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Khatami SH, Vakili O, Movahedpour A, Ghesmati Z, Ghasemi H, Taheri-Anganeh M. Laccase: Various types and applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:2658-2672. [PMID: 34997643 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Laccase belongs to the polyphenol oxidase family and is very important in removing environmental pollutants due to its structural and functional properties. Recently, the ability of laccase to oxidize phenolic and nonphenolic substances has been considered by many researchers. This enzyme's application scope includes a broad range of chemical processes and industrial usages, such as bioremediation, nanobiotechnology, woodworking industries, bleaching of paper pulp, dyeing in the textile industry, biotechnological uses in food industries, biorefining, detoxification from wastewater, production of organic matter from phenolic and amine substrates, and biofuels. Although filamentous fungi produce large amounts of laccase, high-yield industrial-scale production of laccase is still faced with many problems. At present, researchers are trying to increase the efficiency and productivity and reduce the final price of laccase by finding suitable microorganisms and improving the process of production and purification of laccase. This article reviews the introduction of laccase, its properties, production processes, and the effect of various factors on the enzyme's stability and activity, and some of its applications in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Zeinab Ghesmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Ligninolytic Enzymes Mediated Ligninolysis: An Untapped Biocatalytic Potential to Deconstruct Lignocellulosic Molecules in a Sustainable Manner. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-03096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bilal M, Iqbal HM, Hu H, Wang W, Zhang X. Metabolic engineering and enzyme-mediated processing: A biotechnological venture towards biofuel production – A review. RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Pellis A, Cantone S, Ebert C, Gardossi L. Evolving biocatalysis to meet bioeconomy challenges and opportunities. N Biotechnol 2018; 40:154-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bilal M, Asgher M, Iqbal HMN, Hu H, Zhang X. Biotransformation of lignocellulosic materials into value-added products-A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:447-458. [PMID: 28163129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, with the key biotechnological advancements, lignocellulosic materials have gained a particular importance. In serious consideration of global economic, environmental and energy issues, research scientists have been re-directing their interests in (re)-valorizing naturally occurring lignocellulosic-based materials. In this context, lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) have gained considerable attention in numerous industrial and biotechnological processes. However, their lower catalytic efficiencies and operational stabilities limit their practical and multipurpose applications in various sectors. Therefore, to expand the range of natural industrial biocatalysts e.g. LMEs, significant progress related to the enzyme biotechnology has appeared. Owing to the abundant lignocellulose availability along with LMEs in combination with the scientific advances in the biotechnological era, solid-phase biocatalysts can be economically tailored on a large scale. This review article outlines first briefly on the lignocellulose materials as a potential source for biotransformation into value-added products including composites, fine chemicals, nutraceutical, delignification, and enzymes. Comprehensive information is also given on the purification and characterization of LMEs to present their potential for the industrial and biotechnological sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Muhammad Asgher
- Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., CP 64849, Mexico.
| | - Hongbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Enhanced delignification of steam-pretreated poplar by a bacterial laccase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42121. [PMID: 28169340 PMCID: PMC5294454 DOI: 10.1038/srep42121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The recalcitrance of woody biomass, particularly its lignin component, hinders its sustainable transformation to fuels and biomaterials. Although the recent discovery of several bacterial ligninases promises the development of novel biocatalysts, these enzymes have largely been characterized using model substrates: direct evidence for their action on biomass is lacking. Herein, we report the delignification of woody biomass by a small laccase (sLac) from Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv3. Incubation of steam-pretreated poplar (SPP) with sLac enhanced the release of acid-precipitable polymeric lignin (APPL) by ~6-fold, and reduced the amount of acid-soluble lignin by ~15%. NMR spectrometry revealed that the APPL was significantly syringyl-enriched relative to the original material (~16:1 vs. ~3:1), and that sLac preferentially oxidized syringyl units and altered interunit linkage distributions. sLac's substrate preference among monoaryls was also consistent with this observation. In addition, sLac treatment reduced the molar mass of the APPL by over 50%, as determined by gel-permeation chromatography coupled with multi-angle light scattering. Finally, sLac acted synergistically with a commercial cellulase cocktail to increase glucose production from SPP ~8%. Overall, this study establishes the lignolytic activity of sLac on woody biomass and highlights the biocatalytic potential of bacterial enzymes.
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Plácido J, Capareda S. Ligninolytic enzymes: a biotechnological alternative for bioethanol production. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-015-0049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Valls C, Cadena EM, Blanca Roncero M. Obtaining biobleached eucalyptus cellulose fibres by using various enzyme combinations. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ravalason H, Bertaud F, Herpoël-Gimbert I, Meyer V, Ruel K, Joseleau JP, Grisel S, Olivé C, Sigoillot JC, Petit-Conil M. Laccase/HBT and laccase-CBM/HBT treatment of softwood kraft pulp: impact on pulp bleachability and physical properties. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 121:68-75. [PMID: 22854132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase and a chimeric laccase-CBM were applied in softwood kraft pulp biobleaching in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT). The presence of CBM could enhance the laccase biobleaching potential as a decrease in the enzymatic charge and chlorine dioxide consumption, as well as an increase in pulp brightness were observed. Laccase/HBT treatment could be improved by increasing oxygen pressure from 1 to 3bar and pulp consistency from 5% to 10%. Conversely, under the same conditions, no improvement of laccase-CBM/HBT treatment was observed, indicating a different behavior of both systems. However, laccase-CBM/HBT treatment led to a better preservation of pulp properties. This effect was probably due to fiber surface modifications involving the action of the CBM. Transmission electron microscopy examination of pulp fibers indicated a retention of laccase-CBM inside the pulp fibers due to CBM binding and an increased external microfibrillation of the fibers due to enzymatic treatments.
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Moldes D, Vidal T. Laccase for biobleaching of eucalypt kraft pulp by means of a modified industrial bleaching sequence. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1225-31. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lloret L, Eibes G, Feijoo G, Moreira MT, Lema JM. Degradation of estrogens by laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila in fed-batch and enzymatic membrane reactors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 213-214:175-183. [PMID: 22342900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several studies reported that natural and synthetic estrogens are the major contributors to the estrogenic activity associated with the effluents of wastewater treatment plants. The ability of the enzyme laccase to degrade these compounds in batch experiments has been demonstrated in previous studies. Nevertheless, information is scarce regarding in vitro degradation of estrogens in continuous enzymatic bioreactors. The present work constitutes an important step forward for the implementation of an enzymatic reactor for the continuous removal of estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) by free laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila. In a first step, the effect of the main process parameters (pH, enzyme level, gas composition (air or oxygen) and estrogen feeding rate) were evaluated in fed-batch bioreactors. E1 and E2 were oxidized by 94.1 and 95.5%, respectively, under the best conditions evaluated. Thereafter, an enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR) was developed to perform the continuous degradation of the estrogens. The configuration consisted of a stirred tank reactor coupled with an ultrafiltration membrane, which allowed the recovery of enzyme while both estrogens and degradation products could pass through it. The highest removal rates at steady state conditions were up to 95% for E1 and nearly complete degradation for E2. Furthermore, the residual estrogenic activity of the effluent was largely reduced up to 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lloret
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Valls C, Vidal T, Roncero MB. Boosting the effect of a laccase-mediator system by using a xylanase stage in pulp bleaching. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 177:586-592. [PMID: 20116167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using an enzyme-based stage involving a xylanase (X) or laccase (as part of a laccase-mediator system, L) in a bleaching process can help reduce reagent consumption and hence its environmental impact. In this work, both types of enzymes were applied to eucalypt pulp. The influence of process variables in the laccase-mediator treatment (viz. laccase dose, HBT dose and reaction time) was assessed by using a three-variable sequential statistical plan. The effect of a pretreatment with X on the previous variables was also assessed. Kappa number and brightness models for the L stage and XL sequence were found to perform disparately, which suggests the formation of lignin derivatives interfering with brightness measurements. The L system oxidized readily accessible lignin within the first hours of treatment and affected the contents in cellulose and hexenuronic acids (HexA) of the resulting pulp. Xylanase facilitated access of the laccase-HBT system to lignin and HexA in cellulose fibres. The L treatment increased effluent properties such as Microtox toxicity, COD and colour, and led to strong inactivation of the enzyme. The increased toxicity of the effluents was due to HBT; based on statistical data, however, the effect can be reduced by lowering the mediator dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Valls
- Textile and Paper Engineering Department, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 11, E-08222 Terrassa, Spain
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Fillat U, Roncero MB. Optimization of laccase-mediator system in producing biobleached flax pulp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:181-187. [PMID: 19699085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
High-quality flax pulp was bleached in a short totally-chlorine-free (TCF) sequence. The LP biobleaching sequence includes an enzyme treatment with laccase in the presence of HBT as mediator (L stage) and a hydrogen peroxide stage (P stage). The operating conditions for the laccase HBT system were optimized by using a sequential statistical plan involving four variables, the influence of which on the properties of the pulp after the P stage was examined over enclosed operation conditions regarding a future industrial application. Mathematical models accurately predicting both pulp properties in terms of the previous four variables. This biobleaching sequence allows obtaining an increase in ISO brightness of 40% and a delignification of 80%. Process variables optimization in flax pulp biobleaching allows establishing the application conditions most appropriated to obtain certain pulp properties and that turn out to be easily adaptable to existing industrial processes. As a novelty, toxicity measurements were determined in L stage effluents. The results of toxicity show that it is possible to apply this LP sequence without having a negative environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Fillat
- Textile and Paper Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 11, E-08222 Terrassa, Spain
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Fillat U, Roncero MB. Biobleaching of high quality pulps with laccase mediator system: Influence of treatment time and oxygen supply. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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