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León JA, Martínez-Huertas JÁ, Moreno JD, Martín LA. Strong versus weak embodiment: Spatial iconicity in physical, abstract, and social semantic categories. Scand J Psychol 2023; 64:574-581. [PMID: 36843286 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceptual and action systems seem to be related to complex cognitive processes, but the scope of grounded or embodied cognition has been questioned. Zwaan and Yaxley (2003) proposed that cognitive processes of making semantic relatedness judgments can be facilitated when word pairs are presented in ways that their referents maintain their iconic configuration rather than their reverse-iconic configuration (the spatial iconicity effect). This effect has been observed in different semantic categories using specific experiments, but it is known that embodiment is highly dependent on task demands. METHOD The present study analyzed the spatial iconicity effect in three semantic categories (physical, abstract, and social) using the same experimental criteria to determine the scope of embodied cognition. In this reaction-time experiment, 75 participants judged the semantic relatedness of 384 word pairs whose experimental items were presented in their iconic or reverse-iconic configurations. RESULTS Two mixed-effects models with crossed random effects revealed that the interaction between word meaning and spatial position was present only for physical concepts but neither for abstract nor social concepts. CONCLUSIONS Within the framework of strong and weak embodiment theories, the data support weak embodiment theory as the most explicative one.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A León
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Iván Pavlo, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Lorena A Martín
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Iván Pavlo, Madrid, Spain
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Ayala JR, Montero G, Coronado MA, García C, Curiel-Alvarez MA, León JA, Sagaste CA, Montes DG. Characterization of Orange Peel Waste and Valorization to Obtain Reducing Sugars. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051348. [PMID: 33802601 PMCID: PMC7961523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, millions of tons of foods are generated with the purpose to feed the growing world population. One particular eatable is orange, the production of which in 2018 was 75.54 Mt. One way to valorize the orange residue is to produce bioethanol by fermenting the reducing sugars generated from orange peel. Hence, the objective of the present work was to determine the experimental conditions to obtain the maximum yield of reducing sugars from orange peel using a diluted acid hydrolysis process. A proximate and chemical analysis of the orange peel were conducted. For the hydrolysis, two factorial designs were prepared to measure the glucose and fructose concentration with the 3,5-DNS acid method and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The factors were acid concentration, temperature and hydrolysis time. After the hydrolysis, the orange peel samples were subjected to an elemental SEM-EDS analysis. The results for the orange peel were 73.530% of moisture, 99.261% of volatiles, 0.052% of ash, 0.687% of fixed carbon, 19.801% of lignin, 69.096% of cellulose and 9.015% of hemicellulose. The highest concentration of glucose and fructose were 24.585 and 9.709 g/L, respectively. The results highlight that sugar production is increased by decreasing the acid concentration.
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Moreno JD, León JA, Arnal LAM, Botella J. Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy? European Psychologist 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José A. León
- Dpto de Psicología Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Botella
- Dpto de Social y Metodología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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León JA, Moreno JD, Escudero I, Kaakinen JK. Selective attention to question-relevant text information precedes high-quality summaries: Evidence from eye movements. J Eye Mov Res 2019; 12. [PMID: 33828719 PMCID: PMC7898009 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.12.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehension and summarizing are closely related. As more strategic and selective processing during reading should be reflected in higher quality of summaries, the aim of this study was to use eye movement patterns to analyze how readers who produce good quality summaries process texts. 40 undergraduate students were instructed to read six expository texts in order to respond a causal question introduced in the end of the first paragraph. After reading, participants produced an oral summary of the text. Based on the quality of the summaries, participants were divided into three groups: High, Medium and Low Quality Summaries. The results revealed that readers who produced High Quality Summaries made significantly more and longer fixations and regressions in the question-relevant parts of texts when compared to the other two summary groups. These results suggest that the summary task performance could be a good predictor of the reading strategies utilized during reading.
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León JA, Martínez-Huertas JA, Olmos R, Moreno JD, Escudero I. Metacomprehension skills depend on the type of text: An analysis from Differential Item Functioning. Psicothema 2019; 31:66-72. [PMID: 30664413 DOI: 10.7334/psicothema2018.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metacomprehension skills determine an individual reader's ability to judge their degree of learning and text comprehension and have considerable importance in their ability to learn from reading. Given that many comprehension processes are influenced by text characteristics, the aim of the present study was to analyze whether different types of text have significant impact on metacomprehension skills at two different points in primary education. METHOD A total of 823 students (4th and 6th years of primary school, 9 to 11 years old) read three different texts (narrative, expository and discontinuous texts) taken from ECOM-PLEC.Pri, a standardized Spanish test for reading comprehension (León, Escudero, & Olmos, 2012). Students were classified by their metacomprehension skills. A Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis was conducted in order to analyze whether the underlying reading comprehension and metacomprehension processes differed across text types. RESULTS Results showed a considerable divergence of performance for reading narrative texts as opposed to expository and discontinuous texts. These differences were related to academic level. CONCLUSION Text characteristics such as the type of text can have a great impact on metacomprehension skills and, consequently, on learning.
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León JA, Martínez-Huertas JA, Jastrzebska O. Un Estudio sobre la Competencia Lectora en Adultos con Discapacidad Intelectual y del Desarrollo ante Textos con Contenidos de Clínica y Salud. Clínica y Salud 2018. [DOI: 10.5093/clysa2018a17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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León JA, Romer M, Milano A, Suarez O. Cesarean Scar Defect (Istmocele): Hysterorrhaphic Technique as Etheologic Factor in Cesarean Section. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.08.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Morera Y, León JA, Escudero I, de Vega M. Do Causal and Concessive Connectives Guide Emotional Expectancies in Comprehension? A Double-Task Paradigm Using Emotional Icons. Discourse Processes 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/0163853x.2015.1137445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yurena Morera
- Departamento de Psicología Cognitiva, Social y Organizacional. Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - José A. León
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Escudero
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel de Vega
- Departamento de Psicología Cognitiva, Social y Organizacional. Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
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Liu S, Rouleau J, León JA, Sauve R, Joseph KS, Ray JG. Impact of pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus on congenital anomalies, Canada, 2002-2012. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2015; 35:79-84. [PMID: 26186019 PMCID: PMC4910455 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.35.5.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus (DM) on the population birth prevalence of congenital anomalies in Canada. METHODS We carried out a population-based study of all women who delivered in Canadian hospitals (except those in the province of Quebec) between April 2002 and March 2013 and their live-born infants with a birth weight of 500 grams or more and/or a gestational age of 22 weeks or more. Pre-pregnancy type 1 or type 2 DM was identified using ICD-10 diagnostic codes. The association between DM and all congenital anomalies as well as specific congenital anomaly categories was estimated using adjusted odds ratios; the impact was calculated as a population attributable risk percent (PAR%). RESULTS There were 118,892 infants with a congenital anomaly among 2,839,680 live births (41.9 per 1000). While the prevalence of any congenital anomaly declined from 50.7 per 1000 live births in 2002/03 to 41.5 per 1000 in 2012/13, the corresponding PAR% for a congenital anomaly related to pre-pregnancy DM rose from 0.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4-0.8) to 1.2% (95% CI: 0.9-1.4). Specifically, the PAR% for congenital cardiovascular defects increased from 2.3% (95% CI: 1.7-2.9) to 4.2% (95% CI: 3.5-4.9) and for gastrointestinal defects from 0.8% (95% CI: 0.2-1.9) to 1.4% (95% CI: 0.7-2.6) over the study period. CONCLUSION Although there has been a relative decline in the prevalence of congenital anomalies in Canada, the proportion of congenital anomalies due to maternal pre-pregnancy DM has increased. Enhancement of preconception care initiatives for women with DM is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Maternal, Child & Youth Health Unit, Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Rouleau
- Maternal, Child & Youth Health Unit, Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J A León
- Maternal, Child & Youth Health Unit, Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Sauve
- Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - K S Joseph
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Children's and Women's Hospital of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J G Ray
- Departments of Medicine, Health Policy Management and Evaluation, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Irvine B, Dzakpasu S, León JA. Perinatal health indicators 2013: a surveillance report by the Public Health Agency of Canada's Perinatal Surveillance System. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2015; 35:23-24. [PMID: 25811403 PMCID: PMC4939459 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.35.1.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System (CPSS) is a national health surveillance program of the Public Health Agency of Canada. The CPSS mandate is to monitor and report on key indicators of maternal, fetal and infant health. These indicators include both determinants and outcomes of perinatal health. Perinatal Health Indicators 2013 reports on 13 priority indicators using the most recent data from vital statistics, hospitalizations, the Canadian Community Health Survey and the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Irvine
- Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Dzakpasu
- Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J A León
- Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Irvine B, Luo W, León JA. Congenital anomalies in Canada 2013: a perinatal health surveillance report by the Public Health Agency of Canada's Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2015; 35:21-22. [PMID: 25811402 PMCID: PMC4939458 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.35.1.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Congenital Anomalies in Canada 2013: A Perinatal Health Surveillance Report is the second national surveillance report from the Public Health Agency of Canada dedicated to congenital anomalies. It provides comprehensive data on congenital anomalies in Canada, focussing on 6 categories of congenital anomalies: Down syndrome, neural tube defects, congenital heart defects, orofacial clefts, limb deficiency defects and gastroschisis. The report presents national-level birth prevalence data and temporal trends, provincial and territorial estimates, and international comparisons. Known risk factors, prevalence-related impacts of prenatal diagnosis and preventative measures are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Irvine
- Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Luo
- Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J A León
- Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F Donoso
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Padre Hurtado Hospital, San Ramón, Chile.
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Larrú Martínez B, de José MI, Bellón JM, Gurbindo MD, León JA, Ciria L, Ramos JT, Mellado MJ, Pocheville I, Jiménez JL, Muñoz-Fernández MA. [Prevalence of resistance to antiretroviral drugs in Spain]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2007; 67:104-8. [PMID: 17692254 DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(07)70569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of resistance to antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the effectiveness of these drugs in HIV-infected children. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study in 86 vertically HIV-infected children, divided into four groups according to prior treatment: group 1: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), group 2: NRTI and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), group 3: NRTI and protease inhibitor (PI), group 4: NRTI, NNRTI and PI. RESULTS In group 1 (11 children), the median treatment duration was 35 months (26 to 108). Nucleoside-associated mutations (NAMs) were found in 10 of these patients and the Q151M multiresistance mutation was found in two. The three children in group 2 were treated for 9, 32 and 42 months with NRTI and NNRTI. One child showed three NAMs and another showed Q151M. Two children had the K103N mutation. Group 3 (36 children) received treatment with NRTI and PI for 48.0 +/- 27.6 and 23.0 +/- 14.6 months, respectively. NAMs were observed in 94 % of the patients in this group, and one child showed the Q151M mutation. In group 4 (36 children) total treatment duration was 70.0 +/- 36.1 months (13.0 +/- 12.1 months with NNRTI, and 39.0 +/- 14.3 months with PI). NAMs were observed in all patients in this group, and Q151M was found in three children. K103N and Y181C were detected in 24 (67%) and 10 (28%) of the children respectively, while 32 (90%) showed primary mutations to PI. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of resistance mutations to NRTI and early appearance of resistance to NNRTI were observed in treated children.
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León JA, Olmos R, Escudero I, Cañas JJ, Salmerón L. Assessing short summaries with human judgments procedure and latent semantic analysis in narrative and expository texts. Behav Res Methods 2006; 38:616-27. [PMID: 17393833 DOI: 10.3758/bf03193894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we tested a computer-based procedure for assessing very concise summaries (50 words long) of two types of text (narrative and expository) using latent semantic analysis (LSA) in comparison with the judgments of four human experts. LSA was used to estimate semantic similarity using six different methods: four holistic (summary-text, summary-summaries, summary-expert summaries, and pregraded-ungraded summary) and two componential (summary-sentence text and summary-main sentence text). A total of 390 Spanish middle and high school students (14-16 years old) and six experts read a narrative or expository text and later summarized it. The results support the viability of developing a computerized assessment tool using human judgments and LSA, although the correlation between human judgments and LSA was higher in the narrative text than in the expository, and LSA correlated more with human content ratings thanwith hu mancoherence ratings. Finally, theholistic methods were found to be more reliable than the componential methods analyzed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A León
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Severe pertussis has a high mortality risk, especially in those with high white blood cell counts and pulmonary hypertension. Exchange transfusion can reduce the leukocyte mass in blood. We report 3 young infants with severe pertussis and hyperleukocytosis who developed cardiogenic shock and pulmonary hypertension. Exchange transfusion was performed. The white blood cell count decreased accompanied by improvement in the cardiopulmonary condition and survival in the 3 infants. Exchange transfusion should be considered in patients with severe pertussis with hyperleukocytosis.
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Donoso AF, Cruces PI, Saitúa FJ, Herrera P, Camacho JF, León JA. [Intraoperative high frequency oscillatory ventilation in 2 children undergoing lung surgery]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2006; 53:46-9. [PMID: 16475639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, the application of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) has been extended beyond the neonatal period. The technique is now used in various respiratory disease settings when conventional mechanical ventilation fails. Even though HFOV has become increasingly routine in some pediatric intensive care units, familiarity with it is still limited among anesthesiologists and surgeons and it is not often applied during surgery. We report our experience using HFOV during thoracic surgery on 2 pediatric patients, one aged 5 years and the other aged 1 month. The respective surgical procedures were to close a bronchopleural fistula and to obtain a lung biopsy in order to provide guidance for limiting therapeutic intervention. In both cases the procedure was performed without adverse effects and allowed medical interventions to be carried out. We conclude that it is possible to perform thoracic surgery in pediatric patients undergoing HFOV. This ventilation mode can be useful during surgery and teams that care for critically ill children should be familiar with the equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Donoso
- Area de Cuidados Críticos Pediátricos, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile.
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Resino S, Galán I, Pérez A, León JA, Seoane E, Gurbindo D, Muñoz-Fernandez MA. HIV-infected children with moderate/severe immune-suppression: changes in the immune system after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 137:570-7. [PMID: 15320908 PMCID: PMC1809144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to monitor the changes in the immune system of HIV-infected children with moderate or severe immunodeficiency after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), comprising a follow-up study in 14 HIV-infected children on HAART at two time points separated approximately by 11.8 +/- 0.4 (9.9; 15.4) months. HIV-infected children had significantly lower TREC levels than the control group, but 1 year after HAART the levels increased significantly (P < 0.05). In contrast, viral load (VL) did not change significantly. A positive correlation between T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) levels and both CD4(+) T cell absolute counts (r = 0.558; P = 0.05) and percentages (r = 0.625; P = 0.030) was found. During follow-up on HAART, the percentages and absolute counts of naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets were increased significantly (P < 0.05). CD4(+) CD45RA(hi+) CD62L(+), CD4(+) CD45RA(+) and CD4(+) CD38(+) percentages, and the CD8(+) CD45RA(hi+) CD62L(+) counts reached similar values to the control group. Also, CD8(+) CD45RO(+) CD38(+) and CD8(+) CD45RO(+) percentages, and CD8(+) CD45RO(+) CD38(+) absolute counts (P < 0.05) decreased with respect to the baseline. Lymphoproliferative responses to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) before HAART were lower in HIV-infected children than the control group, but they recovered to normal levels after a year on HAART. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma production by PHA-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was lower before HAART (P < 0.001), but reached similar levels to the control group 1 year after HAART. In HIV-infected children IgG, IgG(1) and IgG(3) plasma levels decreased significantly after HAART. The immune system reconstitution induced by HAART in HIV-infected children seems to be the consequence of decreased immune system activation and naive T cell reconstitution, mainly of thymic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Resino
- Immunobiology Molecular Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranón Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation of percentageCD4+ T cells may accurately reflects the kinetics of a comprehensive immune recovery independently of the antiretroviral (ART) regimen. To test this we have investigated the relationship among peripheral blood T-cell subsets with the variation of percentageCD4+ T cells during follow up in 49 HIV-infected children. METHODS Children were divided into two groups according to the sign of slope percentageCD4+ T cell during follow up: Ps-group (positive slope) and Ns-group (negative percentageCD4 slope) indicative of immunological recovery or not, respectively. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subset percentages were examined by three-colour flow cytometry. RESULTS We found higher memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell percentages in the Ns-group than in the Ps-group, and inversely, higher naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the Ps-group than in the Ns-group. CD4+ and CD8+ subsets in the Ps-group expressed higher levels of CD38+ and lower levels of HLA-DR+ compared with the Ns-group. We found a very strong positive correlation among the slope of percentageCD4+, CD4+ CD38+, whereas a negative correlation among the slope of percentageCD4+, the CD8+ CD28+ CD57+ and CD8+ CD57+ T-cell subsets. CONCLUSION Recovery of the CD4+ T-cell percentage induced by ART reflects a reduction in the chronic immune activation and a measurable reconstitution of the immune system and depends on naive CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Resino
- Department of Immunology, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
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Resino S, Bellón JM, Gurbindo D, Ramos JT, León JA, Muñóz-Fernández MA. Dynamics of progression markers in a non-study population of human immunodeficiency virus-1 vertically infected infants with different antiretroviral treatments. Acta Paediatr 2003; 91:776-82. [PMID: 12200902 DOI: 10.1080/08035250213222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to modify viral replication dynamics and lead to a significant recovery of CD4+ T-cells. A retrospective multicentre observational study was performed in a non-study population of 151 HIV-1-infected children, categorized into four groups according to therapy: untreated (NT), on monotherapy (MT) with a nucleoside inhibitor, on combination therapy (CT) with two nucleoside inhibitors, and on HAART, protease inhibitor containing regimens, to assess the "real-life" effectiveness of these different therapies on plasma viral load (VL) and CD4+ T-cells. VL was quantified using a standard molecular assay. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells subsets were determined by flow cytometry. The HAART group showed the highest relative proportion (RP) of increases in 5, 10, 15 and 20% of CD4+ T-cells over baseline, and the earliest fall-off of VL (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 log10 copies ml-1). The RP of the fall-off of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 log10 VL below baseline was 3-fold higher in HAART group than in the MT and CT groups. However, no differences were found among the groups of treated children in reaching undetectable VL. CONCLUSION A better evolution of VL and CD4+ T-cells was evident in children on HAART, indicating a positive effect on the immune system and clinical status, inhibiting HIV-1 replication and enabling the recovery of CD4+ T-cell counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Resino
- Department of Immunology, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid
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Resino S, Bellón JM, Sánchez-Ramón S, Gurbindo D, Ruiz-Contreras J, León JA, Ramos JT, Muñóz-Fernández MA. Impact of antiretroviral protocols on dynamics of AIDS progression markers. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86:119-24. [PMID: 11827906 PMCID: PMC1761061 DOI: 10.1136/adc.86.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the "real life" effectiveness of different antiretroviral therapies (ART). METHODS A retrospective multicentre observational study in 150 HIV-1 vertically infected children on the progression to AIDS (study A), and in 61 HIV-1 infected children on the evolution of the most relevant markers of progression (study B). All children were categorised into four groups: untreated (NT); on monotherapy (MT); on combination therapy (dual-ART); and on potent ART (HAART). RESULTS No child in the HAART group progressed to AIDS, whereas 14 children in the NT and seven in the MT groups progressed to AIDS, respectively, the differences being statistically significant. There was a mean increase of 8 units of %CD4+ per year; this was greater in the HAART group than in the other groups. The mean decrease in viral load was 0.65 log(10) copies/ml per year; this was greater in the HAART group than in the NT and MT groups. The HAART group had the lowest probability of returning to baseline %CD4+ and viral load. CONCLUSION Potent ART had the greatest protective effect against progression to AIDS in this observational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Resino
- Department of Immunology, General University Hospital "Gregorio Marañón", Madrid, Spain
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Resino S, Navarro J, Bellón JM, Gurbindo D, León JA, Muñoz-Fernández MA. Naïve and memory CD4+ T cells and T cell activation markers in HIV-1 infected children on HAART. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 125:266-73. [PMID: 11529919 PMCID: PMC1906129 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between peripheral blood CD4+ T cell subsets and routine viro-immunological markers in vertically HIV-1-infected children undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets were examined by three-colour flow cytometry. Plasma viraemia was quantified by a standardized molecular assay. A negative correlation between the %CD4+ T cells and both viral load and the %CD8+ T cells was observed. A strong positive correlation between the %CD4 T cells and naïve, CD38+ and non-activated CD4+ T cell subsets was found, whereas the %CD4 T cells correlated negatively with the numbers of memory, activated and memory-activated CD4+ T cell subsets. Elevated percentages of CD8 T cells were associated with increased memory and CD4+ CD62L-T cell subsets, whereas the naïve and CD4+ HLA-DRCD38+ subsets negatively correlated with the CD8%. Co-expression of CD62L on memory CD4+ cells and high expression of HLA-DR (but not of CD38) were associated with high viral load. No association between viral load and naïve CD4+ T cells was observed. Specific CD4+ T cell subsets may be more informative than routine surrogate markers in defining the evolution of HIV infection and immune reconstitution in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Resino
- Department of Immunology, General University Hospital 'Gregorio Marañón', Madrid, Spain
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Resino S, Navarro J, Bellón JM, Gurbindo D, León JA, Muñoz-Fernández MA. [Relationship between T-cells subsets and prognostic markers in HIV-1-infected children]. Med Clin (Barc) 2001; 117:201-6. [PMID: 11481093 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(01)72063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between peripheral blood T-cell subsets and both CD4+ T-cell percentage and viral load (VL) in HIV-1-infected children. PATIENTS AND METHOD We studied 50 HIV-1-infected children on antiretroviral therapy. T-cell subsets were determined by flow cytometry. The VL was quantified using standardized molecular methods. RESULTS Memory (CD45RO+), activated memory (CD45RO+HLA-DR+) and CD45RA-CD62L+ (memory cells expressing L-selectin) CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells correlated positively with the VL and negatively with the percentage of CD4+ T-cells. Inversely, naive CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells (CD45RA+CD62L+) correlated positively with the percentage of CD4+ T-cells and negatively with the VL. HLA-DR+, CD38+ or HLA-DR+CD38+CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells correlated also positively with the VL and negatively with the percentage of CD4+ T-cells (with the exception of CD4+CD38+ which did not show any association with the VL). CD8+CD28+ T-cells correlated positively with the percentage of CD4+ T-cells and negatively with the VL, whereas CD8+ CD57+ and CD8+CD28-CD57+ exhibited an opposite association. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a relationship between the different lymphocyte subsets (memory, naïve, activated and effector T-cells) and the most commonly used markers in clinical practice, namely the viral load and the CD4+ T-cell percentage. Some of these subsets may be useful to determine the virologic and immunologic status in HIV-1-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Resino
- Servicio de Inmunología. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid
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Abstract
We perform a perturbation analysis (comparative statics) of how optimal reproductive effort and per offspring investment are jointly affected by different selective factors. The factors considered are: (1) mortality sources, classified according to affected stage (juvenile or adult) and to its nature (avoidable or unavoidable), and (2) resource (energy) availability for the adult individual. The joint approach reveals both direct and indirect effects of each selective pressure. These interactive effects spring from the nonlinearity of reproductive expenditure, separated into a part devoted to endowing offspring (provisioning cost) and another part invested to make reproduction possible (requisite cost). The latter is envisioned as a reverse sigmoid function of fecundity (most models, so far, have considered only the first kind of cost). The indirect effects have the consequence of enlarging the class of selective pressures that can induce changes of offspring size and clutch size, as compared with current explanations. So, they illuminate new causes for some effects, and show new effects for some well-known selective causes. Several joint patterns in the two variables, shown by animals and plants in the field, can thus be given more appropriate interpretations than traditional, piecewise, ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A León
- Laboratorio de Biología Teórica, Sección de Ecología de Poblaciones, Caracas, 1041-A, Venezuela
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Abstract
Osteophytes associated with spondylosis have been implicated as a cause of multiple extraspinal manifestations. Symptoms are more likely to occur with the large osteophytes associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. In the thoracic region, osteophytes have been reported infrequently as a cause of extraspinal complications. We report a case in which an anterior thoracic vertebral osteophyte was responsible for chronic obstructive pneumonia due to obstruction of the right main stem bronchus. The patient's condition improved considerably after surgical resection of the compressing thoracic osteophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A León
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minn. 55905, USA
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Gurbindo D, Resino S, Sánchez-Ramón S, León JA, Muñoz-Fernández MA. Correlation of viral load and CD8 T-lymphocytes with development of neurological manifestations in vertically HIV-1-infected infants. A prospective longitudinal study. Neuropediatrics 1999; 30:197-204. [PMID: 10569211 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-973490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To assess the predictive power of immunological and virological markers for the development of neurological syndromes, 39 HIV-1-infected infants with a mean age of 4.05+/-0.5 months and without neurological manifestations at enrolment were studied. They had neither been previously treated with antiretroviral therapy, nor had their mothers been given such treatment during pregnancy. They were routinely assessed for signs of neurological impairment during follow-up (19.54+/-3.37 months). Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of appearance of neurological signs, associated to viral load and T-lymphocyte subsets. A HR > 1 for viral load, and <1 for CD8+, but not for CD4+T-lymphocyte percentage, was observed, indicating that higher viral load and lower CD8+ T-lymphocytes percentages are risk factors for developing neurological signs. By applying the Kaplan-Meier method we found that infants with viral load > 5 1og10 copies/ ml or <20% CD8+T lymphocyte had higher relative risk for developing neurological impairment than those with these two parameters below or above these values, respectively. Finally, CD8+ T lymphocyte had a stronger prognostic value to predict neurological manifestations than viral load. Our data strongly suggest that in the early postnatal period viral load and CD8+ percentages are useful markers in predicting neurological impairment. To our knowledge, this is the first time that CD8+ T-lymphocyte levels are related to development of neurological disorders in AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gurbindo
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Resino S, Gurbindo MD, Bellón JM, Jiménez JL, León JA, Navarro J, Muñoz-Fernández MA. [Dynamics of immunoglobulin production in non infected children born from HIV-1 infected mothers: effect of zidovudine]. Med Clin (Barc) 1999; 112:568-71. [PMID: 10365382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the possible effect of zidovudine (ZDV) on inmunoglobins production in infants born to HIV-1 infected women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We have studied the immunoglobulins serum levels in 57 non-infected children born to HIV-infected mothers. The children were divided into two groups: group A, 28 children born to HIV-1 infected mothers that received ZDV on protocol 076 conditions, and group B, 29 children born to mothers that did not receive anti-HIV-1 drugs. Quantification of serum IgG, IgA and IgM was performed by nephelometric techniques. RESULTS The median time to reach normal IgA values at 12 months, was 25.57 months (confidence interval [CI] 95%: 22.01-29.12) in the children of group A and 12.67 months (CI 95%: 9.90-15.44) in the children of group B (p = 0.01). The median time to reach normal IgM values at 12 months was 15.93 months (CI 95%: 15.21-16.65) in group A children versus 11.20 months (CI 95%: 8.51-13.89) in group B (p = 0.11). The median time to reach normal IgG values at 12 months was 19.67 months (CI 95%: 13.12-16.22) in group A children versus 12.73 months (CI 95%: 11.16-14.30) in group B (p = 0.05). The normal IgA levels were reached 2.36 (CI 95%: 1.16-4.81) times later in group A than in group B children (p = 0.02), whereas normal IgG levels were reached 1.88 (CI 95%: 0.94-3.78) times later in group A than in group B of children. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that treatment of pregnant mothers with ZDV clearly affect the ability of their newborns to produce inmunoglobulins, which may have important practical implications for their vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Resino
- División de Inmunología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid
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Pavón A, León JA, Sáez C. [Immunoblastic lymphoma associated with IgA paraproteinemia as a complication of a case of pediatric AIDS]. Med Clin (Barc) 1992; 99:515-6. [PMID: 1434978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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León JA, Velardo MA, Pineda JA, Leal M. [Intrafamilial transmission of the virus of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. Med Clin (Barc) 1986; 87:868-9. [PMID: 3807462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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