical significance for its further applications. In this case, eucalyptus was fractionated with 88% formic acid at 101 °C for different durations, and the removal efficiency as well as the chemical structure of lignin at various stages were comparatively analyzed. The obtained data indicated that with increasing reaction time, lignin was continuously removed and the process could be divided into three stages. The lignin dissolution rate was fast first and then slow, and the molecular weight of the dissolved lignin increased with time. The lignin structure was condensed and the molecular weight increased with prolonged of reaction time. Structural analysis indicated that the β-O-4' structure was largely destroyed, the G-type lignin dissolved early, and the degradation of the S-type lignin became more intensive with increasing reaction time. This is of great help for reaction control as well as the further processing of lignin byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming-Fei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States.
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Le BA, Okitsu K, Imamura K, Takenaka N, Maeda Y. Ultrasound Assisted Cascade Extraction of Oil, Vitamin E, and Saccharides from Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) Seeds. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1091-1097. [PMID: 32336730 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Roselle seeds, a waste biomass of the roselle calyx processing industry, were utilized to recover valuable compounds of oil, vitamin E, and water-soluble saccharides. Firstly, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional stirring extraction were conducted for saccharide extraction, and the advantage of UAE was confirmed. Secondly, oil, vitamin E, and saccharides extracted from Vietnamese roselle seeds by UAE were analyzed for the first time. Oil of tri-, di-, and mono-glycerides, fatty acids of linoleic-, oleic-, palmitic-, and stearic-acids, vitamin E of γ- and α-tocopherol, and saccharides of sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, etc. were identified, and the amounts of these components were compared with those in other country's roselle seeds. Thirdly, cascade extraction of oil, vitamin E, and saccharides by UAE was investigated with solvents of hexane, hexane:ethyl acetate binary solvent, and water. The results indicated that the order of using solvents was very important for high and selective extraction: the best order to recover oil (almost 100%), vitamin E (95.7%), and saccharides (86.2%) was hexane, and then water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Anh Le
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Okitsu
- Graduate School of Humanity and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Imamura
- Graduate School of Humanity and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Norimichi Takenaka
- Graduate School of Humanity and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Maeda
- Graduate School of Humanity and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
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Huang X, Luo W, Wu S, Long Y, Li R, Zheng F, Greiner S, Rausch T, Zhao H. Apoplastic maize fructan exohydrolase Zm-6-FEH displays substrate specificity for levan and is induced by exposure to levan-producing bacteria. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:630-639. [PMID: 32622772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fructan exohydrolases (FEHs) are structurally related to cell wall invertases. While the latter are ubiquitous in higher plants, the role of FEHs in non-fructan species has remained enigmatic. To explore possible roles of FEHs in maize, a full length putative Zm-6-FEH-encoding cDNA was cloned displaying high sequence similarity with cell wall invertases. For functional characterization, Zm-6-FEH protein was expressed in Picha pastoris and in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Enzyme activity of recombinant Zm-6-FEH protein showed a strong preference for levan as substrate. Expression profiling in maize seedlings revealed higher transcript amounts in the more mature leaf parts as compared to the growth zone at the base of the leaf, in good correlation with FEH enzyme activities. Subcellular localization analysis indicated Zm-6-FEH location in the apoplast. Noteworthy, incubation of leaf discs with levan and co-incubation with high levan-producing bacteria selectively up-regulated transcript levels of Zm-6-FEH, accompanied by an increase of 6-FEH enzyme activity. In summary, the results indicate that Zm-6-FEH, a novel fructan exohydrolase of a non-fructan species, may have a role in plant defense against levan-producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Huang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Luo
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Silin Wu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuming Long
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fenghua Zheng
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Steffen Greiner
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rausch
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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González-Balderas RM, Velásquez-Orta SB, Valdez-Vazquez I, Orta Ledesma MT. Intensified recovery of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates from wastewater-grown microalgae Desmodesmus sp. by using ultrasound or ozone. Ultrason Sonochem 2020; 62:104852. [PMID: 31806557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of ultrasound and ozone pretreatments for the subsequent recovery of Desmodesmus sp. biocomponents-lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates-using a response surface methodology. Both pretreatments impact on the recovered lipids quality, solvent waste production and extraction time is analysed for process intensification purposes. For ultrasound pretreatment, independent parameters were energy applied (50-200 kWh/kg dry biomass), biomass concentration (25-75 g/L), and ultrasonic intensity (0.32 and 0.53 W/mL). While for ozone pretreatment, independent parameters were ozone concentration (3-9 mg O3/L), biomass concentration (25-75 g/L), and contact time (5-15 min). In the case of ultrasound pretreatment, recovery yield reached 97 ± 0.4%, 89 ± 3%, and 73 ± 0.6% for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids respectively. Given process required: energy applied of 50 kWh/kg dry biomass, 75 g/L of biomass concentration, 0.32 W/mL of ultrasonic intensity, and 56 min of time process. Ultrasound caused high cell disruption releasing all proteins, thereby obviating downstream processing for its recovery. Ozone pretreatment recovery yield was 85 ± 2%, 48 ± 1.4%, and 25 ± 1.3%, for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins respectively, under the following conditions: 9 mg O3/L of ozone concentration, 25 g/L of biomass concentration, and 5 min of contact time that depicts an energy consumption of 30.64 kWh/kg dry biomass. It was found that ultrasound and ozone pretreatments intensified the lysis and biocomponents recovery process by reducing solvent consumption by at least 92% and extraction time between 80% and 90% compared with extraction of untreated biomass biocomponents. Both pretreatments improve the composition of the recovered lipids. It was noted that the yield of neutral lipids increased from 28% to 67% for ultrasound pretreatment while for ozone pretreatment from 49% to 63%. The method used for lipid extraction may also have an effect but here it was kept constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M González-Balderas
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Coordinación de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, Circuito Escolar s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, CDMX C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - S B Velásquez-Orta
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - I Valdez-Vazquez
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Instituto de Ingeniería, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, 76230, Mexico
| | - M T Orta Ledesma
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Coordinación de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, Circuito Escolar s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, CDMX C.P. 04510, Mexico
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Aroyehun AQ, Palaniveloo K, Ghazali F, Rizman-Idid M, Abdul Razak S. Effects of Seasonal Variability on the Physicochemical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Composition of Western Peninsular Malaysia Gracilaria manilaensis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183298. [PMID: 31510066 PMCID: PMC6766817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of seasonal variation on the physicochemical, biochemical, and nutritional composition of Gracilaria manilaensis. Sampling was designed during the main monsoon seasons in Malaysia-the Southwest monsoon (SWM) and Northeast monsoon (NEM)-to understand the intraspecific variation (p < 0.05). Carbohydrates, protein, and dietary fiber were found to be higher in NEM-G. manilaensis, whereas a higher ash content was quantified in SWM-G. manilaensis. No significant differences were found in crude lipid and moisture content (p > 0.05). Vitamin B2 was calculated as (0.29 ± 0.06 mg 100 g-1) and (0.38 ± 0.06 mg 100 g-1) for the NEM and SWM samples, respectively (p < 0.05). The fatty acid profile showed the dominance of saturated fatty acids (SFAs)-palmitic acids, stearic acid, and myristic acid-while the mineral contents were found to be good sources of calcium (1750.97-4047.74 mg 100 g-1) and iron (1512.55-1346.05 mg 100 g-1). Tryptophan and lysine were recorded as the limiting essential amino acids (EAAs) in NEM G. manilaensis, while leucine and phenylalanine were found to be the limiting EAAs in the SWM samples. None of the extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against the screened strains. The study concluded that seasonal changes have a great effect on the biochemical composition of G. manilaensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qudus Aroyehun
- Nutrition and Dietetics Program, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kishneth Palaniveloo
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Farid Ghazali
- Biomedicine Program, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammed Rizman-Idid
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shariza Abdul Razak
- Nutrition and Dietetics Program, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Navarro-Mtz AK, Martinez-Garcia R, Urzua-Valenzuela M, Roldan-Sabino C, Kakazey M, Juarez-Arellano EA. High-energy ball milling treatment of soybean for Bacillus thuringiensis culture media. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:296-301. [PMID: 30962100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soybean meal has been intensively used as a substrate in culture media for several microorganisms. However, the fermentable sugar containing the soybean needs to be released from the solid matrix through different processes. Against this backdrop, the present study explores the use of high-energy ball milling as a one-step treatment method for expedited production of fermentable sugars of textured soybean. The best result is observed after only 5 min of milling, obtaining 34.1 times more fermentable sugars than untreated textured soybean, and 2.5 times more than commercially used soybean meal. Notably, the textured soybean ball-milled has been used as a substrate for Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-73 fermentation. The cell and spore production is also compared with a standard Rowe media. The maximum cell concentration obtained in the entire fermentation process using ball-milled textured soybean media is found to be higher than the concentration obtained using the standard Rowe media. In addition, it is observed that there is a direct correlation between maximum cell production and reducing sugar concentration generated by the high-energy ball milling treatment. No fermentation inhibitors or by-products are generated during the physical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karin Navarro-Mtz
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, Parque Industrial, 68301 Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Martinez-Garcia
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Maestría en Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, Parque Industrial, 68301 Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Michell Urzua-Valenzuela
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Maestría en Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, Parque Industrial, 68301 Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Crisanto Roldan-Sabino
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Maestría en Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, Parque Industrial, 68301 Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Mykola Kakazey
- CIICAp, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Erick Adrian Juarez-Arellano
- Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, Parque Industrial, 68301 Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.
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Abstract
The oceans harbor a great diversity of organisms, and have been recognized as an important source of new compounds with nutritional and therapeutic potential. Among these compounds, carbohydrate-based compounds are of particular interest because they exhibit numerous biological functions associated with their chemical diversity. This gives rise to new substances for the development of bioactive products. Many are the known applications of substances with glycosidic domains obtained from marine species. This review covers the structural properties and the current findings on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities of medium and high molecular-weight carbohydrates or glycosylated compounds extracted from various marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana A Vasconcelos
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Vitor H Pomin
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
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Xia YG, Sun HM, Wang TL, Liang J, Yang BY, Kuang HX. A Modified GC-MS Analytical Procedure for Separation and Detection of Multiple Classes of Carbohydrates. Molecules 2018; 23:E1284. [PMID: 29861482 PMCID: PMC6099794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified GC-MS analytical procedure based on trimethylsilyl-dithioacetal (TMSD) derivatization has been established for a simultaneous determination of thirteen carbohydrates. Different from previous approaches, the current GC-MS method was featured by a powerful practicability for simultaneous detection of aldoses, uronic acids, ketoses, and amino sugars; simplifying GC-MS chromatograms and producing a single peak for each derivatized sugar, as well as high resolution, sensitivity, and repeatability. An additional liquid-liquid extraction from derivatization mixtures was performed not only to increase the detection sensitivity of amino sugars but also to decrease the by-products of derivatization. Contrarily, three amino sugars were detected at a very low intensity or not detected at all. The effect of time on monosaccharide- mercaptalated reaction was systematically investigated. The effect of trimethylsilylation on the formation of TMSD was also optimized. The established GC-MS based on TMSD derivatization was suitable for complex carbohydrate analysis and has been successfully applied for the detection of free carbohydrates in water extracts of Anemarrhena asphodeloides roots and determination of monosaccharides in Glossy ganoderma polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Hui-Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Tian-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
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Zhao BC, Xu JD, Chen BY, Cao XF, Yuan TQ, Wang SF, Charlton A, Sun RC. Selective precipitation and characterization of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) from Eucalyptus. Planta 2018; 247:1077-1087. [PMID: 29350280 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Six types of lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) fractions were isolated from Eucalyptus. The acidic dioxane treatment applied significantly improved the yield of LCCs. The extraction conditions had a limited impact on the LCC structures and linkages. Characterization of the lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) structures and linkages promises to offer insight on plant cell wall chemistry. In this case, Eucalyptus LCCs were extracted by aqueous dioxane, and then precipitated sequentially by 70% ethanol, 100% ethanol, and acidic water (pH = 2). The composition and structure of the six LCC fractions obtained by selective precipitation were investigated by sugar analysis, molecular weight determination, and 2D HSQC NMR. It was found that the acidic (0.05-M HCl) dioxane treatment significantly improved the yield of LCCs (66.4% based on Klason lignin), which was higher than the neutral aqueous dioxane extraction, and the extraction condition showed limited impact on the LCC structures and linkages. In the fractionation process, the low-molecular-weight LCCs containing a high content of carbohydrates (60.3-63.2%) were first precipitated by 70% ethanol from the extractable solution. The phenyl glycoside (PhGlc) bonds (13.0-17.0 per 100Ar) and highly acetylated xylans were observed in the fractions recovered by the precipitation with 100% ethanol. On the other hand, such xylan-rich LCCs exhibited the highest frequency of β-O-4 linkages. The benzyl ether (BE) bonds were only detected in the fractions obtained by acidic water precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Cheng Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ji-Dong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bo-Yang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xue-Fei Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tong-Qi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Shuang-Fei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Adam Charlton
- The BioComposites Centre, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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13
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Xu R, Mao F, Zhao Y, Wang W, Fan L, Gao X, Zhao J, Tian H. UPLC Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single Marker and Quality Evaluation of Polygala tenuifolia Wild. Extracts. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122276. [PMID: 29261155 PMCID: PMC6149966 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality control of Polygala tenuifolia Wild. is a major challenge in its clinical application. In this paper, a new strategy for the quality evaluation of P. tenuifolia extracts was verified through reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker (QAMS) was conducted with 3,6′-disinapoyl sucrose as an internal reference substance. Eight components (i.e., sibiricose A5, sibiricose A6, glomeratose A, tenuifoliside A, tenuifoliside B, tenuifoliside C, sibiricaxanthone B, and polygalaxanthone III) were determined based on the relative correction factors. The concentrations of these components were also determined by applying a conventional external standard method. The cosine value confirmed the consistency of the two methods (cosine ratio value >0.999920). Hierarchical cluster analysis, radar plots, and discriminant analysis were performed to classify 23 batches of P. tenuifolia extracts from Shanxi, Hebei, and Shaanxi in China. Results revealed that QAMS combined with radar plots and multivariate data analysis could accurately measure and clearly distinguish the different quality samples of P. tenuifolia. Hence, QAMS is a feasible and promising method for the quality control of P. tenuifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Fuying Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Yunsheng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Wenping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Lingling Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Hongling Tian
- Institute of Industrial Crop Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fenyang 032200, Shanxi, China.
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14
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Mostafa A, Elsamadony M, El-Dissouky A, Elhusseiny A, Tawfik A. Biological H 2 potential harvested from complex gelatinaceous wastewater via attached versus suspended growth culture anaerobes. Bioresour Technol 2017; 231:9-18. [PMID: 28189089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of cultural growth treating gelatinaceous wastewater on hydrogen fermentative was assessed using up-flow multi-stage anaerobic sponge reactor (UMASR) and anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR). Both reactors were operated at five hydraulic retention times (HRTs). UMASR achieved the maximum COD removal efficiency of 60.2±4.4% at HRT of 48h. Moreover, UMASR exhibited superiority in the course of carbohydrates and proteins removal efficiencies' of 100 and 52.5±2.4% due to high amylase and protease activities' of 4.1±0.3 and 0.032±0.002U, respectively. Contrariwise, AnSBR assigned for the peak hydrogen production rate of 1.17±0.14L/L/day at HRT of 24-h. Lipase activity was quite high (0.307±0.023U) in AnSBR resulting in removal efficiency of 35.2±2.1% for lipids. Stover-Kincannon model emphasized that UMASR required lesser volume than AnSBR to sustain the same substrate degradation efficacy. Nevertheless, the net gain energy harvested from AnSBR surpassed UMASR by 4.0-folds at HRT of 24-h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsayed Mostafa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Elsamadony
- Public Works Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, 31521 Tanta City, Egypt
| | - Ali El-Dissouky
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Amel Elhusseiny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Tawfik
- Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), P.O. Box 179, New Borg El Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt; National Research Centre, Water Pollution Research Dept., P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt.
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15
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Li Q, Loman AA, Coffman AM, Ju LK. Soybean hull induced production of carbohydrases and protease among Aspergillus and their effectiveness in soy flour carbohydrate and protein separation. J Biotechnol 2017; 248:35-42. [PMID: 28315372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soybean hull consists mainly of three major plant carbohydrates, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. It is inexpensive and a good potential substrate for carbohydrase production because it is capable of inducing a complete spectrum of activities to hydrolyze complex biomass. Aspergillus is known for carbohydrase production but no studies have evaluated and compared, among Aspergillus species and strains, the soybean hull induced production of various carbohydrases. In this study, A. aculeatus, A. cinnamomeus, A. foetidus, A. phoenicis and 11 A. niger strains were examined together with T. reesei Rut C30, another known carbohydrase producer. The carbohydrases evaluated included pectinase, polygalacturonase, xylanase, cellulase, α-galactosidase and sucrase. Growth morphology and pH profiles were also followed. Among Aspergillus strains, morphology was found to correlate with both carbohydrase production and pH decrease profile. Filamentous strains gave higher carbohydrase production while causing slower pH decrease. The enzyme broths produced were also tested for separation of soy flour carbohydrate and protein. Defatted soy flour contains about 53% protein and 32% carbohydrate. The enzymatic treatment can increase protein content and remove indigestible oligo-/poly-saccharides, and improve use of soy flour in feed and food. Protease production by different strains was therefore also compared for minimizing protein degradation. A. niger NRRL 322 and A. foetidus NRRL 341 were found to be the most potent strains that produced maximal carbohydrases and minimal protease under soybean hull induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Abdullah Al Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Anthony M Coffman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States.
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16
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Wang X, Sheng L, Yang X. Pyrolysis characteristics and pathways of protein, lipid and carbohydrate isolated from microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Bioresour Technol 2017; 229:119-125. [PMID: 28110228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal components were isolated gradually to get lipid-rich, protein-rich and carbohydrate-rich components. The aim of this work was to study pyrolysis mechanism of microalgae by real isolated real algae components. Thermogrametric analysis (DTG) curve of microalgae was fitted by single pyrolysis curves of protein, lipid and carbohydrate except special zones, which likely affected by cell disruption and hydrolysis mass loss. Experimental microalgae liquefaction without water index N was 0.6776, 0.3861 and 0.2856 for isolated lipid, protein and carbohydrate. Pyrolysis pathways of lipid are decarboxylation, decarbonylation, fragmentation of glycerin moieties and steroid to form hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids and esters. Pyrolysis pathways of protein are decarboxylation, deamination, hydrocarbon residue fragmentation, dimerization and fragmentation of peptide bonds to form amide/amines/nitriles, esters, hydrocarbons and N-heterocyclic compounds, especially diketopiperazines (DKPs). Pyrolysis pathways of carbohydrate are dehydrated reactions and further fragmentation to form ketones and aldehyde, decomposition of lignin to form phenols, and fragmentation of lipopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Energy and Environment International Center, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lili Sheng
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Energy and Environment International Center, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Energy and Environment International Center, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, PR China.
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17
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Bacete L, Mélida H, Pattathil S, Hahn MG, Molina A, Miedes E. Characterization of Plant Cell Wall Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Regulating Immune Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1578:13-23. [PMID: 28220412 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6859-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is one of the first defensive barriers that pathogens need to overcome to successfully colonize plant tissues. Plant cell wall is considered a dynamic structure that regulates both constitutive and inducible defense mechanisms. The wall is a potential source of a diverse set of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), which are signalling molecules that trigger immune responses. However, just a few active wall ligands, such as oligogalacturonic acids (OGs), have been characterized so far. To identify additional wall-derived DAMPs, we obtained different plant wall fractions and tested their capacity to trigger immune responses using a calcium read-out system. To characterize the active DAMPs structures present in these fractions, we applied Glycome Profiling, a technology that uses a large and diverse set of specific monoclonal antibodies against wall carbohydrate ligands. The methods describe here can be used in combination with other biochemical approaches to identify and purify new plant cell wall DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain.
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18
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Cheng C, Zhou Y, Lin M, Wei P, Yang ST. Polymalic acid fermentation by Aureobasidium pullulans for malic acid production from soybean hull and soy molasses: Fermentation kinetics and economic analysis. Bioresour Technol 2017; 223:166-174. [PMID: 27792926 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymalic acid (PMA) production by Aureobasidium pullulans ZX-10 from soybean hull hydrolysate supplemented with corn steep liquor (CSL) gave a malic acid yield of ∼0.4g/g at a productivity of ∼0.5g/L·h. ZX-10 can also ferment soy molasses, converting all carbohydrates including the raffinose family oligosaccharides to PMA, giving a high titer (71.9g/L) and yield (0.69g/g) at a productivity of 0.29g/L·h in fed-batch fermentation under nitrogen limitation. A higher productivity of 0.64g/L·h was obtained in repeated batch fermentation with cell recycle and CSL supplementation. Cost analysis for a 5000 MT plant shows that malic acid can be produced at $1.10/kg from soy molasses, $1.37/kg from corn, and $1.74/kg from soybean hull. At the market price of $1.75/kg, malic acid production from soy molasses via PMA fermentation offers an economically competitive process for industrial production of bio-based malic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Cheng
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yipin Zhou
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Peilian Wei
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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19
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Yu Q, Tan X, Zhuang X, Wang Q, Wang W, Qi W, Zhou G, Luo Y, Yuan Z. Co-extraction of soluble and insoluble sugars from energy sorghum based on a hydrothermal hydrolysis process. Bioresour Technol 2016; 221:111-120. [PMID: 27639230 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A process for co-extraction of soluble and insoluble sugars from energy sorghum (ES) was developed based on hydrothermal hydrolysis (HH). Two series of ES were investigated: one (N) with a high biomass yield displayed a higher recalcitrance to sugar release, whereas the second (T) series was characterized by high sugar extraction. The highest total xylose recoveries of 87.2% and 98.7% were obtained for N-11 and T-106 under hydrolysis conditions of 180°C for 50min and 180°C for 30min, respectively. Moreover, the T series displayed higher enzymatic digestibility (ED) than the N series. The high degree of branching (arabinose/xylose ratio) and acetyl groups in the hemicellulose chains of T-106 would be expected to accelerate sugar release during the HH process. In addition, negative correlations between ED and the lignin content, crystallinity index (CrI) and syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) lignin ratio were observed. Furthermore, finding ways to overcome the thickness of the cell wall and heterogeneity of its chemical composition distribution would make cellulose more accessible to the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuesong Tan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinshu Zhuang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Guixiong Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Bureau of Environmental Protection of Shuangtaizi District, Panjin 124000, China
| | - Zhenhong Yuan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomass Energy, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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20
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Li X, Luque-Moreno LC, Oudenhoven SRG, Rehmann L, Kersten SRA, Schuur B. Aromatics extraction from pyrolytic sugars using ionic liquid to enhance sugar fermentability. Bioresour Technol 2016; 216:12-18. [PMID: 27214164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fermentative bioethanol production from pyrolytic sugars was improved via aromatics removal by liquid-liquid extraction. As solvents, the ionic liquid (IL) trihexyltetradecylphosphonium dicyanamide (P666,14[N(CN)2]) and ethyl acetate (EA) were compared. Two pyrolytic sugar solutions were created from acid-leached and untreated pinewood, with levoglucosan contents (most abundant sugar) of 29.0% and 8.3% (w/w), respectively. In a single stage extraction, 70% of the aromatics were effectively removed by P666,14[N(CN)2] and 50% by EA, while no levoglucosan was extracted. The IL was regenerated by vacuum evaporation (100mbar) at 220°C, followed by extraction of aromatics from fresh pyrolytic sugar solutions. Regenerated IL extracted aromatics with similar extraction efficiency as the fresh IL, and the purified sugar fraction from pretreated pinewood was hydrolyzed to glucose and fermented to ethanol, yielding 0.46g ethanol/(g glucose), close to the theoretical maximum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- University of Twente, Sustainable Process Technology Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Luis C Luque-Moreno
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Stijn R G Oudenhoven
- University of Twente, Sustainable Process Technology Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Rehmann
- The University of Western Ontario, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Sascha R A Kersten
- University of Twente, Sustainable Process Technology Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Boelo Schuur
- University of Twente, Sustainable Process Technology Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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21
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Abdul PM, Jahim JM, Harun S, Markom M, Lutpi NA, Hassan O, Balan V, Dale BE, Mohd Nor MT. Effects of changes in chemical and structural characteristic of ammonia fibre expansion (AFEX) pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre on enzymatic saccharification and fermentability for biohydrogen. Bioresour Technol 2016; 211:200-8. [PMID: 27017130 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre is widely available in Southeast Asian countries and found to have 60% (w/w) sugar components. OPEFB was pretreated using the ammonia fibre expansion (AFEX) method and characterised physically by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that there were significant structural changes in OPEFB after the pretreatment step, and the sugar yield after enzymatic hydrolysis using a cocktail of Cellic Ctec2® and Cellic Htec2® increased from 0.15gg(-1) of OPEFB in the raw untreated OPEFB sample to 0.53gg(-1) of OPEFB in AFEX-pretreated OPEFB (i.e. almost a fourfold increase in sugar conversion), which enhances the economic value of OPEFB. A biohydrogen fermentability test of this hydrolysate was carried out using a locally isolated bacterium, Enterobacter sp. KBH6958. The biohydrogen yield after 72h of fermentation was 1.68mol H2 per mol sugar. Butyrate, ethanol, and acetate were the major metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer Mohamed Abdul
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamaliah Md Jahim
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shuhaida Harun
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Masturah Markom
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nabilah Aminah Lutpi
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Osman Hassan
- School of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Bruce E Dale
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Mohd Tusirin Mohd Nor
- Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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22
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Perez-Pimienta JA, Flores-Gómez CA, Ruiz HA, Sathitsuksanoh N, Balan V, da Costa Sousa L, Dale BE, Singh S, Simmons BA. Evaluation of agave bagasse recalcitrance using AFEX™, autohydrolysis, and ionic liquid pretreatments. Bioresour Technol 2016; 211:216-23. [PMID: 27017132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of the response of agave bagasse (AGB) to pretreatment by ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX™), autohydrolysis (AH) and ionic liquid (IL) was performed using 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, wet chemistry, enzymatic saccharification and mass balances. It has been found that AFEX pretreatment preserved all carbohydrates in the biomass, whereas AH removed 62.4% of xylan and IL extracted 25% of lignin into wash streams. Syringyl and guaiacyl lignin ratio of untreated AGB was 4.3, whereas for the pretreated biomass the ratios were 4.2, 5.0 and 4.7 for AFEX, AH and IL, respectively. Using NMR spectra, the intensity of β-aryl ether units in aliphatic, anomeric, and aromatic regions decreased in all three pretreated samples when compared to untreated biomass. Yields of glucose plus xylose in the major hydrolysate stream were 42.5, 39.7 and 26.9kg per 100kg of untreated AGB for AFEX, IL and AH, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos A Flores-Gómez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Héctor A Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Leonardo da Costa Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Bruce E Dale
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Seema Singh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States; Sandia National Laboratories, Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States; Sandia National Laboratories, Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Livermore, CA, United States
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23
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Xu F, Chen L, Wang A, Yan Z. Influence of surfactant-free ionic liquid microemulsions pretreatment on the composition, structure and enzymatic hydrolysis of water hyacinth. Bioresour Technol 2016; 208:19-23. [PMID: 26913644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the pretreatment performance of surfactant-free ionic liquid microemulsions (ILMs) on water hyacinth. Pretreatment effects were evaluated in terms of lignocellulosic composition, structure and enzymatic hydrolysis. Analysis of the regenerated water hyacinth indicated that the content of the lignocellulosic composition changed, and the surface became more porous. After being pretreated with ILM(a) (mass ratio of toluene: ethanol: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim]Ac)=0.35:0.3:0.35) at 70°C for 12h, the maximum delignification of 63.6% was observed. The cellulose of the water hyacinth was well protected and retained during the pretreatment process. After being enzymatically hydrolyzed for 48 h, the reducing sugar yield of the water hyacinth pretreated with ILM(a) at 70°C for 6 h was 563.7 mg/g, and its hydrolysis yield (86.1%) was nearly four and a half times of that of the untreated one (20.2%). In conclusion, the designed surfactant-free ILMs exhibit promising potential application in biomass pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Aili Wang
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Zongcheng Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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24
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Dou C, Ewanick S, Bura R, Gustafson R. Post-treatment mechanical refining as a method to improve overall sugar recovery of steam pretreated hybrid poplar. Bioresour Technol 2016; 207:157-165. [PMID: 26881333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of mechanical refining to improve the sugar yield from biomass processed under a wide range of steam pretreatment conditions. Hybrid poplar chips were steam pretreated using six different conditions with or without SO2. The resulting water insoluble fractions were subjected to mechanical refining. After refining, poplar pretreated at 205°C for 10min without SO2 obtained a 32% improvement in enzymatic hydrolysis and achieved similar overall monomeric sugar recovery (539kg/tonne) to samples pretreated with SO2. Refining did not improve hydrolyzability of samples pretreated at more severe conditions, nor did it improve the overall sugar recovery. By maximizing overall sugar recovery, refining could partially decouple the pretreatment from other unit operations, and enable the use of low temperature, non-sulfur pretreatment conditions. The study demonstrates the possibility of using post-treatment refining to accommodate potential pretreatment process upsets without sacrificing sugar yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Dou
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Shannon Ewanick
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Renata Bura
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - Rick Gustafson
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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25
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Del Río JC, Prinsen P, Cadena EM, Martínez ÁT, Gutiérrez A, Rencoret J. Lignin-carbohydrate complexes from sisal (Agave sisalana) and abaca (Musa textilis): chemical composition and structural modifications during the isolation process. Planta 2016; 243:1143-58. [PMID: 26848983 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two types of lignins occurred in different lignin-carbohydrate fractions, a lignin enriched in syringyl units, less condensed, preferentially associated with xylans, and a lignin with more guaiacyl units, more condensed, associated with glucans. Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC) were isolated from the fibers of sisal (Agave sisalana) and abaca (Musa textilis) according to a plant biomass fractionation procedure recently developed and which was termed as "universally" applicable to any type of lignocellulosic material. Two LCC fractions, namely glucan-lignin (GL) and xylan-lignin (XL), were isolated and differed in the content and composition of carbohydrates and lignin. In both cases, GL fractions were enriched in glucans and comparatively depleted in lignin, whereas XL fractions were depleted in glucans, but enriched in xylans and lignin. Analysis by two-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D-NMR) and Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage (DFRC) indicated that the XL fractions were enriched in syringyl (S)-lignin units and β-O-4' alkyl-aryl ether linkages, whereas GL fractions have more guaiacyl (G)-lignin units and less β-O-4' alkyl-aryl ether linkages per lignin unit. The data suggest that the structural characteristics of the lignin polymers are not homogeneously distributed within the same plant and that two different lignin polymers with different composition and structure might be present. The analyses also suggested that acetates from hemicelluloses and the acyl groups (acetates and p-coumarates) attached to the γ-OH of the lignin side chains were extensively hydrolyzed and removed during the LCC fractionation process. Therefore, caution must be paid when using this fractionation approach for the structural characterization of plants with acylated hemicelluloses and lignins. Finally, several chemical linkages (phenylglycosides and benzyl ethers) could be observed to occur between lignin and xylans in these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080, Seville, Spain.
| | - Pepijn Prinsen
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080, Seville, Spain
| | - Edith M Cadena
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080, Seville, Spain
| | - Ángel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080, Seville, Spain
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080, Seville, Spain
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26
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Liguori R, Ionata E, Marcolongo L, Vandenberghe LPDS, La Cara F, Faraco V. Optimization of Arundo donax Saccharification by (Hemi)cellulolytic Enzymes from Pleurotus ostreatus. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:951871. [PMID: 26634214 PMCID: PMC4652331 DOI: 10.1155/2015/951871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An enzymatic mixture of cellulases and xylanases was produced by Pleurotus ostreatus using microcrystalline cellulose as inducer, partially characterized and tested in the statistical analysis of Arundo donax bioconversion. The Plackett-Burman screening design was applied to identify the most significant parameters for the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated A. donax. As the most significant influence during the enzymatic hydrolysis of A. donax was exercised by the temperature (°C), pH, and time, the combined effect of these factors in the bioconversion by P. ostreatus cellulase and xylanase was analyzed by a 3(3) factorial experimental design. It is worth noting that the best result of 480.10 mg of sugars/gds, obtained at 45 °C, pH 3.5, and 96 hours of incubation, was significant also when compared with the results previously reached by process optimization with commercial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Liguori
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Ionata
- Institute of Agro-Environment and Forest Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Marcolongo
- Institute of Agro-Environment and Forest Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue 210, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Francesco La Cara
- Institute of Agro-Environment and Forest Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
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27
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Wang D, Thakker C, Liu P, Bennett GN, San KY. Efficient production of free fatty acids from soybean meal carbohydrates. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2324-33. [PMID: 25943383 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of biomass feedstock to chemicals and fuels has attracted increasing attention recently. Soybean meal, containing significant quantities of carbohydrates, is an inexpensive renewable feedstock. Glucose, galactose, and fructose can be obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of soluble carbohydrates of soybean meal. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are valuable molecules that can be used as precursors for the production of fuels and other value-added chemicals. In this study, free fatty acids were produced by mutant Escherichia coli strains with plasmid pXZ18Z (carrying acyl-ACP thioesterase (TE) and (3R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase) using individual sugars, sugar mixtures, and enzymatic hydrolyzed soybean meal extract. For individual sugar fermentations, strain ML211 (MG1655 fadD(-) fabR(-) )/pXZ18Z showed the best performance, which produced 4.22, 3.79, 3.49 g/L free fatty acids on glucose, fructose, and galactose, respectively. While the strain ML211/pXZ18Z performed the best with individual sugars, however, for sugar mixture fermentation, the triple mutant strain XZK211 (MG1655 fadD(-) fabR(-) ptsG(-) )/pXZ18Z with an additional deletion of ptsG encoding the glucose-specific transporter, functioned the best due to relieved catabolite repression. This strain produced approximately 3.18 g/L of fatty acids with a yield of 0.22 g fatty acids/g total sugar. Maximum free fatty acids production of 2.78 g/L with a high yield of 0.21 g/g was achieved using soybean meal extract hydrolysate. The results suggested that soybean meal carbohydrates after enzymatic treatment could serve as an inexpensive feedstock for the efficient production of free fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas, 77005-1892
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | | | - Ping Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas, 77005-1892
| | | | - Ka-Yiu San
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-362, Houston, Texas, 77005-1892.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas.
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28
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Wang X, Zhuang J, Jiang J, Fu Y, Qin M, Wang Z. Separation and purification of hemicellulose-derived saccharides from wood hydrolysate by combined process. Bioresour Technol 2015; 196:426-430. [PMID: 26275826 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prehydrolysis of wood biomass prior to kraft cooking provides a stream containing hemicellulose-derived saccharides (HDSs) but also undesired non-saccharide compounds (NSCs) that were resulted from lignin depolymerization and carbohydrate degradation. In this study, a combined process consisting of lime treatment, resin adsorption, and gel filtration was developed to separate HDSs from NSCs. The macro-lignin impurities that accounted for 32.2% of NSCs were removed by lime treatment at 1.2% dosage with negligible HDSs loss. The majority of NSCs, lignin-derived phenolics, were eliminated by mixed bed ion exchange resin, elevating NSCs removal to 94.0%. The remaining NSCs, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural, were excluded from HDSs by gel filtration. Chemical composition analysis showed that xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with the degree of depolymerization from 2 to 6 accounted for 28% of the total purified HDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jingshun Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jungang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yingjuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Menghua Qin
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Taishan University, Taian 271021, China.
| | - Zhaojiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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29
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Choi SA, Choi WI, Lee JS, Kim SW, Lee GA, Yun J, Park JY. Hydrothermal acid treatment for sugar extraction from Golenkinia sp. Bioresour Technol 2015; 190:408-411. [PMID: 25976916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hydrothermal acid treatment for efficient recovery of sugar from Golenkinia sp. was investigated. The initial glucose and XMG (xylose, mannose, and galactose) contents of a prepared Golenkinia sp. solution (40g/L) were 15.05 and 5.24g/L, respectively. The microalgal cell walls were hydrolyzed, for sugar recovery, by enzymatic saccharification and/or hydrothermal acid treatment. Among the various hydrothermal acid treatment conditions, the most optimal were the 2.0% H2SO4 concentration at 150°C for 15min, under which the glucose- and XMG-extraction yields were 71.7% and 64.9%, respectively. By pH 4.8, 50°C enzymatic hydrolysis after optimal hydrothermal acid treatment, the glucose- and XMG-extraction yields were additionally increased by 8.3% and 0.8%, respectively. After hydrothermal acid treatment, the combination with the enzymatic hydrolysis process improved the total sugar yield of Golenkinia sp. to 75.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Choi
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea Univ., Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Choi
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Lee
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea Univ., Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye-An Lee
- NLP Corporation, 86-103 Hwajeon 2-gil, Ilgwang-myeon, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Yun
- NLP Corporation, 86-103 Hwajeon 2-gil, Ilgwang-myeon, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Abstract
The analysis of analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) data has been greatly facilitated by the advances accumulated in recent years. These improvements include refinements in AUC-based binding isotherms, advances in the fitting of both sedimentation velocity (SV) and sedimentation equilibrium (SE) data, and innovations in calculations related to posttranslationally modified proteins and to proteins with a large amount of associated cosolute, e.g., detergents. To capitalize on these advances, the experimenter often must prepare and collate multiple data sets and parameters for subsequent analyses; these tasks can be cumbersome and unclear, especially for new users. Examples are the sorting of concentration-profile scans for SE data, the integration of sedimentation velocity distributions (c(s)) to arrive at weighted-average binding isotherms, and the calculations to determine the oligomeric state of glycoproteins and membrane proteins. The significant organizational and logistical hurdles presented by these approaches are streamlined by the software described herein, called GUSSI. GUSSI also creates publication-quality graphics for documenting and illustrating AUC and other biophysical experiments with minimal effort on the user's part. The program contains three main modules, allowing for plotting and calculations on c(s) distributions, SV signal versus radius data, and general data/fit/residual plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Brautigam
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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31
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Dong Q, Zhang S, Zhang L, Ding K, Xiong Y. Effects of four types of dilute acid washing on moso bamboo pyrolysis using Py-GC/MS. Bioresour Technol 2015; 185:62-9. [PMID: 25755014 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The influences of four types of dilute acid washing (H2SO4, HCl, HF, HNO3) on moso bamboo pyrolysis were investigated via pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The effects of acid washings on the inorganics contents and the chemical structure were also analyzed. The results indicated that all the acid washings could effectively remove a large portion of inorganics and disrupt the chemical structure to a certain extent. HCl-washing behaved the best in removing inorganics and had the most marked disruption effect on bamboo structure. Acid washings promoted the bamboo pyrolysis and increased the contents of both phenols and sugars. HCl-washing had the most significant promotion effect on the levoglucosan formation with the absolute peak area increasing from 8.12×10(8) to 1.92×10(9). The absolute peak areas of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran decreased more or less after acid washings. All the acid washings except H2SO4-washing could significantly increase the absolute peak area of methoxyeugenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Kuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanquan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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32
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Wakabayashi T, Joseph B, Yasumoto S, Akashi T, Aoki T, Harada K, Muranaka S, Bamba T, Fukusaki E, Takeuchi Y, Yoneyama K, Muranaka T, Sugimoto Y, Okazawa A. Planteose as a storage carbohydrate required for early stage of germination of Orobanche minor and its metabolism as a possible target for selective control. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:3085-97. [PMID: 25821071 PMCID: PMC4449533 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root parasitic weeds in Orobanchaceae cause serious damage to worldwide agriculture. Germination of the parasites requires host-derived germination stimulants, such as strigolactones, as indicators of host roots within reach of the parasite's radicles. This unique germination process was focused on to identify metabolic pathways required for germination, and to design a selective control strategy. A metabolomic analysis of germinating seeds of clover broomrape, Orobanche minor, was conducted to identify its distinctive metabolites. Consequently, a galactosyl-sucrose trisaccharide, planteose (α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-fructofuranosyl-(2→1)-α-d-glucopyranoside), was identified as a metabolite that decreased promptly after reception of the germination stimulant. To investigate the importance of planteose metabolism, the effects of several glycosidase inhibitors were examined, and nojirimycin bisulfite (NJ) was found to alter the sugar metabolism and to selectively inhibit the germination of O. minor. Planteose consumption was similar in NJ-treated seeds and non-treated germinating seeds; however, NJ-treated seeds showed lower consumption of sucrose, a possible intermediate of planteose metabolism, resulting in significantly less glucose and fructose. This inhibitory effect was recovered by adding glucose. These results suggest that planteose is a storage carbohydrate required for early stage of germination of O. minor, and NJ inhibits germination by blocking the supply of essential glucose from planteose and sucrose. Additionally, NJ selectively inhibited radicle elongation of germinated seeds of Orobanchaceae plants (Striga hermonthica and Phtheirospermum japonicum). Thus, NJ will be a promising tool to develop specific herbicides to the parasites, especially broomrapes, and to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this unique germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Wakabayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Benesh Joseph
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yasumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Akashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Toshio Aoki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Harada
- Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoru Muranaka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Kano, PMB3112, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Takeuchi
- Weed Science Center, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Koichi Yoneyama
- Weed Science Center, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okazawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Shinomiya K, Tokura K, Kimura E, Takai M, Harikai N, Yoshida K, Yanagidaira K, Ito Y. Design of a coil satellite centrifuge and its performance on counter-current chromatographic separation of 4-methylumbelliferyl sugar derivatives with polar organic-aqueous two-phase solvent systems. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1392:48-55. [PMID: 25805719 PMCID: PMC4385420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new high-speed counter-current chromatograph, named coil satellite centrifuge (CSC), was designed and fabricated in our laboratory. The CSC apparatus produces the satellite motion such that the coiled column simultaneously rotates around the sun axis (the angular velocity, ω1), the planet axis (ω2) and the satellite axis (the central axis of the column) (ω3). In order to achieve this triplicate rotary motion without twisting of the flow tube, the rotation of each axis was determined by the following formula: ω1=ω2+ω3. This relation enabled to lay out the flow tube without twisting by the simultaneous rotation of three axes. The flow tube was introduced from the bottom side of the apparatus into the sun axis of the first rotary frame reaching the upper side of the planet axis and connected to the column in the satellite axis. The performance of the apparatus was examined on separation of 4-methylumbelliferyl (MU) sugar derivatives as test samples with organic-aqueous two-phase solvent systems composed of ethyl acetate/1-butanol/water (3:2:5, v/v) for lower phase mobile and (1:4:5, v/v) for upper phase mobile. With lower phase mobile, five 4-MU sugar derivatives including β-D-cellobioside (Cel), β-D-glucopyranoside, α-D-mannopyranoside, β-D-fucopyranoside and α-L-fucopyranoside (α-L-Fuc) were separated with the combined rotation around each axis at counterclockwise (CCW) (ω1) - CCW (ω2) - CCW (ω3) by the flow tube distribution. With upper phase mobile, three 4-MU sugar derivatives including α-L-Fuc, β-D-galactopyranoside and Cel were separated with the combined rotation around each axis at clockwise (CW) (ω1) - CW (ω2) - CW (ω3) by the flow tube distribution. A series of experiments on peak resolution and stationary phase retention revealed that better partition efficiencies were obtained at the flow rate of 0.5 mL/min (column 1) and 0.8 mL/min (column 2) for lower phase mobile and 0.2 mL/min (column 1) and 0.4 mL/min (column 2) for upper phase mobile when using the left-handed multilayer coil (total capacity: 57.0 mL for column 1 and 75.0 mL for column 2) under the rotation speeds of approximately ω1=300 rpm, ω2=150 rpm and ω3=150 rpm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufusa Shinomiya
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Koji Tokura
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 7-24-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8501, Japan
| | - Emiru Kimura
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Midori Takai
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Harikai
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yoshida
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 7-24-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yanagidaira
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 7-24-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Ito
- Laboratory of Bioseparation Technology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 8N230, Bethesda, MD 20892-1762, USA
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Olsen C, Arantes V, Saddler J. Optimization of chip size and moisture content to obtain high, combined sugar recovery after sulfur dioxide-catalyzed steam pretreatment of softwood and enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulosic component. Bioresour Technol 2015; 187:288-298. [PMID: 25863206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of chip size and moisture content on the combined sugar recovery after steam pretreatment of lodgepole pine and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulosic component were investigated using response surface methodology. Chip size had little influence on sugar recovery after both steam pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. In contrast, the moisture of the chips greatly influenced the relative severity of steam pretreatment and, as a result, the combined sugar recovery from the hemicellulosic and cellulosic fractions. Irrespective of chip size and the pretreatment temperature, time, and SO2 loading that were used, the relative severity of pretreatment was highest at a moisture of 30-40w/w%. However, the predictive model indicated that an elevated moisture content of roughly 50w/w% (about the moisture content of a standard softwood mill chip) would result in the highest, combined sugar recovery (80%) over the widest range of steam pretreatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Olsen
- Neucel Specialty Cellulose Ltd, PO Box 2000, 300 Marine Drive, Port Alice, BC V0N 2N0, Canada.
| | - Valdeir Arantes
- Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo Estrada Municipal do Campinho s/n, CP 116, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jack Saddler
- Forestry Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Holtman KM, Offeman RD, Franqui-Villanueva D, Bayati AK, Orts WJ. Countercurrent extraction of soluble sugars from almond hulls and assessment of the bioenergy potential. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:2490-2498. [PMID: 25693995 DOI: 10.1021/jf5048332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Almond hulls contain considerable proportions (37% by dry weight) of water-soluble, fermentable sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose), which can be extracted for industrial purposes. The maximum optimal solids loading was determined to be 20% for sugar extraction, and the addition of 0.5% (w/v) pectinase aided in maintaining a sufficient free water volume for sugar recovery. A laboratory countercurrent extraction experiment utilizing a 1 h steep followed by three extraction (wash) stages produced a high-concentration (131 g/L fermentable sugar) syrup. Overall, sugar recovery efficiency was 88%. The inner stage washing efficiencies were compatible with solution equilibrium calculations, indicating that efficiency was high. The concentrated sugar syrup was fermented to ethanol at high efficiency (86% conversion), and ethanol concentrations in the broth were 7.4% (v/v). Thin stillage contained 233 g SCOD/L, which was converted to biomethane at an efficiency of 90% with a biomethane potential of 297 mL/g SCODdestroyed. Overall, results suggested that a minima of 49 gal (185 L) ethanol and 75 m(3) methane/t hulls (dry whole hull basis) are achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Holtman
- PWA, WRRC, BCE, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, United States
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Sievers DA, Lischeske JJ, Biddy MJ, Stickel JJ. A low-cost solid-liquid separation process for enzymatically hydrolyzed corn stover slurries. Bioresour Technol 2015; 187:37-42. [PMID: 25836372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid-liquid separation of intermediate process slurries is required in some process configurations for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to transportation fuels. Thermochemically pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed corn stover slurries have proven difficult to filter due to formation of very low permeability cakes that are rich in lignin. Treatment of two different slurries with polyelectrolyte flocculant was demonstrated to increase mean particle size and filterability. Filtration flux was greatly improved, and thus scaled filter unit capacity was increased approximately 40-fold compared with unflocculated slurry. Although additional costs were accrued using polyelectrolyte, techno-economic analysis revealed that the increase in filter capacity significantly reduced overall production costs. Fuel production cost at 95% sugar recovery was reduced by $1.35 US per gallon gasoline equivalent for dilute-acid pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed slurries and $3.40 for slurries produced using an additional alkaline de-acetylation preprocessing step that is even more difficult to natively filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sievers
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - James J Lischeske
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Mary J Biddy
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Jonathan J Stickel
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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Sharma S, Kumar R, Gaur R, Agrawal R, Gupta RP, Tuli DK, Das B. Pilot scale study on steam explosion and mass balance for higher sugar recovery from rice straw. Bioresour Technol 2015; 175:350-7. [PMID: 25459842 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment of rice straw on pilot scale steam explosion has been attempted to achieve maximum sugar recovery. Three different reaction media viz. water, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid (0.5%, w/w) were explored for pretreatment by varying operating temperature (160, 180 and 200°C) and reaction time (5 and 10min). Using water and 0.5% SA showed almost similar sugar recovery (∼87%) at 200 and 180°C respectively. However, detailed studies showed that the former caused higher production of oligomeric sugars (13.56g/L) than the later (3.34g/L). Monomeric sugar, followed the reverse trend (7.83 and 11.62g/L respectively). Higher oligomers have a pronounced effect in reducing enzymatic sugar yield as observed in case of water. Mass balance studies for water and SA assisted SE gave total saccharification yield as 81.8% and 77.1% respectively. However, techno-economical viability will have a trade-off between these advantages and disadvantages offered by the pretreatment medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Sharma
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Ruchi Gaur
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Ruchi Agrawal
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Deepak K Tuli
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India.
| | - Biswapriya Das
- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
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Geng W, Jin Y, Jameel H, Park S. Strategies to achieve high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute-acid pretreated corn stover. Bioresour Technol 2015; 187:43-48. [PMID: 25836373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Three strategies were presented to achieve high solids loading while maximizing carbohydrate conversion, which are fed-batch, splitting/thickening, and clarifier processes. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed at water insoluble solids (WIS) of 15% using washed dilute-acid pretreated corn stover. The carbohydrate concentration increased from 31.8 to 99.3g/L when the insoluble solids content increased from 5% to 15% WIS, while the final carbohydrate conversion was decreased from 78.4% to 73.2%. For the fed-batch process, a carbohydrate conversion efficiency of 76.8% was achieved when solid was split into 60:20:20 ratio, with all enzymes added first. For the splitting/thickening process, a carbohydrate conversion of 76.5% was realized when the filtrate was recycled to simulate a steady-state process. Lastly, the clarifier process was evaluated and the highest carbohydrate conversion of 81.4% was achieved. All of these results suggests the possibility of enzymatic hydrolysis at high solids to make the overall conversion cost-competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Geng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Yongcan Jin
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Sunkyu Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA.
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Zhang N, Zhao J, Lens F, de Visser J, Menamo T, Fang W, Xiao D, Bucher J, Basnet RK, Lin K, Cheng F, Wang X, Bonnema G. Morphology, carbohydrate composition and vernalization response in a genetically diverse collection of Asian and European turnips (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa). PLoS One 2014; 9:e114241. [PMID: 25474111 PMCID: PMC4256417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica rapa displays enormous morphological diversity, with leafy vegetables, turnips and oil crops. Turnips (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) represent one of the morphotypes, which form tubers and can be used to study the genetics underlying storage organ formation. In the present study we investigated several characteristics of an extensive turnip collection comprising 56 accessions from both Asia (mainly Japanese origin) and Europe. Population structure was calculated using data from 280 evenly distributed SNP markers over 56 turnip accessions. We studied the anatomy of turnip tubers and measured carbohydrate composition of the mature turnip tubers of a subset of the collection. The variation in 16 leaf traits, 12 tuber traits and flowering time was evaluated in five independent experiments for the entire collection. The effect of vernalization on flowering and tuber formation was also investigated. SNP marker profiling basically divided the turnip accessions into two subpopulations, with admixture, generally corresponding with geographical origin (Europe or Asia). The enlarged turnip tuber consists of both hypocotyl and root tissue, but the proportion of the two tissues differs between accessions. The ratio of sucrose to fructose and glucose differed among accessions, while generally starch content was low. The evaluated traits segregated in both subpopulations, with leaf shape, tuber colour and number of shoots per tuber explaining most variation between the two subpopulations. Vernalization resulted in reduced flowering time and smaller tubers for the Asian turnips whereas the European turnips were less affected by vernalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwen Zhang
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Horticultural College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joan de Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wen Fang
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Xiao
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Johan Bucher
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ke Lin
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Feng Cheng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guusje Bonnema
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Wang Z, Jiang J, Wang X, Fu Y, Li Z, Zhang F, Qin M. Selective removal of phenolic lignin derivatives enables sugars recovery from wood prehydrolysis liquor with remarkable yield. Bioresour Technol 2014; 174:198-203. [PMID: 25463800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The specific elimination of lignin derivatives from wood hydrolysate without sugar loss has great practical significance to biorefinery and bioenergy. In the present study, a process consisting of calcium hydroxide and anion exchange resin treatments was developed for the purpose of selective removal of lignin from wood prehydrolysis liquor (PHL). Particular emphasis was made on the ionization of phenolic lignin, and the subsequent binding to metallic salts. It was observed that phenolic hydroxyl groups (PhOH) in lignin played an important role in lignin removal. The results showed that up to 95.2% lignin was removed from PHL with 78.8% sugar recovery. This suggested that the proposed process is highly specific to lignin, and therefore can be envisaged as a great contribution to wood-sugar production or bioenergy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Jungang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yingjuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zongquan Li
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Fengshan Zhang
- Huatai Group Corp. Ltd., Dongying, Shandong 257335, China
| | - Menghua Qin
- Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Taishan University, Taian 271021, China; Huatai Group Corp. Ltd., Dongying, Shandong 257335, China.
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Wang W, Guo J, Zhang J, Liu T, Xin Z. New screw lactam and two new carbohydrate derivatives from the methanol extract of rice bran. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:10744-10751. [PMID: 25307293 DOI: 10.1021/jf5037273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new screw lactam and two new carbohydrate derivatives, oryzalactam (1), oryzasaccharide A (2), and oryzasaccharide B (3), have been isolated from the methanol extract of rice bran together with four other known compounds, including momilactone A (4), butyl β-d-xylopyranose (5), ethyl β-d-xylopyranose (6), and methyl β-d-xylopyranose (7). The structures of these compounds were determined using a combination of spectroscopic methods and chemical analysis. This work represents the first recorded example of the isolation of compounds 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 from rice bran. The antioxidant experiments revealed that compound 1 possessed strong ABTS(+) (ABTS = 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and DPPH (DPPH = diphenyl(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium) radical scavenging with IC50 values of 33.38 ± 1.58 and 40.20 ± 1.34 μM, respectively. Antimicrobial assays revealed that compound 4 showed high levels of selectivity toward Escherichia coli with a minimal inhibitory concentration value of 5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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Akanksha K, Prasad A, Sukumaran RK, Nampoothiri M, Pandey A, Rao SS, Parameswaran B. Dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of sorghum biomass for sugar recovery--a statistical approach. Indian J Exp Biol 2014; 52:1082-1089. [PMID: 25434103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum is one of the commercially feasible lignocellulosic biomass and has a great potential of being sustainable feedstock for renewable energy. As with any lignocellulosic biomass, sorghum also requires pretreatment which increases its susceptibility to hydrolysis by enzymes for generating sugars which can be further fermented to alcohol. In the present study, sorghum biomass was evaluated for deriving maximum fermentable sugars by optimizing various pretreatment parameters using statistical optimization methods. Pretreatment studies were done with H2SO4, followed by enzymatic saccharification. The efficiency of the process was evaluated on the basis of production of the total reducing sugars released during the process. Compositional analysis was done for native as well as pretreated biomass and compared. The biomass pretreated with the optimized conditions could yield 0.408 g of reducing sugars /g of pretreated biomass upon enzymatic hydrolysis. The cellulose content in the solid portion obtained after pretreatment using optimised conditions was found to be increased by 43.37% with lesser production of inhibitors in acid pretreated liquor.
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Xu Z, Li S, Feng X, Liang J, Xu H. L-Arabinose isomerase and its use for biotechnological production of rare sugars. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8869-78. [PMID: 25280744 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-Arabinose isomerase (AI), a key enzyme in the microbial pentose phosphate pathway, has been regarded as an important biological catalyst in rare sugar production. This enzyme could isomerize L-arabinose into L-ribulose, as well as D-galactose into D-tagatose. Both the two monosaccharides show excellent commercial values in food and pharmaceutical industries. With the identification of novel AI family members, some of them have exhibited remarkable potential in industrial applications. The biological production processes for D-tagatose and L-ribose (or L-ribulose) using AI have been developed and improved in recent years. Meanwhile, protein engineering techniques involving rational design has effectively enhanced the catalytic properties of various AIs. Moreover, the crystal structure of AI has been disclosed, which sheds light on the understanding of AI structure and catalytic mechanism at molecular levels. This article reports recent developments in (i) novel AI screening, (ii) AI-mediated rare sugar production processes, (iii) molecular modification of AI, and (iv) structural biology study of AI. Based on previous reports, an analysis of the future development has also been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
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Ertas M, Han Q, Jameel H. Acid-catalyzed autohydrolysis of wheat straw to improve sugar recovery. Bioresour Technol 2014; 169:1-8. [PMID: 25014168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A comparison study of autohydrolysis and acid-catalyzed autohydrolysis of wheat straw was performed to understand the impact of acid addition on overall sugar recovery. Autohydrolysis combined with refining is capable of achieving sugar recoveries in the mid 70s. If the addition of a small amount of acid is capable of increasing the sugar recovery even higher it may be economically attractive. Acetic, sulfuric, hydrochloric and sulfurous acids were selected for acid-catalyzed autohydrolysis pretreatments. Autohydrolysis with no acid at 190 °C showed the highest total sugar in the prehydrolyzate. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed for all the post-treated solids with and without refining at enzyme loadings of 4 and 10 FPU/g for 96 h. Acid-catalyzed autohydrolysis at 190 °C with sulfurous acid showed the highest total sugar recovery of 81.2% at 4 FPU/g enzyme charge compared with 64.3% at 190 °C autohydrolysis without acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ertas
- Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Bursa Technical University, 16200 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Qiang Han
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA
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Kavitha S, Adish Kumar S, Kaliappan S, Yeom IT, Rajesh Banu J. Improving the amenability of municipal waste activated sludge for biological pretreatment by phase-separated sludge disintegration method. Bioresour Technol 2014; 169:700-706. [PMID: 25108471 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The significance of citric acid, a cation binding agent, was investigated for the exclusion of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) from waste activated sludge (WAS) and anaerobic biodegradability following enzymatic bacterial pretreatment. EPS was removed with 0.05 g/g SS of citric acid. The results of pretreatment found that the suspended solids reduction and chemical oxygen demand solubilisation were 21.4% and 16.2% for deflocculated-bacterially pretreated sludge, 14.28% and 10.0% for flocculated sludge (without EPS removal and bacterially pretreated) and 8.5% and 6.5% for control sludge (raw sludge), respectively. Further assessing anaerobic biodegradability, the biogas yield potential of deflocculated and bacterially pretreated, flocculated, and control sludges were found to be 0.455 L/(g VS), 0.343 L/(g VS), and 0.209 L/(g VS), respectively. Thus, phase-separated disintegration enhanced anaerobic biodegradability efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kavitha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Regional Centre of Anna University, Tirunelveli, India
| | - S Adish Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Regional Centre of Anna University, Tirunelveli, India
| | - S Kaliappan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Thiruparankundram, Madurai, India
| | - Ick Tae Yeom
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Regional Centre of Anna University, Tirunelveli, India.
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Kaya M, Sousa AG, Crépeau MJ, Sørensen SO, Ralet MC. Characterization of citrus pectin samples extracted under different conditions: influence of acid type and pH of extraction. Ann Bot 2014; 114:1319-1326. [PMID: 25081519 PMCID: PMC4195561 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pectin is a complex macromolecule, the fine structure of which is influenced by many factors. It is used as a gelling, thickening and emulsifying agent in a wide range of applications, from food to pharmaceutical products. Current industrial pectin extraction processes are based on fruit peel, a waste product from the juicing industry, in which thousands of tons of citrus are processed worldwide every year. This study examines how pectin components vary in relation to the plant source (orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit) and considers the influence of extraction conditions on the chemical and macromolecular characteristics of pectin samples. METHODS Citrus peel (orange, lemon, lime and grapefruit) from a commercial supplier was used as raw material. Pectin samples were obtained on a bulk plant scale (kilograms; harsh nitric acid, mild nitric acid and harsh oxalic acid extraction) and on a laboratory scale (grams; mild oxalic acid extraction). Pectin composition (acidic and neutral sugars) and physicochemical properties (molar mass and intrinsic viscosity) were determined. KEY RESULTS Oxalic acid extraction allowed the recovery of pectin samples of high molecular weight. Mild oxalic acid-extracted pectins were rich in long homogalacturonan stretches and contained rhamnogalacturonan I stretches with conserved side chains. Nitric acid-extracted pectins exhibited lower molecular weights and contained rhamnogalacturonan I stretches encompassing few and/or short side chains. Grapefruit pectin was found to have short side chains compared with orange, lime and lemon. Orange and grapefruit pectin samples were both particularly rich in rhamnogalacturonan I backbones. CONCLUSIONS Structural, and hence macromolecular, variations within the different citrus pectin samples were mainly related to their rhamnogalacturonan I contents and integrity, and, to a lesser extent, to the length of their homogalacturonan domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kaya
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - António G Sousa
- CP Kelco ApS., Ved Banen 16, DK-4623 Lille Skensved, Denmark University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Wijaya YP, Putra RDD, Widyaya VT, Ha JM, Suh DJ, Kim CS. Comparative study on two-step concentrated acid hydrolysis for the extraction of sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 2014; 164:221-231. [PMID: 24859214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Among all the feasible thermochemical conversion processes, concentrated acid hydrolysis has been applied to break the crystalline structure of cellulose efficiently and scale up for mass production as lignocellulosic biomass fractionation process. Process conditions are optimized by investigating the effect of decrystallization sulfuric acid concentration (65-80 wt%), hydrolysis temperature (80°C and 100°C), hydrolysis reaction time (during two hours), and biomass species (oak wood, pine wood, and empty fruit bunch (EFB) of palm oil) toward sugar recovery. At the optimum process condition, 78-96% sugars out of theoretically extractable sugars have been fractionated by concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis of the three different biomass species with 87-90 g/L sugar concentration in the hydrolyzate and highest recalcitrance of pine (softwood) was determined by the correlation of crystallinity index and sugar yield considering reaction severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanuar Philip Wijaya
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Robertus Dhimas Dhewangga Putra
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Vania Tanda Widyaya
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Myeong Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Suh
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea.
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Gandolfi S, Ottolina G, Consonni R, Riva S, Patel I. Fractionation of hemp hurds by organosolv pretreatment and its effect on production of lignin and sugars. ChemSusChem 2014; 7:1991-1999. [PMID: 24753480 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fractionation of hemp hurds into its three main components, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, was carried out using organosolv pretreatment. The effect of processing parameters, such as temperature, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and methanol (MeOH) concentration, on the dissolution and recovery of hemicellulose and lignin was determined. More than 75% of total hemicellulose and 75% of total lignin was removed in a single step with low amounts of degradation products under the following conditions: 165 °C, 3% H2 SO4 , 20 min reaction time, and 45% MeOH. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the residual pretreated biomass yielded up to 60% of cellulose-to-glucose conversion. The maximum recovery of the main components was obtained at a combined severity factor value of around one. Characterization of pretreated biomass and isolated lignin was carried out with FTIR and 2D (13) C-(1) H correlation HSQC NMR spectroscopy, the latter technique providing detailed structural information about the obtained methanol organosolv lignin (MOSL). Results suggested that xylopyranoside is the major carbohydrate associated with hemp lignin. The chemical properties of MOSL samples in terms of their phenolic group content and antioxidant capacity were also investigated. The results showed that MOSL samples have a high phenolic group content and antioxidant capacity relative to Klason lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gandolfi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milano (Italy); The Protein Factory, Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM CNR, Milano (Italy)
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Takano R, Ueda T, Uejima Y, Kamei-Hayashi K, Hara S, Hirase S. Regioselectivity in Sulfation of Galactosides by Sulfuric Acid and Dicyclobexylcarbodi-imide. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 56:1413-6. [PMID: 1368947 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.56.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Methyl alpha- and beta-D-galactopyranosides and 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-3,6-anhydro-L-galactose dimethylacetal were sulfated with sulfuric acid and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a condensation reagent. The sulfated sugars were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography, characterized, and assigned by methylation analyses. On the basis of the yield of each sulfated product that was isolated, sulfation on O-6 appeared to be predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Takano
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Japan
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Abstract
From the methanolic extract of the underground parts of Globularia orientalis, a new antioxidant sugar ester was isolated. The structure of the new compound, globularitol (1), was identified as 6-O-feruloyl-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosyl-(156)-glucitol by spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, ESI- and FAB-MS) and confirmed by chemical means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Caliş
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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